HERBOLOGIA. An International Journal on Weed Research and Control

Transcription

1 UDK 63/66 ISSN HERBOLOGIA An International Journal on Weed Research and Control Vol. 15, No. 1, April 2015

2 DOI: /Herb Issued by: The Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina Editorial Board Paolo Barberi (Italy) Shamsher S. Narwal (India) Daniela Chodova (Czech Republic) Zvonimir Ostojić (Croatia) Mirha Đikić (B&H) Lidija Stefanović (Serbia) Gabriella Kazinczi (Hungary) Taib Šarić (B&H) Senka Milanova (Bulgaria) Štefan Tyr (Slovakia) Viktor Zadorozhnyi (Ukraine) Editorial Council Dubravka Šoljan (B&H), Chairman Mira Knežević (Croatia) Katerina Hamouzova (Czech Republic) Gyula Pinke (Hungary) Rabiaa Haouala (Tunisia) Milena Simić (Serbia) Zoran Jovović (Montenegro) Andrej Simončič (Slovenija) Gerhard Karrer (Austria) Asif Tanveer (Pakistan) Editor-in-Chief: Academician Taib Šarić (B&H) Deputy Editor: Mirha Đikić (B&H) Address of the Editorial Board and Administration: Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina Sarajevo, Bistrik 7, Bosnia and Herzegovina Phone: , Fax: Published twice a year The price of a copy of the Journal: 15 Papers published in the Herbologia are abstracted and indexed in the CAB International s journal Weed Abstracts and in EBSCO Publishing database Academic Search Complete The Herbologia can be found on the web site: links: Publications and Herbologia DTP: TDP d.o.o.

3 CONTENTS Page 1. Ž. Dolijanović, S. Oljača, D. Kovačević, M. Simić, V. Dragičević, V. Popović: Weediness of a maize and soybean intercropping system R. Baličević, M. Ravlić: Allelopathic effect of scentless mayweed extracts on carrot R. Baličević, M. Ravlić, T. Živković: Allelopathic effect of invasive species giant goldenrod (Solidago gigantea Ait.) on crops and weeds I. Treber, R. Baličević, M. Ravlić: Assessment of allelopathic effect of pale persicaria on two soybean cultivars Sead Vojniković: Tall cone flower (Rudbeckia laciniata L.) new invasive species in the flora of Bosnia and Herzegovina M. Simić, V. Dragičević, I. Spasojević, M. Brankov, Ž. Dolijanović, Z. Dumanović: Integrated effects of cropping system and herbicideson maize competitive traits M. Zafar, A. Tanveer, M. A. Majeed, M, E. Safdar, H. H. Ali, M. M. Javed: Reducing herbicide dose in sugarcane by application of plant water extract A. Knežević, B. Ljevnaić-Mašić, D. Džigurski, V. Ćirić, B. Ćupina: Natural meadow flora in the Melenci village surroundings as a potential pathogen and pest host and vector. Part I - Review of flora and vegetation A. Knežević, B. Ljevnaić-Mašić, D. Džigurski, V. Ćirić, B. Ćupina: Natural meadow flora in the Melenci village surroundings as a potential pathogen and pest host and vector. Part II - Analyzed flora as potential host and vector of pathogens and pests I. Borsiczky, E. Enzsöl, B. Farkas, P. Reisinger: Study of the use of N sensor in weed covered fields of winter wheat Referees of the papers in the Herbologia Vol. 15, No Instruction to Authors in the Herbologia

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5 Herbologia, Vol. 15, No. 1, 2015 DOI /Herb WEEDINESS OF A MAIZE AND SOYBEAN INTERCROPPING SYSTEM Željko Dolijanović 1, Snežana Oljača 1, Dušan Kovačević 1, Milena Simić 2, Vesna Dragičević 2 and Vera Popović 3 1 University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Belgrade-Zemun, Nemanjina 6, Serbia 2 Maize Research Instiute, Zemun Polje, Belgrade-Zemun, Slobodana Bajica 1, Serbia 3 Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad, Maksima Gorkog 30, Serbia dolijan@agrif.bg.ac.rs Abstract The effect of the additive intercropping system, on weediness of maize and soybean was investigated on chernozem soil type in 2004 and Intercropping was done in alternate rows and in strips. Three maize hybrids of different FAO maturity groups (FAO 500, 600 and 700) were included into the trials. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of different maize hybrids and spatial distribution intercrop patterns on the weediness of maize and soybean. The maize and soybean intercropping resulted in the decrease in parameters of weediness, especially in the number of perennial weed species and fresh biomass per area unit. The intercropping system in alternate rows expressed greater efficiency in weed control (number of species, number of plants per species and weed biomass) in comparison to the intercropping system in strips and maize monocrops. In soybean, intercropping systems were more advantageous than soybean monocrops. Keywords: maize, soybean, monocrops, intercropping, weeds Introduction In the technology of growing row crops - especially in sustainable and organic farming systems - weeds are considered to be one of the biggest problems. In order to find solutions, constant education and changes in the minds of farmers are needed. One of the systems, which would be environmentally acceptable and justified in terms of weed control is intercropping system row crop with other species, especially with legumes. Cereal/legume intercropping is commonly practiced in tropics, because of yield advantages, greater yield stability, lower risks of crop failure, greater Copyright 2015 by the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

6 Dolijanović et al. land-use efficiency, increased competitive ability toward weeds, improvement of soil fertility due to the addition of N by fixation, and some favorable exudates from legume species (Tusbio et al., 2005). Apart from crop productivity, legume-based cropping could also help to increase soil organic matter level, thereby enhancing soil quality, as well as having the additional benefit of sequestering atmospheric C (Gregorich et al, 2001). Incorrect choice of crops cultivation or intercrops incompatible species can lead to a crop completely choked another, ie. to reach the negative effects (competition). Park et al., 2003, in his work explained the theory of competition: intra- and interspecific competition, as well as specific crop-weed competition and its practical application. According to them, there are three categories of intraspecific competition: the influence of density (reducing the survival of plants with increasing density); change of the structure of the population (hierarchical development of the plants) and the dependence of the number density of plants. In order to achieve high effects of weed control in intercropping systems, it is important to choose the most convenient shape and size of the growing area in which the competitive relationships between and within species be minimized (Dolijanović et al., 2013). Basically there are three different spatial pattern arrangements: intercrop in the same row, in alternate rows and in strips (three or four rows of one, so the same number of rows of the second crop). Each of these spatial arrangement pattern has its advantages and disadvantages. The first and second arrangement patterns are acceptable in terms of explanations interspecific competition. Two crops are spatially close enough so that the relationships between them can be clearly defined and scientific explanations of their relationship as»acceptable«. When in strip intercropping can be considered only marginal (first rows) of the tapes, while more rows in the interior can be seen as a monocrop. This deficiency can be alleviated by reducing the number of rows in strips (maximum four) and reducing the distance between the rows. However, when intercrops in strips, it is possible to complete mechanization of operations, ranging from planting, care measure over until harvest. Due to the application of various herbicides, proper crop rotation and different methods of cultivation during the 20 th century, there has been a success rate of weed control (Park et al., 2003). On the other hand, there are proven benefits of intercrops in crop production in terms of more effective control of weeds, especially perennial. Decreasing the number and weight of weeds in intercrops than monocrops of maize and soybean, particularly marked in the drier years, thanks to the increased number of 2

7 Weediness of a maize and soybean intercropping system plants per unit area (Dolijanović et al., 2008). Crop rotation (temporal diversification) and intercropping (spatial diversification) strategies reduce weed population density and biomass production (Liebman and Dyck, 1993; Bauman et al., 2000). The intercrops of maize and pumpkins are obtained, also, higher yields of monocrop, especially in conservation cropping systems (Momirović et al., 1998). The maize crop with pumpkins is characterized by large coverability, so there is less infestation of crops, and achieves significant savings because they do not require chemicals to protect against weeds. The selection of hybrids and varieties of corresponding species is extremely important moment, and strongly depends on method, and the objective of the intercropping. In the additive method of intercropping, it is an important choice of the main crop and secondary crops whose density changes (due to competition). The secondary crop should be choosed based on its competitive characteristics. The method of replacement series, where both crops are equal, selected hybrids or varieties will depend largely on concerns of competition, and thus the yield. Above ground biomass yields are generally higher in the growing of maize hybrids with longer period of vegetation, especially in favorable weather conditions or growing intercrops with irrigation (Dolijanović et al., 2006), whereas medium early hybrids have somewhat lower yields. In addition to numerous advantages, this cropping system encounters certain difficulties and limitations that prevent its use on large areas in general practice. There are many reasons for this: lack of mechanization for such purposes, pesticides, varieties and hybrids that would be adapted to these growing conditions and so on. The scientific objective of this paper is to determine the advantage late maturity maize hybrids (FAO 600 and 700) compared to medium early hybrid maize (FAO 500), and the effect of spatial pattern arrangement of maize and soybean intercropping system on weed infestation. Materials and methods The experiment was established according to a randomized complete block design plan with four replications on the Maize Research Institute Zemun Polje Belgrade, Serbia. The investigations were done in 2004 and 2005 years on the chernozem soil type in conditions of natural water regime. The size of the experimental plots was 21 m 2. The sowing time was the last decade of April. The basic tillage was done in autumn at the depth of 25 cm, and spring soil preparation 10 to 15 days prior to 3

