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1 Nederlandse norm Ambient air - Determination of numerical concentration of inorganic fibrous particles - Scanning electron microscopy method (ISO 14966:2002,IDT) NEN-ISO (en) januari 2003 ICS Dit document mag slechts op een stand-alone PC worden geinstalleerd. Gebruik op een netwerk is alleen. toestaan als een aanvullende licentieovereenkomst voor netwerkgebruik met NEN is afgesloten. This document may only be used on a stand-alone PC. Use in a network is only permitted when a supplementary license agreement for us in a network with NEN has been concluded. Als Nederlandse norm is aanvaard: - ISO 14966:2002,IDT Normcommissie "Luchtkwaliteit" Apart from exceptions provided by the law, nothing from this publication may be duplicated and/or published by means of photocopy, microfilm, storage in computer files or otherwise, which also applies to full or partial processing, without the written consent of the Netherlands Standardization Institute. The Netherlands Standardization Institute shall, with the exclusion of any other beneficiary, collect payments owed by third parties for duplication and/or act in and out of law, where this authority is not transferred or falls by right to the Reproduction Rights Foundation. Auteursrecht voorbehouden. Behoudens uitzondering door de wet gesteld mag zonder schriftelijke toestemming van het Nederlands Normalisatie-instituut niets uit deze uitgave worden verveelvoudigd en/of openbaar gemaakt door middel van fotokopie, microfilm, opslag in computerbestanden of anderszins, hetgeen ook van toepassing is op gehele of gedeeltelijke bewerking. Het Nederlands Normalisatie-instituut is met uitsluiting van ieder ander gerechtigd de door derden verschuldigde vergoedingen voor verveelvoudiging te innen en/of daartoe in en buiten rechte op te treden, voor zover deze bevoegdheid niet is overgedragen c.q. rechtens toekomt aan de Stichting Reprorecht. Although the utmost care has been taken with this publication, errors and omissions cannot be entirely excluded. The Netherlands Standardization Institute and/or the members of the committees therefore accept no liability, not even for direct or indirect damage, occurring due to or in relation with the application of publications issued by the Netherlands Standardization Institute. Hoewel bij deze uitgave de uiterste zorg is nagestreefd, kunnen fouten en onvolledigheden niet geheel worden uitgesloten. Het Nederlands Normalisatie-instituut en/of de leden van de commissies aanvaarden derhalve geen enkele aansprakelijkheid, ook niet voor directe of indirecte schade, ontstaan door of verband houdend met toepassing van door het Nederlands Normalisatie-instituut gepubliceerde uitgaven Nederlands Normalisatie-instituut Postbus 5059, 2600 GB Delft Telefoon (015) , Fax (015)

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3 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO First edition Ambient air Determination of numerical concentration of inorganic fibrous particles Scanning electron microscopy method Air ambiant Détermination de la concentration en nombre des particules inorganiques fibreuses Méthode par microscopie électronique à balayage Reference number ISO 2002

4 PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat accepts no liability in this area. Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated. Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below. ISO 2002 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISO's member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel Fax copyright@iso.ch Web Printed in Switzerland ii ISO 2002 All rights reserved

5 Contents Foreword... iv Introduction... v 1 Scope Terms and definitions Abbreviated terms Principle Apparatus and materials Air sampling Preparation of filters Sample analysis Air sample collection and analysis Measurement planning Collection of air samples SEM specimen preparation Analysis in the scanning electron microscope Calculation of results Calculation of the mean fibre concentration Calculation of the 95 % confidence interval Performance characteristics General Measurement uncertainty Limit of detection Test report Annex A (normative) Preparation of filters for air sampling Annex B (normative) Procedures for calibration and adjustment of the SEM Annex C (informative) Characteristics and chemical composition of inorganic fibres Annex D (informative) Poisson variability as a function of fibre density on sampling filter and area of filter analysed Annex E (informative) Combination of the results from multiple samples Bibliography Page ISO 2002 All rights reserved iii

6 Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 146, Air quality, Subcommittee SC 3, Ambient atmospheres. Annexes A and B form a normative part of this International Standard. Annexes C, D and E are for information only. iv ISO 2002 All rights reserved

7 Introduction This International Standard describes a method for measurement of the numerical concentration of inorganic fibrous particles in ambient air using the scanning electron microscope. This International Standard is based on the procedures of Verein Deutscher Ingenieure (VDI) Guideline 3492 [6]. The method is also suitable for determining the numerical concentrations of inorganic fibres in the interior atmospheres of buildings, for example measurement of residual airborne fibre concentrations after the removal of asbestos-containing building materials [7]. Biological research has shown that the fibrogenic or carcinogenic effect of a fibre is related to its length, diameter and its resistance to dissolution in a biological environment. The point at which fibres are too short, too thick or of insufficient durability to produce a fibrogenic or carcinogenic effect is uncertain. Fibres with lengths greater than 10 µm and diameters of a few tenths of 1 µm, which also have durabilities such that they remain unchanged for many years in the body, are regarded as particularly carcinogenic. On the basis of current knowledge, fibres shorter than 5 µm are thought to have a low carcinogenic potential [8 to 11]. For the purposes of this International Standard, a fibre is defined as a particle which has a minimum length to width (aspect) ratio of 3:1. Fibres with lengths greater than 5 µm and widths extending from the lower limit of visibility up to 3 µm are counted. Fibres with diameters less than 3 µm are considered to be respirable. Since the method requires recording the lengths and widths of all fibres, the data can be re-evaluated if it is required to derive concentrations for fibres with a higher minimum aspect ratio [12]. The range of concentration to be measured extends from that found in clean air environments, in which the mean value of a large number of individual measurements of asbestos fibre concentrations has been found to be generally lower than 100 fibres/m 3 (fibres longer than 5 µm), up to higher exposure scenarios in which concentrations as much as two orders of magnitude higher have been found [10, 12]. This method is used to measure the numerical concentration of inorganic fibres with widths smaller than 3 µm and lengths exceeding 5 µm up to a maximum of 100 µm. Using energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA), fibres are classified as fibres with compositions consistent with those of asbestos fibres, calcium sulfate fibres and other inorganic fibres. Calcium sulfate fibres are separated from other inorganic fibres and are not included in the final result, because on the basis of current knowledge, they do not represent any health hazard. Nevertheless, the numerical concentration of calcium sulfate fibres must be determined, since a high concentration of these fibres can negatively bias the results for probable asbestos fibres, and in some circumstances the sample may have to be rejected [13]. In addition, knowledge of the numerical concentration of calcium sulfate fibres is of importance in the interpretation of fibre concentrations in ambient atmospheres. Detection and identification of fibres becomes progressively more uncertain as the fibre width is reduced below 0,2 µm. Identification of a fibre as a specific species is more confident if the source of emission is known or suspected, such as in a building for which bulk materials are available for analysis. In order to facilitate the scanning electron microscope examination, organic particles collected on the filter are almost completely removed by a plasma ashing treatment. Except in situations where fibre identification is difficult, there should be only minor differences between fibre counting results obtained by this method and those obtained using the procedures for determination of PCM-equivalent fibres in annex E of the transmission electron microscopy method ISO 10312:1995. ISO 2002 All rights reserved v

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9 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD Ambient air Determination of numerical concentration of inorganic fibrous particles Scanning electron microscopy method 1 Scope This International Standard specifies a method using scanning electron microscopy for determination of the concentration of inorganic fibrous particles in the air. The method specifies the use of gold-coated, capillary-pore, track-etched membrane filters, through which a known volume of air has been drawn. Using energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, the method can discriminate between fibres with compositions consistent with those of the asbestos varieties (e.g. serpentine and amphibole), gypsum, and other inorganic fibres. Annex C provides a summary of fibre types which can be measured. This International Standard is applicable to the measurement of the concentrations of inorganic fibrous particles in ambient air. The method is also applicable for determining the numerical concentrations of inorganic fibrous particles in the interior atmospheres of buildings, for example to determine the concentration of airborne inorganic fibrous particles remaining after the removal of asbestos-containing products. The range of concentrations for fibres with lengths greater than 5 µm, in the range of widths which can be detected under standard measurement conditions (see 6.2), is approximately 3 fibres to 200 fibres per square millimetre of filter area. The air concentrations, in fibres per cubic metre, represented by these values are a function of the volume of air sampled. NOTE The ability of the method to detect and classify fibres with widths lower than 0,2 µm is limited. If airborne fibres in the atmosphere being sampled are predominantly 0,2 µm in width, a transmission electron microscopy method such as ISO can be used to determine the smaller fibres. 2 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this International Standard, the following terms and definitions apply. 2.1 acicular shape shown by an extremely slender crystal with cross-sectional dimensions which are small relative to its length, i.e. needle-like 2.2 amphibole any of a group of rock-forming double-chain silicate minerals, closely related in crystal form and composition, and having the nominal formula: A 0-1 B 2 C 5 T 8 O 22 (OH,F,Cl) 2 where A K, Na; B Fe 2, Mn, Mg, Ca, Na; ISO 2002 All rights reserved 1