8 Dolijanović et al. sowing. All variants of the experiment were fertilized by mineral fertilizer NPK (15:15:15) at the amount of 80 kg/ha of active matter. Nitrogen was applied in amount of 90 kg ha -1 together with presowing cultivation. Two hand inter-row cultivations were done on all plots. The seeds of soybean were inoculated by microbial preparation azotofiksin in order to support nitrogen fixation. Experimental design Three experimental ZP maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids with different duration of vegetation (EPH2-FAO 500, EPH4-FAO 600 and EPH11-FAO 700) and soybean (Glycine max L. Merr) cultivar Nena from maturity group II were included in the investigation. The treatments included intercrops created according to the method of additive series and maize and soybean monocrops. In intercrops, maize as the main crop was sown in the density as in monocrops and soybeans was added at the same density as in monocrops. Preceding crop was winter wheat. In all tested years shallow plowing of stubble was done at 10 cm depth after the wheat harvest. Two different spatial designs were applied: the sowing of maize and soybean in strips and alternate rows. The treatments consisted of each maize hybrid alone (six rows) or soybean alone (six rows), and eight mixtures: 3 rows of maize and 3 rows of soybean in strips for each hybrid of maize (four variants), 3 rows of maize and 3 rows of soybean in alternated rows for each hybrid (another four variants). Maize was planted in rows 70 cm apart and within-row spacing of 40 cm ( plants/ha) in monocrops and for soybean spacing was 70 cm between rows and 3.6 cm within-row spacing ( plants/ha). Within-row spacing in the intercrops was twice smaller (20 cm to maize and 1.80 cm to soybean) than the monocrops. Measurements During the growing season of maize and soybean the number of weed species, their aboveground fresh and dry weight was determined both in monocrops and intercropping systems. All parameters of weeds were determined by the method of random squares with an area of 1 m 2. Assessment of weed infestation (summer aspect) was performed on July (2004) and June 30 (2005). Evaluation time was determined based on the actual condition of the crop, and that was particularly affected by weather conditions during the investigation. After the evaluation of weed infestation hoeing was carried out in order to suppress weeds in mono- 4

9 Weediness of a maize and soybean intercropping system and intercrops. The LSD was used to separate means when the F test was significant. Meteorological conditions Table 1. Mean monthly temperatures ( 0 C) and total monthly precipitation (mm) for the investigations period (Belgrade) Year Temp./ Precip. Months I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Average or Summ 0 C -0,1 3,7 8,1 13,5 16,2 20,7 23,0 22,3 17,7 15,9 8,5 4,0 12,8 mm C 2,1 1,0 6,0 13,1 17,7 20,2 22,9 21,4 18,9 13,8 7,1 3,6 12,1 mm Comparing the data on meteorological conditions during the years of investigation (Table 1), we note that the first test year was characterized by optimum air temperatures, especially during the vegetative period of the crops. The second year of investigation, was similar to the previous one with uneven distribution of precipitation and slightly lower average monthly air temperature at the beginning of the growing season. Precipitation sum was higher in March compared to the year 2004, what was the reason for slowly and poor germination, and greater weed infestation of the crops. Results and disscusion The representative conclusions about the impact of the spatial pattern arrangement of plants and different maize hybrids on the floristic composition, number of weeds, aboveground fresh and dry weight of weeds in the mono- and intercrops of the maize and soybean are shown in Table 2, 3 and 4. Summer aspect of the weed community of maize and soybean showed significantly less species, which was got earlier in similar studies (Momirović et al., 1997; Simic, 2003). This aspect was fully developed after the application of agrotechnical operation (hoeing in this case) and after closing ranks and forming a characteristic pattern of the crop. In the years of investigation, the most dominant species were: Sorghum halepense L. Pers., Solanum nigrum L. and Amaranthus retroflexus L. in both crops. However, when we compared the number of weed species and weed plants in the two crops studied, more weeds were present in maize, as compared to those of soybean, especially in the first year (Tables 2 and 5

10 Dolijanović et al. 3). Fresh weight of weeds was also higher in maize, except in The therophytes were dominant as a direct consequence of the intensive application of agrotechnical measures for growing crops at this locality. Next in representation are geophytes: Sorghum halepense L. Pers. Convolvulus arvensis L. and Cirsium arvense L. Scop. Earlier studies of maize weed community in Zemun Polje have also pointed to the dominance of therophytes and geophytes, particularly under wet conditions (Simić, 2003). Intercrops of maize and soybean has led to decrease the number of weed species, number of individuals and weed fresh weight per unit area compared to monocrops of maize and soybean. Analysis of weed infestation of intercropping compared to monocrops of soybeans, especially in the summer aspect showed that cultivation of mixed crops has advantage (Tables 3 and 4). And if the resulting differences, analysis of maize, were not statistically significant, these decrease parameters weedy certainly has an impact on the growth and development of maize and soybean However, when we analyze the soybean crop in the summer aspect of differences in intercropping and monocrops were statistically highly significant, primarily due to the significant impact of maize intercropping on reduction of a particular mass of weeds. What is also revealed by statistical analysis is that of maize hybrids, in terms of the number and weight of weeds, the best was the hybrid FAO 700. Differences in the structure and floristic composition of the weed community inter- and monocrops, maize and soybean, depending on the investigation hybrids were not statistically significant, it is a logical consequence of similar morphological characteristics of the studied hybrids. Table 2. Weediness (No of weed plants m -2 ) of monocrops maize and soybean (summer aspect) Life Weed species forms C 1 C 2 C 3 S. C 1 C 2 C 3 S. T Amaranthus retroflexus L G Sorghum halepense L. Pers T Solanum nigrum L T Chenopodium album L T Amaranthus albus L T Hibiscus trionum L G Convolvulus arvensis L T Datura stramonium L T Chenopodium hybridum L T Portulaca oleracea L

11 Weediness of a maize and soybean intercropping system Life forms Weed species C 1 C 2 C 3 S. C 1 C 2 C 3 S. T Stachys annua L. 0.3 T Amaranhus blitoides Watson 0.2 G Cirsium arvense L. Scop T Anagalis arvensis L. 0.3 T Xanthium strumarium L G Cynodon dactylon L. Pers T Ambrosia artemisiifolia L T Abutilon theophrasti Med T Atriplex patula L G Calystegia sepium (L.) Pers Total number of weed species Total number of plants per species Number of annual weeds Number of perennial weeds Aboveground fresh weight of weeds (g/m2) Aboveground dry weight of weeds (g/m2) T-therophytes, G-geophytes S -Soybean; C 1 -maize FAO 500, C 2 - maize FAO 600, C 3 - maize FAO 700. In the maize and soybean intercropping system notice the presence of a large number of species and individuals of weeds in the strips, Table 3. However, the number of perennial weed species in maize-soybean intercrops was significantly lower than in monocrops, mainly due to the increase of the number of plants per unit area. Facilitated the circulation of light in strips and less pronounced interspecific competition, it is likely the reason of better and more successful development of weed plants. Studying weed infestation of intercrop in spring, Dolijanović et al., 2007, determined the highest number of weed plants per species and the greatest weed biomass in alternate rows. 7

12 Dolijanović et al. Table 3. Effect of plant arrangement pattern and maize hybrids on weed floristic composition (summer aspect) Life forms Weed species Number of weed plants per m -2 Number of weed plants per m -2 B 1 B 2 B 1 B 2 C 1 C 2 C 3 C 1 C 2 C 3 C 1 C 2 C 3 C 1 C 2 C 3 T AMARE G SORHA T SOLNI T CHEAL T AMAAL T HIBTR G CIRAR T DATST T CHEHY T PORTOL T STAAN T AMABL T ANAAR T XANST G CYNDA T AMBAR 0.2 T ABUTH T DIGSA 0.2 T ATRPA T ECHCG 0.2 G CALSE Total weed species No of weed plants m Annual weed species Perennial weed species Fresh biomass (g m -2 ) Air dried biomass (g m -2 ) B 1 - alternate rows, B 2 - strips; 8

13 Weediness of a maize and soybean intercropping system Table 4. Statistical analysis of weed number, fresh and air dried biomass depending on year, plant arrangement pattern and different maize hybrids Crops Maize Soybean Investigation parametres Total weed species Fresh biomass (g m -2 ) Air dried biomass (g m -2 ) Total weed species Fresh biomass (g m -2 ) Air dried biomass (g m -2 ) Plant arrangement patern Hybrids Year MC B 1 B 2 C 1 C 2 C F =2.19 nsz F =0.13 nsz F = ** F =1.0 nsz F =0.19 nsz F = F =1.61 nsz F =0.22 nsz F = ** F =2.49 nsz F =0.22 nsz F = ** F =2.97 nsz F =0.42 nsz F = ** F =7.93 * F =0.79 nsz F = ** MC-monocrops; **p<0.01; *p<0.05; ns no significant Alternatively, intercrops may provide yield advantages without suppressing weed growth below levels observed in component monocrops if intercrops use resources that are not exploitable by weeds or convert resources to harvestable material more efficiently than monocrops. Significant advances in the design and improvement of weed-suppressive intercropping systems most likely to occur if three important areas of research are addressed (Liebman & Dyck, 1993). First, there must be continued attention to the study of weed population dynamics and crop-weed interference in intercropping systems. More information is needed concerning the effects of diversification of cropping systems on weed seed longevity, weed seedling emergence, weed seed production and dormancy, agents of weed mortality, differential resource consumption by crops and weeds, and allelopathic interactions. Next, there needs to by systematic manipulation of specific components of intercropping systems to isolate and improve those elements (e.g., interrow cultivation, choice of crop genotype) or combinations of elements that may be especially important for weed control. Finally, the weed-related impacts of intercropping strategies should be assessed through careful study of complex farming systems and the design and testing of new integrated approaches. Many aspects of intercrops are compatible with farming practices and could become more accessible to farmers if government policies are restructured to reflect the true environmental costs of agricultural production. 9