10 C Al, Cr, Ti, Fe 3, Mg, Fe 2 ; T Si, Al, Cr, Fe 3, Ti. NOTE 1 See references [19] and [20]. NOTE 2 In some varieties of amphibole, these elements can be partially substituted by Li, Pb, or Zn. Amphibole is characterized by a cross-linked double chain of Si-O tetrahedra with a silicon:oxygen ratio of 4:11, by columnar or fibrous prismatic crystals and by good prismatic cleavage in two directions parallel to the crystal faces and intersecting at angles of about 56 and amphibole asbestos amphibole in an asbestiform habit 2.4 analytical sensitivity calculated airborne fibre concentration equivalent to counting one fibre in the analysis NOTE 1 It is expressed in fibres per cubic metre. NOTE 2 This method does not specify a unique analytical sensitivity. The analytical sensitivity is determined by the needs of the measurement and the conditions found on the prepared sample. 2.5 asbestiform specific type of mineral fibrosity in which the fibres and fibrils possess high tensile strength and flexibility 2.6 asbestos any of a group of silicate minerals belonging to the serpentine and amphibole groups which have crystallized in the asbestiform habit, causing them to be easily separated into long, thin, flexible, strong fibres when crushed or processed NOTE The Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Numbers of the most common asbestos varieties are: chrysotile ( ), crocidolite ( ), grunerite asbestos (amosite) ( ), anthophyllite asbestos ( ), tremolite asbestos ( ) and actinolite asbestos ( ). 2.7 asbestos structure individual asbestos fibre, or any connected or overlapping grouping of asbestos fibres or bundles, with or without other particles 2.8 aspect ratio ratio of length of a particle to its width 2.9 blank fibre count made on a specimen prepared from an unused filter, to determine the background measurement 2.10 chrysotile fibrous variety of the mineral serpentine, which has the nominal composition: Mg 3 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4 NOTE Most natural chrysotile deviates little from this nominal composition. In some varieties of chrysotile, minor substitution of silicon by Al 3 may occur. Minor substitution of magnesium by Al 3, Fe 2, Fe 3, Ni 2, Mn 2 and Co 2 may also be present. Chrysotile is the most prevalent type of asbestos. 2 ISO 2002 All rights reserved

11 2.11 cleavage breaking of a mineral along one of its crystallographic directions 2.12 cleavage fragment fragment of a crystal that is bounded by cleavage faces 2.13 cluster fibrous structure in which two or more fibres, or fibre bundles, are randomly oriented in a connected grouping 2.14 countable fibre any object longer than 5 µm, having a maximum width less than 3 µm and a minimum aspect ratio of 3: energy-dispersive X-ray analysis measurement of the energies and intensities of X-rays by use of a solid-state detector and multi-channel analyser system 2.16 field blank filter cassette which has been taken to the sampling site, opened and then closed, and subsequently used to determine the background fibre count for the measurement 2.17 fibre elongated particle which has parallel or stepped sides and a minimum aspect ratio of 3: fibre bundle structure composed of apparently attached, parallel fibres NOTE A fibre bundle may exhibit diverging fibres at one or both ends. The length is defined as equal to the maximum length of the structure, and the diameter is defined as equal to the maximum width in the compact region fibril single fibre of asbestos which cannot be further separated longitudinally into smaller components without losing its fibrous properties or appearances 2.20 fibrous structure fibre, or connected grouping of fibres, with or without other particles 2.21 habit the characteristic crystal growth form or combination of these forms of a mineral, including characteristic irregularities 2.22 image field the area on the filter sample which is shown on the cathode ray tube display ISO 2002 All rights reserved 3

12 2.23 limit of detection calculated airborne fibre concentration equivalent to the upper 95 % confidence limit of 2,99 fibres predicted by the Poisson distribution for a count of zero fibres NOTE It is expressed in fibres per cubic metre magnification ratio of the size of the image of an object on the cathode ray tube screen to the actual size of the object NOTE For the purposes of this International Standard, magnification values always refer to that applicable to the cathode ray tube display matrix structure in which one or more fibres or fibre bundles touch, are attached to, or partially concealed by a single particle or connected group of non-fibrous particle 2.26 serpentine any of a group of common rock-forming minerals having the nominal formula: Mg 3 Si 2 O 5 (OH) split fibre agglomeration of fibres which, at one or several points along its length, appears to be compact and undivided, whilst at other points appears to separate into separate fibres 2.28 structure single fibre, fibre bundle, cluster or matrix 3 Abbreviated terms CRT EDXA FWHM PTFE SEM UICC Cathode ray tube Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis Full width, half maximum Polytetrafluoroethylene Scanning electron microscope Union Internationale Contre le Cancer 4 ISO 2002 All rights reserved

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