14 Acknowledgments This study was supported by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia through the Project TR References BAUMANN, D.T., M.J. KROPFF & L. BASTIAANS, 2000: Intercropping leeks to suppress weeds, Weed Research, 40, DOLIJANOVIĆ, Ž., S. OLJAČA, D. KOVAČEVIĆ & Ž. JOVANOVIĆ, 2006: Različiti hibridi kukuruza u združenom usevu sa sojom, Biotehnologija u stočarstvu, 22, DOLIJANOVIĆ, Ž., S. OLJAČA, D. KOVAČEVIĆ & M. SIMIĆ, 2007: Effects of different maize hybrids on above ground biomass in intercrops with soybean, Maydica, 52, DOLIJANOVIĆ, Ž., S. OLJAČA, M. SIMIĆ & D. KOVAČEVIĆ, 2008: Weed populations in maize and soybean intercropping, Proceedings, 43 rd Croatian and 3 rd International Symposium on Agriculture, Opatija. Croatia. February 18-21, 2008, pp DOLIJANOVIĆ, Ž., S. OLJAČA, D. KOVAČEVIĆ, M. SIMIĆ, N. MOMIROVIĆ & Ž. JO- VANOVIĆ, 2013: Dependence of the productivity of maize and soybean intercropping systems on hybrid type and plant arrangement pattern. Genetika, 45, GREGORICH, E.G., C.F. DRURY & J.A. BALDOCK, 2001: Changes in soil carbon under long-term maize in monoculture and legume-based rotation. Can. J. Soil Sci. 81, LIEBMAN, M. & E. DYCK, 1993: Ecological Applications 3, MOMIROVIĆ, N., D. KOVAČEVIĆ & D. BOŽIĆ, 1997: Zakorovljenost i prinos postrnog useva kukuruza u različitim sistemima gajenja, Acta Herbologica, 6, MOMIROVIĆ, N., S. OLJAČA, G. VASIĆ, D. KOVAČEVIĆ & Ž. RADOŠEVIĆ, 1998: Effects of intercroping pumpkins (Cucurbita maxima Duch) and maize (Zea mays L.) under different farming systems. Proceedings of 2 nd Balkan Symp on Field Crops, N. Sad, PARK, S.E., L.R. BENJAMIN, & A.R. WATKINSON, 2003: The Theory and Application of Plant Competition Models: an Agronomic Perspective. Annals of Botany 92, 1-8. SIMIĆ, M., 2003: Sezonska dinamika korovske sinuzije, kompetetivnost i produktivnost kukuruza u integralnim sistemima kontrole zakorovljenosti, Doktorska disertacija. Poljoprivredni fakultet, Beograd-Zemun. pp 199. TUSBIO, M., S. WALKER & H.O. OGINDIO, 2005: A simulation model a cereal-legume intercropping for semi-arid regions. Model applications. Field Crop Res. 93,

15 Herbologia, Vol. 15, No. 1, 2015 DOI /Herb ALLELOPATHIC EFFECT OF SCENTLESS MAYWEED EXTRACTS ON CARROT * Renata Baličević, Marija Ravlić Faculty of Agriculture, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University in Osijek, Kralja Petra Svačića 1d, Osijek, Croatia Corresponding author: mravlic@pfos.hr Abstract The aim of the study was to examine allelopathic effect of water extracts prepared from fresh biomass of scentless mayweed [Tripleurospermum inodorum (L.) C.H. Schultz] on germination and initial growth of carrot. The experiments were conducted to evaluate: i) the effect of extracts from different plant parts (root, stem, leaf and aboveground biomass) in 1, 5 and 10% concentration in Petri dishes, and ii) the effect of extracts from aboveground biomass in aforementioned concentrations in pots with soil. In Petri dishes, reduction of germination compared to the control was not significant and ranged from 0.5 to 11.1%. Extracts had more pronounced effect on growth and fresh weight of carrot seedlings. Root length was inhibited in all treatments and varied greatly depending on concentration and plant part, while shoot length was both promoted and stimulated. Fresh weight of seedlings was reduced in all treatments and amounted up to 30.5%. Plant parts differed in their allelopathic potential, and root extract exhibited the highest inhibitory effect. In experiment with soil, extracts from fresh mayweed biomass reduced germination for up to 16.1%. Extracts had no significant effect on fresh weight of carrot seedlings, while length of root and shoot were both stimulated and inhibited. Key words: allelopathy, water extracts, plant parts, scentless mayweed, fresh biomass, carrot Introduction Allelopathy represents the influence on one organism on the other, whether it is harmful or beneficial, through production of allelochemicals (Rice, 1984) and plays an important role in agroecosystems leading to a wide array of interaction between weeds and crops (Singh et al., 2003). Allelochemicals are present in all plant tissues, including leaves, stems, roots, rhizomes, flowers, seeds and pollen, and they can be released into Copyright 2015 by the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

16 Baličević & Ravlić the environment through volatilization, leaching, root exudation and decomposition of plant residues (Putnam and Tang, 1986). Identification of allelopathic properties of certain weeds and their effect on crops leads to a better understanding of weed species and reduction of negative impact of allelochemicals on growth of crops. Furthermore, the ability to use this phenomenon for biological control is the most essential. Allelocompounds can be used for plant protection against pests, to increase the resistance of field crops to diseases and as preparations applied for weed control (Kwiecińska-Poppe et al., 2011). Scentless mayweed (Tripleurospermum inodorum (L.) C.H. Schultz) is a winter or summer annual or sometimes short lived perennial and a weed of cultivated crops (Peschken et al., 1989). Allelopathic potential of scentless mayweed fresh and dry water extracts on cereals was reported by Kwiecińska-Poppe et al. (2011) and Ravlić et al. (2012.). The aim of the study was to determine allelopathic effect of T. inodorum fresh biomass water extracts on germination and initial growth of carrot both in Petri dishes and pots with soil. Materials and methods The experiments were conducted in the Laboratory of Phytopharmacy at the Faculty of Agriculture in Osijek. Plants of scentless mayweed were collected at the phenological stage 6/65 (Hess et al., 1997) of the weeds from naturally infested fields and separated in laboratory into root, stem and leaf. Water extracts from fresh plant parts (roots, stems, leaves, and aboveground mass) were prepared according to Norsworthy (2003). Plant parts were cut into 1 cm pieces, crushed in distilled water at 1:10 ratio (100 g of plant material in 1000 ml of distilled water) and kept for 24 hours at room temperature. The mixtures were filtered through muslin cloth to remove debris and after that through filter paper. The obtained extracts from different plant parts were diluted with distilled water to give final concentrations of 1, 5 and 10% (10, 50 and 100 g of weed biomass per litre). Carrot seeds used in experiments were surface-sterilized for 20 minutes with 1% NaOCl (4% NaOCl commercial bleach), then rinsed three times with distilled water (Siddiqui et al., 2009). Effect of extracts was determined in two experiments using Petri dishes with filter paper and pots with soil. In the first experiment effect of four extracts (roots, stems, leaves, and aboveground mass (stem + leaves)) in all three concentrations was 12

17 Allelopathic effect of scentless mayweed extracts on carrot evaluated in Petri dishes. Twenty five seeds of carrot were placed in sterilized Petri dishes (90 mm) lined with filter paper. In each treatment 5 ml of extract was added, while distilled water was used as control. Petri dishes were kept at room temperature (22 C ± 2 C) for eight days, observed daily and additional extract/water was added to each as needed. Each treatment had four replications. Experiment was repeated twice. In the second experiment effect of extract from aboveground mass in all three concentrations was evaluated in pots with soil. Thirty carrot seeds were sown in pots filled with commercial substrate and treated with 30 ml of extract (60 ml/100 g of soil) or water in control treatment. Thereafter, all treatments were equally watered. The pots were kept at laboratory bench and experiment lasted for 16 days. Each treatment had four replications. Experiment was repeated twice. Germination percentage was calculated for each replication using the formula: G (Germination,%) = (Germinated seed/total seed) x 100. At the end of each experiment, seedling root length (cm), shoot length (cm) and fresh weight (mg, g) were determined. The collected data were analysed statistically with ANOVA and differences between treatment means were compared using the LSD-test at probability level P<0.05. Results and discussion Extracts from fresh biomass of T. inodorum had no significant effect on germination of carrot seeds in experiment with Petri dishes (Figure 1.). However, the highest germination was observed in the control treatment and was 75.4%, while extracts had slight inhibitory effect. The reduction of germination compared to the control ranged from 0.5 to 11.1%. Figure 1. Effect of T. inodorum fresh biomass water extracts on germination of carrot seeds 13

18 Baličević & Ravlić Reduction of root length was observed in all treatments with extracts from different plant parts and concentrations (Table 1.). Root extract in all concentration had significant inhibitory effect on reduction of root length. Also, the lowest concentration of stem and the highest concentration of leaf extract substantially reduced root length for 29.3 and 30.5%, respectively. Table 1. Effect of T. inodorum fresh biomass water extracts on seedling growth of carrot (on filter paper) Treatment Root length (cm) Shoot length (cm) Fresh weight (mg) Control % 2.02 ** 1.99 ** 3.50 ** Root extract 5% 2.10 ** 2.25 ** 3.45 ** 10% 2.27 * 2.06 ** 3.60 ** 1% 1.88 ** * Stem extract 5% * 10% ** % 2.20 * 3.34 ** 4.59 Leaf extract 5% ** % 1.85 ** Aboveground mass extract LSD 0.05 LSD % ** % * 3.39 ** 10% ** *, ** - differences compared to the control (0.05, 0.01) Shoot length of carrot, on the other hand, was both inhibited and stimulated. Root extract exhibited negative effect, while the highest concentration of stem and lower concentrations of leaf extract significantly stimulated shoot growth. Extracts from aboveground biomass had both stimulatory and inhibitory effects. All treatments had negative effect on fresh weight of carrot seedling and reduction percent ranged 5.9 to 30.5%. Root extract in all concentrations significantly reduced fresh weight as well as lower concentrations of stem extract. Kwiecińska-Poppe et al. (2011) and Ravlić et al. (2012) reported inhibitory effect of fresh and dry aboveground mass of scentless mayweed on germination of cereals. 14

19 Allelopathic effect of scentless mayweed extracts on carrot The results showed extracts had greater effect on seedling growth rather than on germination which is in agreement with findings of others (Konstantinović et al., 2014; Kalinova et al., 2012.) who concluded that effect of allelochemicals is more pronounced on the growth of seedlings. Lower concentrations of extracts usually have stimulatory effect, and with the increase of concentration of the weed biomass in water allelopathic effect of extract increases (Putnam and Tang, 1986). However, in our experiment concentration of extracts had various effects on carrot seedlings and lower concentrations of certain extracts had higher inhibitory effect than higher concentrations. Similar results were reported by Marinov-Serafimov (2010) who found that extracts from fresh biomass of some weeds in lower concentrations had higher inhibitory effect. Baličević et al. (2014) and Ravlić et al. (2014) also demonstrated that when extracts from fresh biomass of plants were used the effect of concentration varied greatly. Figure 2. Effect of extracts from different plant parts on germination and seedling length of carrot (% of control) Although leaves are the main parts for the production of allelopathic substances, while root possess minimal quantities (Sisodia and Siddiqui, 2010; Rice, 1984), the results from the experiments showed that, regardless of the concentration, extracts from different plant parts had similar effect on carrot germination (Figure 2.). Similarly, root extract had the highest inhibitory effect on root and shoot length and fresh weight, while leaf and aboveground mass had positive effect on carrot shoot length. The results differ from results of Ravlić et al. (2012) who showed that scent- 15

20 Baličević & Ravlić less mayweed leaf extract has the highest inhibitory effect on germination and growth of wheat and barley. Higher inhibitory effect of leaf extracts has been observed by other researchers (Tanveer et al., 2010; Raoof and Siddiqui, 2012). Water extracts from T. inodorum applied to pots with soil generally had negative effect on germination and growth of carrot seedlings (Table 2.). The germination reduction ranged from 10.2 to 16.1% compared to the control. Root length reduced significantly with the lowest concentration, while the highest concentration had slightly stimulatory effect. Shoot length was reduced in all treatments compared to the control, but 5% concentration had highest effect and inhibited shoot length for 15.5%. Fresh weight was also reduced, but not significantly. The mechanism of inhibition on the seedling growth caused by allelochemicals can be result of reduced cell division and/or cell elongation (Iman et al., 2006). Table 2. Effect of T. inodorum fresh biomass water extracts on germination and seedling growth of carrot in soil T. inodorum biomass in water, g/l Germination (%) Root length (cm) Shoot length (cm) Fresh weight (g) Control 69.6 a 3.26 a 4.39 a a ab 2.71 b 4.26 ab a b 3.19 ab 3.71 b a b 3.31 a 4.08 ab a Means followed by the same letter within the column are not significantly different at P<0.05. When comparing results of application of extracts from aboveground mass of scentless mayweed in Petri dishes and pots with soil certain differences can be observed. Reduction of germination and root elongation with higher concentrations was greater in soil medium. On the other hand, 5% concentrations had in both experiments the highest inhibitory effect on shoot length. These differences could be due to higher amount of extract (30 ml) applied to the soil which resulted in higher inhibitory or stimulatory effect. 16

21 Allelopathic effect of scentless mayweed extracts on carrot Conclusions The results of the experiment showed that extracts from fresh biomass of scentless mayweed had certain allelopathic effect on carrot germination and seedling growth. Inhibitory and stimulatory effect in Petri dishes depended on concentration and plant part. Effect of extracts from fresh aboveground mass applied in Petri dishes and soil differed, indicating that amount of extract and medium have influence on extract impact. This emphasizes the need to evaluate extracts on both filter paper and in soil, in laboratory as well as in field conditions. References BALIČEVIĆ, R., M. RAVLIĆ, M. KNEŽEVIĆ, K. MARIĆ, I. MIKIĆ, 2014: Effect of marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) cogermination, extracts and residues on weed species hoary cress (Cardaria draba (L.) Desv.). Herbologia, 14, HESS, M., G. BARRALIS, H. BLEIHOLDER, H. BUHR, T. EGGERS, H. HACK, R. STAUSS, 1997: Use of the extended BBCH scale general for the description of the growth stages of mono- and dicotykedonous species. Weed Research, 37, IMAN, A., S. WAHAB, M. RASTAN, M. HALIM, 2006: Allelopathic effect of sweet corn and vegetable soybean extracts at two growth stages on germination and seedling growth of corn and soybean varieties. Journal of Agronomy, 5, KALINOVA, S., I. GOLUBINOVA, A. HRISTOSKOV, A. ILIEVA, 2012: Allelopathic effect of aqueous extract from root system of johnsongrass on the seed germination and initial development of soybean, pea and vetch. Herbologia, 13(1), KONSTANTINOVIĆ, B., M. BLAGOJEVIĆ, B. KONSTANTINOVIĆ, N. SAMARDŽIĆ, 2014: Allelopathic effect of weed species Amaranthus retroflexus L. on maize seed germination. Romanian Agricultural Research, 31, online: ro/rar/nr31/rar31.14.pdf KWIECIŃSKA-POPPE, E., P. KRASKA, E. PAŁYS, 2011: The influence of water extracts from Galium aparine L. and Matricaria maritime subsp. inodora (L.) Dostál on germination of winter rye and triticale. Acta Sci. Pol., Agricultura, 10(2), MARINOV-SERAFIMOV, P. 2010: Determination of Allelopathic Effect of Some Invasive Weed Species on Germination and Initial Development of Grain Legume Crops. Pesticides & Phytomedicine, 25, NORSWORTHY, J.K., 2003: Allelopathic Potential of Wild Radish (Raphanus raphanistrum). Weed Technology, 17, PESCHKEN, D.P., A.G. THOMAS, G.G. BOWES, D.W. DOUGLAS, 1989: Scentless Chamomile (Matricaria perforata) A New Target Weed for Biological Control. In Proc. VII. Int. Symp. Biol. Contr. Weeds, 6-11 March 1988, Rome, Italy (ed. E.S. Delfosse), pp st. Sper. Patol. Veg. (MAF), Rome. PUTNAM, A.R., C.S. TANG, 1986: Allelopathy: State of the Science. In: The Science of Allelopathy. Putnam, A.R., Tang, C.S. (Eds.). John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp RAOOF, K.M.A., M.B. SIDDIQUI, 2012: Allelopathic effect of aqueous extracts of different parts of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers on some weed plants. J. Agric. Ext. Rural Dev., 4 (6),

22 Baličević & Ravlić RAVLIĆ, M., R. BALIČEVIĆ, I. LUCIĆ, 2014: Allelopathic effect of parsley (Petroselinum crispum Mill.) cogermination, water extracts and residues on hoary cress (Lepidium draba (L.) Desv.). Poljoprivreda, 20, RAVLIĆ, M., R. BALIČEVIĆ, M. KNEŽEVIĆ, I. RAVLIĆ, 2012: Allelopathic effect of scentless mayweed and field poppy on seed germination and initial growth of winter wheat and winter barley. Herbologia, 13(2): 1-7. RICE, E.L., 1984: Allelopathy. 2nd edition. Academic Press, Orlando, Florida. SIDDIQUI, S., S. BHARDWAJ, S.S. KHAN, M.K. MEGHVANSHI, 2009: Allelopathic Effect of Different Concentration of Water Extract of Prosopsis Juliflora Leaf on Seed Germination and Radicle Length of Wheat (Triticum aestivum Var-Lok-1). American- Eurasian Journal of Scientific Research, 4(2), SINGH, H.P., D.R. BATISH, R.K. KOHLI, 2003: Allelopathic interactions and allelochemicals: New possibilities for sustainable weed management. Critical review in Plant Sciences, 22, SISODIA, S., M. B. SIDDIQUI, 2010: Allelopathic effect by aqueous extracts of different parts of Croton bonplandianum Baill. on some crop and weed plants. Journal of Agricultural Extention and Rural Development, 2(1): TANVEER, A., A. REHMAN, M.M. JAVAID, R.N. ABBAS, M. SIBTAIN, A.U.H. AHMAD, M.S. IBIN-I-ZAMIR, K.M. CHAUDHARY, A. AZIZ, 2010: Allelopathic potential of Euphorbia helioscopia L. against wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and lentil (Lens culinaris Medic.). Turk. J. Agric. For., 34,

23 Herbologia, Vol. 15, No. 1, 2015 DOI /Herb ALLELOPATHIC EFFECT OF INVASIVE SPECIES GIANT GOLDENROD (SOLIDAGO GIGANTEA AIT.) ON CROPS AND WEEDS * Renata Baličević, Marija Ravlić, Tea Živković* Faculty of Agriculture, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Kralja Petra Svačića 1d, Osijek, Croatia, corresponding author: mravlic@pfos.hr *Student, Graduate study Abstract The aim of the study was to determine allelopathic potential of invasive species giant goldenrod (Solidago gigantea Ait.) on germination and initial growth crops (carrot, barley, coriander) and weed species velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Med.) and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.). Experiments were conducted under laboratory conditions to determine effect of water extracts in petri dish bioassay and in pots with soil. Water extracts from dry aboveground biomass of S. gigantea in concentrations of 1, 5 and 10% were investigated. In petri dish bioassay, all extract concentrations showed allelopathic effect on germination and seedling growth of crops with reduction over 25 and 60%, respectively. Both weed species germination and growth were greatly suppressed with extract application. In pot experiment, allelopathic effect was less pronounced. Reduction in emergence percent, shoot length and fresh weight of carrot were observed. Barley root length and fresh weight were reduced with the highest extract concentration. No significant effect on seedling emergence and growth of A. theophrasti was recorded, while emergence of A. retroflexus was inhibited for 14.4%. Germination and growth of test species decreased proportionately as concentration of weed biomass in water extracts increased. Differences in sensitivity among species were recorded, with A. retroflexus being the most susceptible to extracts. Key words: allelopathy, water extracts, Solidago gigantea, germination, crops, weeds Introduction Excessive application of herbicides in most weed management systems is a major concern since it causes serious threats to the environment, public health and increases costs of crop production. Weed seed germina- Copyright 2015 by the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

24 Baličević et al. tion inhibition and growth suppression which can be attributed to allelopathy is highly important and can be considered as a possible alternative, non-chemical weed management strategy (Asghari and Tewari, 2007, Macias, 1995). Allelopathy represents the influence of one organism on the other, whether it is harmful or beneficial, through production of allelochemicals (Rice, 1984). Allelopathic crops for controlling weeds could be used either directly as cover, smother or green manure crops or by using allelochemicals as natural herbicides (Singh et al., 2003). Currently, aromatic and medicinal plants are investigated as potential allelopathic crops (Đikić, 2005, Baličević et. al., 2014, Ravlić et al., 2014). Beside crops, weed species with high inhibitory effect also have the potential to be used in control of other weeds (Qasem and Foy, 2001, Galzina et al., 2011). Giant goldenrod (Solidago gigantea Ait.), species belonging to the family Asteraceae, is a perennial herb native to North America and introduced in Europe as an ornamental plant (Weber and Jakobs, 2005). S. gigantea is an invasive species which prefers ruderal habitats, riversides, forests, roadsides etc. Its number and aggressiveness is extensive on abandoned agricultural areas where it eliminates indigenous plants, however it is rarely found on agricultural fields (Knežević, 2006, Novak and Kravarščan, 2011). Allelopathic potential of goldenrod extracts on different crops was reported previously (Sekutowski et al., 2012, Beres and Kazinczi, 2000). Bortniak et al. (2011) states that emission of allelopaths to soil by S. gigantea may be a potential threat in case of reinstating wasteland colonized by this species for agricultural production. Since harmful effect of allelopathic plant has to be targeted on the weeds, while at the same time the crops must be unaffected or tolerant, it is important to assess its potential on wide range of species, both crops and weeds. The aim of the study was to determine allelopathic effect of water extracts from dry biomass of S. gigantea on germination and growth of crops (carrot, barley, coriander) and weed species velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Med.) and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) both in petri dishes and pots with soil. Materials and methods Plants of giant goldenrod (S. gigantea) were collected in late summer of 2014 at the flowering stage (Hess et al., 1997) from ruderal habitats (edges of farm fields). Aboveground fresh biomass was oven dried, and after that chopped into small pieces. Dried pieces were ground with electronic grinder into fine powder. 20

25 Allelopathic effect of invasive species giant goldenrod (Solidago gigantea Ait.) Water extract was prepared according to Norsworthy (2003) by mixing 100 grams of dry goldenrod biomass with 1000 ml of distilled water and kept for 24 h at room temperature. The mixture was filtered through muslin cloth to remove debris and after that through filter paper. The obtained extract was diluted with distilled water to give final concentrations of 1, 5 and 10% (10, 50 and 100 g/l). Winter wheat (cv. Barun) was acquired from Agricultural Institute Osijek, while carrot and coriander seeds were purchased from seed company. Weed seeds of velvetleaf (A. theophrasti) and redroot pigweed (A. retroflexus) were collected during 2014 from agricultural fields in Osijek- Baranja County. All seeds used in experiments were surface-sterilized for 20 minutes with 1% NaOCl (4% NaOCl commercial bleach), then rinsed three times with distilled water (Siddiqui et al., 2009). Effect of goldenrod extract was determined in two set of experiments: i) petri dishes bioassay with filter paper and ii) pot culture with soil. In petri bioassay, effect of three concentrations of extract (1, 5 and 10%) was evaluated. Twenty five (barley, coriander) or thirty (carrot, velvetleaf, redroot pigweed) seeds were placed in sterilized Petri dishes (90 mm) lined with filter paper. In each petri dish an equal amount of certain extract was added (5 ml for barley, coriander, velvetleaf and 2 ml for carrot and redroot pigweed), while distilled water was used in control. Additional extract/water was added to prevent seeds from drying. Each treatment had four replications, and experiment was repeated twice. Petri dishes were kept at room temperature (22 C ± 2) for 8 days. In experiment with pots, effect of two concentration of extract (5 and 10%) was evaluated. Thirty seeds of crop or weed were sown in pots (9x7 cm for barley and velvetleaf; 9x4 cm for carrot and pigweed) filled with commercial substrate (NPK 210:120:260 mg/l, ph 5.6). Each pot was watered with 75 ml of extract per 100 g of soil, while distilled water was used in control. Thereafter, all treatments were equally watered. Redroot pigweed was grown for 7, barley and velvetleaf for 12, and carrot for 14 days under the same conditions on laboratory benches at 22 C ± 2 temperature. All treatments had four replications and all experiments were conducted twice. Germination percentage was calculated as G (Germination,%) = (Germinated seed/total seed) x 100. All emerged seedlings were counted and percentage of emergence was calculated as E= (Emerged seed/total seed) x 100. At the end of each experiment, seedling root length (cm), shoot length (cm) and fresh weight (g, mg) were determined. The collect- 21

26 Baličević et al. ed data were analysed statistically with ANOVA and differences between treatment means were compared using the LSD-test at probability level P<0.05. Results and discussion S. gigantea water extract had various effect on germination of crops in petri dish bioassay (Figure 1). Germination was inhibited in all test species, however only higher concentrations showed significant effect. Carrot seed germination was reduced for up to 35.9%, and barley germination for up to 38.8%. Figure 1. Effect of S. gigantea water extracts on germination of crops (petri dish bioassay) Similarly, seedling growth of crops was differently affected with the extract application (Table 1 and Table 2). Coriander seedling length and fresh weight was significantly reduced with the highest extract concentration, while lower concentrations of extract stimulated coriander seedling growth. 22

27 Allelopathic effect of invasive species giant goldenrod (Solidago gigantea Ait.) Table 1. Effect of S. gigantea water extracts on seedling growth of coriander (petri dish bioassay) S. gigantea biomass in water, g/l Root length (cm) Shoot length (cm) Fresh weight (g) Coriander b 4.02 b b a 5.62 a a c 4.01 b b d 1.73 c c Means followed by the same letter within the column are not significantly different at P<0.05. Root and shoot length and fresh weight of carrot were significantly decreased only with higher extract concentrations. Seedling length and fresh weight of barley was greatly inhibited. The lowest concentration reduced root and shoot length for 36.4 and 22.1%, respectively, while reduction in treatment with the highest concentration amounted up to 75.2%. Table 2. Effect of S. gigantea water extracts on seedling growth of carrot and barley (petri dish bioassay) S. gigantea biomass in water, g/l Root length (cm) Shoot length (cm) Fresh weight (g) Carrot b 1.99 a a a 2.05 a a b 1.32 b b c 0.35 c c Barley a 9.34 a a b 7.28 b b c 3.59 c c c 2.55 d c Means followed by the same letter within the column (for each crop) are not significantly different at P<

28 Baličević et al. Germination of weed species A. theophrasti and A. retroflexus was significantly inhibited with extract in all concentrations and reduction was up to 71.8 and 97.4%, respectively (Figure 2). Figure 2. Effect of S. gigantea water extracts on germination of weeds (petri dish bioassay) Goldenrod water extract showed both negative and positive effect on growth of weeds in petri dish bioassay (Table 3). Reduction in root and shoot length and fresh weight of A. theophrasti seedlings was observed with all extract concentrations. The highest concentration inhibited abovementioned parameters for 89.7, 83.2 and 81.4%, respectively. Both higher concentrations showed significant negative effect on seedling growth of A. retroflexus. Reduction of root length ranged from 97.4 to 98.3%, while shoot length decreased for over 91.9%. Significant decrease in fresh weight of weed seedlings was also recorded. Contrary, lower concentration of extract had significant stimulatory effect on seedlings growth. Shoot length of weed was greater for 53.8%, and fresh weight for 26.9%, compared to the control treatment. 24

29 Allelopathic effect of invasive species giant goldenrod (Solidago gigantea Ait.) Table 3. Effect of S. gigantea water extracts on seedling growth of weeds (petri dish bioassay) S. gigantea biomass in water, g/l Root length (cm) Shoot length (cm) Abutilon theophrasti Fresh weight (mg) a 4.69 a a b 3.94 a b b 1.53 b c b 0.79 b d Amaranthus retroflexus a 1.99 b 4.71 b a 3.06 a 5.98 a b 0.16 c 0.31 c b 0.14 c 0.08 c Means followed by the same letter within the column (for each weed) are not significantly different at P<0.05. Table 4. Effect of S. gigantea water extracts on emergence and seedling growth of carrot and barley (pot experiment) S. gigantea biomass in water, g/l Emergence (%) Root length (cm) Shoot length (cm) Fresh weight (g) Carrot a 2.69 a 3.67 a a b 2.15 a 2.87 b b b 2.37 a 2.34 b b Barley a a a b a a a a a b a c Means followed by the same letter within the column (for each crop) are not significantly different at P<0.05. Application of extract to pots with soil resulted in emergence reduction of carrot seedlings for up to 31.6% (Table 4). Seedlings shoot length 25

30 Baličević et al. and fresh weight was similarly affected. Extracts had no significant effect on root length of carrot seedlings. Emergence of barley was not affected when goldenrod extracts were applied. Root length and fresh weight of barley was significantly reduced with the highest extract concentration, for 12.7 and 7.1%. Lower concentration of extract had positive effect on barley growth. Extract had no significant effect on seedling emergence and growth of A. theophrasti, although shoot length and fresh weight were suppressed with higher extract concentration (Table 5). Extracts stimulated seedling length and fresh weight of A. retroflexus, while emergence was inhibited with 10% concentration for 14.4%. Table 5. Effect of S. gigantea water extracts on emergence and seedling growth of weeds (pot experiment) S. gigantea biomass in water, g/l Emergence (%) Root length (cm) Abutilon theophrasti Shoot length (cm) Fresh weight (g) a 4.84 a 9.28 a a a 4.73 a 9.30 a a a 5.09 a 8.94 a a Amaranthus retroflexus ab 2.21 a 4.04 b b a 2.57 a 5.02 a a b 2.33 a 4.42 b b Means followed by the same letter within the column (for each weed) are not significantly different at P<0.05. Extracts from S. gigantea showed allelopathic potential, both stimulatory and inhibitory, in petri dishes and in pot experiments. This is in agreement with results of Sekutowski et al. (2012) who recorded reduced germination and root length of buckwheat, and stimulation of root growth of sunflower when goldenrod fresh biomass extracts were applied in petri dishes. Bortniak et al. (2011) also investigated effect of fresh extracts from roots and leaves of goldenrod under greenhouse conditions. The results indicated that inhibitory potential was greater against winter wheat and triticale, while oilseed rape, barley and rye germination and root length were less affected. 26

31 Allelopathic effect of invasive species giant goldenrod (Solidago gigantea Ait.) The results showed extracts had greater effect on seedling growth of crops rather than on germination. This is in agreement with findings of others (Konstantinović et al., 2014; Baličević et al., 2014b) who also concluded that effect of allelochemicals can be more pronounced on the growth of seedlings. Crops and weeds differed in their susceptibility to S. gigantea water extracts, in petri dishes and in pots. In petri dishes, barley was the most susceptible species among crops with average seedling growth reduction over 50%. Both weed species were more sensitive to extracts applied, and A. retroflexus seed germination and growth were inhibited over 85 and 40%, respectively. In pots, carrot emergence and seedling growth were the most affected. Sensitivity of crops and weeds to allelochemicals is different among species and genotypes within species (Asghari and Tewari, 2007, Baličević et al., 2014b). Generally, germination and growth of all test species decreased proportionately as concentration of weed biomass in water extracts increased. In addition, lower concentration showed stimulatory effect on growth of certain species. Inhibitory effect of higher and stimulatory effect of lower concentrations of weed water extracts was also reported by Marinov- Serafimov (2010) and Baličević et al. (2014). However, differences between results from experiments in petri dish and pots were observed and allelopathic effect was altogether more pronounced in petri dish bioassay. Higher inhibitory effect of water extracts could be due to direct contact of seed with extract on filter paper or adsorption of allelochemicals to soil. Adsorption of allelochemicals to soil can reduce its effect, especially in agro-ecosystems (Vidal et al., 1998). Conclusions The results of the experiments showed that extracts from dry goldenrod biomass had certain allelopathic effect on both crops and weeds. Further research, in laboratory and field, towards determination of different doses and application time of goldenrod extract, as well as finding tolerant crops and susceptible weeds is in need to fully assess goldenrod allelopathic potential. References ASGHARI, J., J.P TEWARI, 2007: Allelopathic Potentials of Eight Barley Cultivars on Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. and Setaria viridis (L.) p. Beauv. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 9,

32 Baličević et al. BALIČEVIĆ, R., M. RAVLIĆ, M. KNEŽEVIĆ, K. MARIĆ, I. MIKIĆ, 2014: Effect of marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) cogermination, extracts and residues on weed species hoary cress (Cardaria draba (L.) Desv.). Herbologia, 14, BALIČEVIĆ, R., M. RAVLIĆ, M. KNEŽEVIĆ, I. SEREZLIJA, 2014b: Allelopathic effect of field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.) water extracts on germination and initial growth of maize. The Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 24(6), BERES, I., G. KAZINCZI, 2000: Allelopathic effects of shoot extracts and residues of weeds on field crops. Allelopathy Journal, 7(1), BORTNIAK, M., A. JEZIERSKA-DOMARADZKA, K. DOMARADZKI, J. TRAJDOS, 2011: Evaluation of Solidago gigantea Aiton allelopathic influence on seed germination of winter oilseed rape and winter cereals. 3 rd International Symposium on Weeds and Invasive Plants, Ascona, Switzerland. ĐIKIĆ, M., 2005: Allelopathic effect of aromatic and medicinal plants on the seed germination of Galinsoga parviflora, Echinochloa crus-galli and Galium molugo. Herbologia, 6(3), GALZINA, N., M. ŠĆEPANOVIĆ, M. GORŠIĆ, I. TURK, 2011: Allelopathic effect of Abutilon theophrasti Med. on lettuce, carrot and red beet. Herbologia, 12(2), HESS, M., G. BARRALIS, H. BLEIHOLDER, H. BUHR, T. EGGERS, H. HACK, R. STAUSS, 1997: Use of the extended BBCH scale general for the description of the growth stages of mono- and dicotykedonous species. Weed Research, 37, KNEŽEVIĆ, M., 2006: Atlas korovne, ruderalne i travnjačke flore. Sveučilište Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku, Poljoprivredni fakultet u Osijeku, Osijek. KONSTANTINOVIĆ, B., M. BLAGOJEVIĆ, B. KONSTANTINOVIĆ, N. SAMARDŽIĆ, 2014: Allelopathic effect of weed species Amaranthus retroflexus L. on maize seed germination. Romanian Agricultural Research, 31, MACIAS, F.A., 1995: Allelopathy in the Search for Natural Herbicide Models. pp , In: Allelopathy: Organisms, Processes, and Applications, (eds.) Inderjit, K. Dakshini, M.M., Einhellig, F. A. ACS Symposium Series 582. American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. MARINOV-SERAFIMOV, P. 2010: Determination of Allelopathic Effect of Some Invasive Weed Species on Germination and Initial Development of Grain Legume Crops. Pesticides & Phytomedicine, 25, NORSWORTHY, J.K., 2003: Allelopathic Potential of Wild Radish (Raphanus raphanistrum). Weed Technology, 17, NOVAK, N., M. KRAVARŠČAN, 2011: Invazivne strane korovne vrste u Republici Hrvatskoj. Hrvatski centar za poljoprivredu, hranu i selo, Zagreb. QASEM, J.R., C.L. FOY, 2001: Weed allelopathy, its ecological impact and future prospects. Journal of Crop Production, 4(2), RAVLIĆ, M., R. BALIČEVIĆ, I. LUCIĆ, 2014: Allelopathic effect of parsley (Petroselinum crispum Mill.) cogermination, water extracts and residues on hoary cress (Lepidium draba (L.) Desv.). Poljoprivreda, 20, RICE, E.L., 1984: Allelopathy. 2nd edition. Academic Press, Orlando, Florida. SEKUTOWSKI, T.R., M. BORTNIAK, K. DOMARADZKI, 2012: Assessment of allelopathic potential of invasive plants goldenrod (Solidago gigantea) on buckwheat (Fagopyrum sagittatum) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus). Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering, 57(4), SIDDIQUI, S., S. BHARDWAJ, S.S. KHAN, M.K. MEGHVANSHI, 2009: Allelopathic Effect of Different Concentration of Water Extract of Prosopsis Juliflora Leaf on Seed Germination and Radicle Length of Wheat (Triticum aestivum Var-Lok-1). American- Eurasian Journal of Scientific Research, 4(2),

33 Allelopathic effect of invasive species giant goldenrod (Solidago gigantea Ait.) SINGH, H.P., D.R. BATISH, R.K. KOHLI, 2003: Allelopathic interactions and allelochemicals: New possibilities for sustainable weed management. Critical review in Plant Sciences, 22, VIDAL, R.A., M.V. HICKMAN, T.T. BAUMAN, 1998: Phenolics adsorption to soil reduces their allelochemical activity. Pesq. Agrop. Gaúcha, 4(2), WEBER, E., G. JAKOBS, 2005: Biological flora of central Europe: Solidago gigantea Aiton. Flora, 200,

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35 Herbologia, Vol. 15, No. 1, 2015 DOI /Herb ASSESSMENT OF ALLELOPATHIC EFFECT OF PALE PERSICARIA ON TWO SOYBEAN CULTIVARS * Ivan Treber*, Renata Baličević, Marija Ravlić Faculty of Agriculture, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Kralja Petra Svačića 1d, Osijek, Croatia, corresponding author: mravlic@pfos.hr *Student, Graduate study Abstract The experiment was conducted to assess allelopathic potential of water extracts from weed species pale persicaria (Polygonum lapathifolium L.) on germination and initial growth of two soybean cultivars (Ika and Sanda). Water extracts from dry stems and leaves of P. lapathifolium in concentrations of 1, 5 and 10% were examined under laboratory conditions using Petri dishes. Results showed that soybean cultivars differed both in their response and sensitivity to allelopathic effect of pale persicaria extracts. Overall, cultivar Ika was more susceptible than cultivar Sanda. On average, germination of soybean was not significantly affected by extracts. The highest germination reduction was recorded with 5% leaf extract for 10.1%. However, Sanda germination was slightly more affected. Contrary, extracts showed greater effect, both stimulatory and inhibitory, on root and shoot length and fresh weight of Ika. Both stem and leaf extracts in 10% concentration had the highest inhibitory effect, up to 48.8%. The increase in extract concentration exhibited higher inhibitory effect, while the lowest concentration generally stimulated soybean growth. Keywords: allelopathy, water extracts, weed, Polygonum lapathifolium L., soybean Introduction Interaction between plants in the ecosystems by chemical exudation into the environment, both stimulatory and inhibitory, is defined as allelopathy (Rice, 1984). All plant tissues, including leaves, stems, roots, rhizomes, flowers, seeds and pollen, can contain allelochemicals which can be released through volatilization, leaching, root exudation and decomposition of plant residues (Putnam and Tang, 1986). Leaves are generally the main parts for production of allelopathic substances and their action is maximal (Sisodia and Siddiqui, 2010). Allelopathy is a dynamic process Copyright 2015 by the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

36 Treber et al. that involves interaction between weeds and crop plants in the agrophytocenoses, under the influence of number of factors - climate conditions, soil type, temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, nutrients, previous crops, accompany crops, diseases, pests and many other factors are determinants of the occurrence of allelopathic interaction (Marinov-Serafimov et al., 2013). Identification of allelopathic properties of weeds and their effect on crops leads to a better understanding of weed species and reduction of negative impact of allelochemicals on growth and yield of crops. Allelopathy also has the potential to be used in breeding programmes for biological control of against weeds through development of less susceptible genotypes or ones with high allelopathic potential (Ebana et al., 2001). Differences among genotypes and cultivars were discovered in many crops, both in crops sensitivity to different weed species, e.g. in soybean and maize (Aleksieva and Marinov-Serafimov, 2008, Baličević et al., 2014), and in crop allelopathic potential against weeds, e.g. in sorghum and sunflower (Alsaadawi and Dayan, 2009, Alsaadawi et al., 2012). Pale persicaria (Polygonum lapathifolium L.) is an annual weed of row crops, cereals and ruderal habitats, grows usually on damp and nitrogen-rich soils (Knežević, 2006) and occurs in soybean crops (Knežević et al., 2012). In our previous study (Baličević et al., 2013) we determined effect of pale persicaria water extracts on soybean cultivar Korana (maturity group 00). Since allelopathic effect can vary between genotypes, the objective of the study is to determine allelopathic effect of pale persicaria water extracts on germination and initial growth of two soybean cultivars from different maturity groups (0, 0-I). Materials and methods The experiment was conducted in 2014 in the Laboratory of Phytopharmacy at the Faculty of Agriculture in Osijek. The plants of pale persicaria were collected at the phenological stage 6/65 of the weeds (Hess et al., 1997) from naturally infested field in Osijek-Baranja County. The aboveground mass of plants was separated in the laboratory into stem and leaf. Fresh plant parts were oven dried, cut into 1 cm pieces and ground separately with electronic grinder into fine powder. Water extracts were prepared according to Norsworthy (2003) by soaking 100 g of plant powder in 1000 ml of distilled water, after which the mixture was kept for 24 h at room temperature. The mixtures were filtered through muslin cloth to remove debris and after that through filter paper. 32

37 Assessment of allelopathic effect of pale persicaria on two soybean cultivars The obtained stem and leaf extracts were diluted with distilled water to give final concentrations of 1, 5 and 10% (10, 50 and 100 g of weed biomass per 1000 ml). Seeds of two soybean cultivars, Sanda (maturity group 0) and Ika (maturity group 0-I) (Agricultural Institute Osijek), were used in the germination test. The seeds were surface-sterilized prior to the experiment for 20 min with 1% NaOCl (4% NaOCl commercial bleach), then rinsed three times with distilled water (Siddiqui et al., 2009). In sterilized Petri dishes (10 cm in diameter) ten seeds of soybean were placed on top of filter paper. In each Petri dish 8 ml of certain extract was added, while distilled water was used in control. Petri dishes were kept at room temperature (22 C ± 2 C) for eight days. All treatments had four replications and experiment was conducted twice. After eight days at the end of the experiment the following characteristics were measured: germination, seedling root and shoot length (cm) and fresh weight (g). Germination percentage was calculated for each replication using the formula: G = (Germinated seed/total seed) x 100. The collected data were analysed statistically with ANOVA and differences between treatment means were compared using the LSD-test at probability level of Results and discussion Water extracts from stem and leaf of P. lapathifolium had both stimulatory and inhibitory effect on soybean germination, but not significant compared to control (Figure 1). On average, percent of inhibition ranged from 0.1 to 10.1%. Soybean cultivars differed slightly in their susceptibility to water extracts, and germination reduction of Sanda was somewhat greater (11.2%) than Ika (4.3%). Differences were observed in treatment with lowest concentration of stem extract in which germination of Ika was stimulated for 15.6%, and of Sanda reduced for 18.1%. 33

38 Treber et al. Figure 1. Effect of P. lapathifolium water extracts on soybean germination (%) Root length of soybean seedlings was affected by water extracts (Table 1). On average, suppression of root length was greatest with the highest concentration of both stem and leaf extract, up to 38.8 and 26.1%, respectively. On the other hand, lowest concentrations stimulated root length for over 38% compared to the control. Cultivar Ika was more susceptible to negative effect of water extracts and root length was inhibited on average for 31.1%. Stem and leaf extract in 10% concentration showed the greatest inhibitory effect, while the lowest concentrations had significant stimulatory effect. Root length of Sanda was not significantly affected, with the exception of 1% leaf extract which stimulated root growth for 77.3% compared to the control. Extracts exhibited stimulatory and inhibitory effects on shoot length of soybean seedlings (Table 1). No significant differences were observed in cultivar Sanda where the highest decrease in shoot length was with 10% stem extract (19.1%). Similarly, shoot length of cultivar Ika was reduced significantly only with the highest extract concentration of stem and leaf, but to a larger extent for 31.5 and 29.9%, respectively. On average, fresh weight of soybean seedlings significantly increased only with lower concentration of stem extract (Figure 2). Cultivar Ika was influenced more by extracts, especially with the lowest concentration of extracts. On the other hand, none of the treatments showed significant effect on fresh weight of Sanda seedlings. 34

39 Assessment of allelopathic effect of pale persicaria on two soybean cultivars Table 1. Effect of P. lapathifolium water extracts on root and shoot length (cm) of soybean Treatment Root length (cm) Sanda Control 2.03 b 3.34 c Stem 1% 2.52 b (+24.1) 4.89 a (+46.4) Stem 5% 2.57 ab (+26.6) 3.51 bc (+5.1) Stem 10% 1.58 b (-22.2) 1.71 e (-48.8) Leaf 1% 3.60 a (+77.3) 4.51 ab (+35.0) Leaf 5% 2.23 b (+9.9) 3.09 cd (-7.5) Leaf 10% 1.86 b (-8.4) 2.10 de (-37.1) Treatment Shoot length (cm) Sanda Ika Control 2.83 a 3.08 abc Stem 1% 2.75 a (-2.8) 3.39 ab (+10.1) Stem 5% 2.93 a (+3.5) 2.81 bcd (-8.8) Stem 10% 2.29 a (-19.1) 2.11 d (-31.5) Leaf 1% 2.59 a (-8.5) 3.74 a (+21.4) Leaf 5% 2.42 a (-14.5) 2.56 c (-16.9) Leaf 10% 2.74 a (-3.2) 2.16 d (-29.9) Values in the parenthesis indicate% increase (+) or decrease (-) over control; a,b,c means followed by the same letter within the column are not significantly different at P Ika Figure 2. Effect of P. lapathifolium water extracts on fresh weight of soybean seedlings (g) 35

40 Treber et al. Allelopathic effect of pale persicaria water extracts on soybean was previously reported in our study (Baličević et al., 2013). Extracts showed no significant effect on germination, but showed slight stimulatory and considerable inhibitory effect on root and shoot length and fresh weight of soybean cultivar Korana. In current study, results indicated that cultivars Sanda and Ika differed in their response to allelopathic effect of pale persicaria extracts. Germination of Sanda was more suppressed than germination of Ika. Contrary, extracts showed greater effect, both stimulatory and inhibitory, on root and shoot length and fresh weight of Ika. Differences between cultivars sensitivity was determined by others. Aleksieva and Marinov-Serafimov (2008) studied allelopathic effect of weed species A. retroflexus and S. nigrum on eight different soybean genotypes. The studied varieties exhibited different susceptibility to the effect of extracts due to their genetic differences. Differences observed were depended on soybean maturity group, and were recorder within the maturity groups themselves. Similarly, Verma and Rao (2006) determined differences between six soybean cultivars in their response to allelopathic effect of water extracts from various weed species. Susceptibility depended on both weed species and cultivar. According to Baličević et al. (2014) maize hybrids differed in their susceptibility to water extracts of Convolvulus arvensis. Inhibition of germination for Bc 574 hybrid amounted to 24.9%, while the OSSK hybrid germination was reduced for 50.7%. Genotypic variation in tolerance to allelopathy has been found in other crop-allelopathic plant interactions, such as wheat and rice (Bashir et al., 2012). Generally, with the increase of weed biomass in water seedling growth decreased and the highest concentration of water extracts exhibited the greatest inhibitory effect. Lower concentration on the other hand generally had stimulatory effect. This is in agreement with results of others who also reported inhibitory effect of higher and stimulatory effect of lower concentrations of water extracts (Marinov-Serafimov, 2010, Baličević et al., 2013). When comparing extracts from different plant parts, result showed that both stem and leaf extract had equal effect on germination and shoot length of soybean seedlings. Stem extract had greater inhibitory effect on root length, while fresh weight was more supressed with leaf extract. Both leaves and stems of weeds usually have the highest allelopathic potential among plant parts which is attributed to the presence of higher concentration of allelochemicals (Ravlić et al., 2012, Šćepanović et al., 2007). 36

41 Assessment of allelopathic effect of pale persicaria on two soybean cultivars Conclusions Application of pale persicaria extracts showed both positive and negative effect on soybean germination and growth which depended on plant part, extract concentration and soybean cultivar. Less susceptible cultivars could be used in highly weed infested fields. Besides, stimulatory effect of lower concentrations of extracts could be further investigated and possibly exploited to promote crop growth. However, since experiment was conducted only in Petri dishes, pot and field experiments are necessary to fully identify extract potential. References ALEKSIEVA, A., P. MARINOV-SERAFIMOV, 2008: A study of allelopathic effect of Amaranthus retroflexus (L.) and Solanum nigrum (L.) in different soybean genotypes. Herbologia, 9(2), ALSAADAWI, I.S., A.K. SARBOUT, L.M. AL-SHAMMA, 2012: Differential allelopathic potential of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) genotypes on weeds and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 58, ALSADAAWI, I.S., F.E. DAYAN, 2009: Potentials and prospects of sorghum allelopathy in agroecosystems. Allelopathy Journal, 24, BALIČEVIĆ, R., M. RAVLIĆ, D. GORIČKI, I. RAVLIĆ, 2013: Allelopathic effect of Polygonum lapathifolium L. on germination and initial growth of soybean. In: Jug, I., Đurđević, B. (eds) Proceedings and abstracts of the 6th International Scientific/Professional Conference Agriculture in Nature and Environment Protection, Glas Slavonije, Osijek, pp BALIČEVIĆ, R., M. RAVLIĆ, M. KNEŽEVIĆ, I. SEREZLIJA, 2014: Allelopathic effect of field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.) water extracts on germination and initial growth of maize. The Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 24(6), BASHIR, U., A. JAVAID, R. BAJWA, 2012: Allelopathic effects of sunflower residue on growth of rice and subsequent wheat crop. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research, 72, EBANA, K., W. YAN, R.H. DILDAY, H. NAMAI, K. OKUNO, 2001: Variation in the Allelopathic Effect of Rice with Water Soluble Extracts. Agronomy Journal, 93, HESS, M., G. BARRALIS, H. BLEIHOLDER, H. BUHR, T. EGGERS, H. HACK, R. STAUSS, 1997: Use of the extended BBCH scale general for the description of the growth stages of mono- and dicotykedonous species. Weed Research, 37, KNEŽEVIĆ, M., 2006: Atlas korovne, ruderalne i travnjačke flore. Sveučilište Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku, Poljoprivredni fakultet u Osijeku, Osijek. KNEŽEVIĆ, M., R. BALIČEVIĆ, M. RAVLIĆ, J. RAVLIĆ, J. 2012: Impact of tillage systems and herbicides on weeds and soybean yield. Herbologia, 13(2), MARINOV-SERAFIMOV, P., 2010: Determination of Allelopathic Effect of Some Invasive Weed Species on Germination and Initial Development of Grain Legume Crops. Pesticides & Phytomedicine, 25, MARINOV-SERAFIMOV, P., T. DIMITROVA, I. GOLUBINOVA, 2013: Allelopathy element of overall strategy for weed control. Acta Agriculturae Serbica, 18(35), NORSWORTHY, J.K., 2003: Allelopathic Potential of Wild Radish (Raphanus raphanistrum). Weed Technology, 17,

42 Treber et al. PUTNAM A.R., C.S. TANG, 1986: Allelopathy: State of the Science. In: The Science of Allelopathy. A. R. Putnam and C.S. Tang (Editors), John Wiley and Sons, New York, p RAVLIĆ, M., R. BALIČEVIĆ, M. KNEŽEVIĆ, I. RAVLIĆ, 2012: Allelopathic effect of scentless mayweed and field poppy on seed germination and initial growth of winter wheat and winter barley. Herbologia, 13(2), 1-7. RICE, E.L., 1984: Allelopathy. 2nd edition. Academic Press, Orlando, Florida. SIDDIQUI, S., S. BHARDWAJ, S.S. KHAN, M.K. MEGHVANSHI, 2009: Allelopathic Effect of Different Concentration of Water Extract of Prosopsis Juliflora Leaf on Seed Germination and Radicle Length of Wheat (Triticum aestivum Var-Lok-1). American- Eurasian Journal of Scientific Research, 4(2), SISODIA, S., M. B. SIDDIQUI, 2010: Allelopathic effect by aqueous extracts of different parts of Croton bonplandianum Baill. on some crop and weed plants. Journal of Agricultural Extention and Rural Development, 2(1): ŠĆEPANOVIĆ, M., N. NOVAK, K. BARIĆ, Z. OSTOJIĆ, N. GALZINA, M. GORŠIĆ, 2007: Alelopatski utjecaj korovnih vrsta Abutilon theophrasti Med. i Datura stramonium L. na početni razvoj kukuruza. Agronomski glasnik, 69, VERMA, M., P.B. RAO, 2006: Allelopathic effect of four weed species extracts on germination, growth and protein in different varieties of Glycine max (L.) Merrill. Journal of Environmental Biology, 27(3),

43 Herbologia, Vol. 15, No. 1, 2015 DOI /Herb TALL CONE FLOWER (RUDBECKIA LACINIATA L.) NEW INVASIVE SPECIES IN THE FLORA OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA * Sead Vojniković Faculty of Forestry, University of Sarajevo, Zagrebačka 20, Sarajevo, Bosna i Hercegovina svojnikovic70@gmail.com Abstract This paper deals with the occurrence of Rudbeckia laciniata L. (Asteraceae), a new invasive species in the flora of Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H). This species was introduced into European horticulture from North America during the seventeenth century. Since then it has spread on the appropriate habitats on the European continent. Thus in 1868, its spread was recorded across Slovenia. According to the EPPO Alert list, this species is in the group of invasive plant species. In October 2014 this species was first registered on the territory of B&H. The paper gives a brief morphological description of this species and observed sites of its occurrence. So far this species has been registered at ten localities in B&H. In the broader sense it is located along the rivers: Lim, Drina, Uvac, Bosna, Željeznica, and the Neretva. These habitats are typical for the occurrence of this species. Keywords: Rudbeckia laciniata L., Bosnia and Herzegovina, invasive species, morphology Introduction The spread of invasive allochthonous (foreign, alien) species of plants and animals and the creation of new occupied (infested) areas at scrambling habitat balance, is a global problem (Rejmanek et al., 2006). The emergence of invasive plants and animals due to climate change, pollution and the destruction of natural habitats is the most dangerous factor to biodiversity and ecosystem stability but also the economy of some countries, and even the health of the human population (Pyšek et Richardson, 2010). The process of conquering new habitats is especially with the expansion of trade at a global scale, starting in the seventeenth century, and especially the growing global connectivity during the last decade of the twentieth and early twenty-first century. Copyright 2015 by the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

44 S. Vojniković Invasive alien species are alien species that spread and pose a threat to biodiversity (CBD, 2002). These are species that are rapidly expanding and achieving a large number of ground cover in a relatively short period of time or which threaten domestic so native species and pushes with their natural habitats. The reasons for the successful conquest of new habitats by invasive plants lies in the disruption of habitats, the abundance of nutrients, the slow return of natural vegetation, and fragmentation succession stages that help invading plants (Pyšek et Richardson, 2008). Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) is not immune to these processes either. Part of invasive species represent and plant organisms. The most frequently mentioned invasive plant species in Bosnia and Herzegovina is the ambrosia or ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.), a species whose pollen causes breathing problems in hypersensitive people. The first record of the occurrence of ragweed in B&H as invasive species was provided by Kovačević (1957). After these first notes of the occurrence, there was a spectrum of invasive plant species that have been registered by various authors: Slavnić (1960, 1964); Bjeličić et Stefanović, (1986); Abadžić (1986/87); Šumatić, (1990); Šarić et al, (2000); Šilić et Abadžić, (2000); Šoljan et al. (2003); Topalić-Trivunović et Šumatić, (2004); Šoljan et Muratović, (2000, 2002, 2004); Pehar, (2005); Redžić et al. (2008); Vojniković (2009); Maslo (2010, 2012, 2014). Until 2009 B&H 40 invasive plant species have been registered in B&H (Vojniković, 2009). To deal with the increasing problem need are: international bodies, instruments, principles and guidelines that are used to prevent and reverse the spread of invasive species, e.g.: CBD, Berne Conference, GISP (Global Invasive Species Programme), IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) ISSG (Invasive species specialist Group), the EU Biodiversity Strategy, European strategy on invasive alien species. This paper describes an invasive species Rudbeckia laciniata L., that is new in the flora of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and presented its findings as well as the proposal of the struggle for its suppression. Material and methods During the field research and excursion visits to various locations at B&H in the fall of 2014, the occurrence of the species of the family Asteraceae has been observed. A review of regional flora and keys to identify flora of different countries in Europe (Lauber et Wagner, 2001); Blamey et Grey-Wilson, 2008); Frajman (2008)) was determined species of Rudbeckia laciniata L., further analysis of available literature: Francirkova 40

45 Tall cone flower (Rudbeckia laciniata L.) new invasive species in the... (2001), Muller (2004), Wittenberg, R. (ed.) (2005), and examining the EPPO (European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization) Alert list 1 has been established that the aforementioned species of in the list of invasive plant species. The analysis of the above literature has shown that there are no data regarding the occurrence of this species in our country. Figure 1. Image of Rudbeckia laciniata L. inflorescence in the late autumn aspect. Figure 2. Population of Rudbeckia laciniata L. in the Otes-Ilidža area. 1 (datum pristupa URL: ) doc&rct=j&frm=1&q=&esrc=s&sa=u&ei=qpebvp2imofnywpsvygqcw&ved=0c CUQFjAD&usg=AFQjCNGXO6V7CTFfDax6rqVVWW2HOFFEyg (datum pristupa: ) 41

46 S. Vojniković Results and discussion Tall cone flower (Rudbeckia laciniata L., Asteraceae = common Bosnian name - dijeljenolisna rudbekija) is a perennial herbaceous plant, with erect (rarely) branched stems and rhizomes, high from 0.5 to 2-3 m. The stems and leaves are usually gray-green, bare or with sparse hairs. Its lower leaves are opposite; its upper leaves are more oval and can be composed of three lobes. All leaves may be serrated to a flat rim. Inflorescence resembles the inflorescence of sunflower, in addition to being smaller in diameter that ranges from 6 to 12 cm. Larger tongued flowers around the perimeter of the head of a flower are golden yellow, tubular flowers on the lower convex perianth closer to the centre of the flower heads are greenish to brown. Gills involocrum heads are golden yellow colour, there are 6-10 of them. It blooms from June to October. The fruit is ahenia, 4-5 mm long, of yellow, brown or beige colour, with short four dental papus. In B&H Rudbeckia laciniata L. was observed at the following locations: Uvac (a smaller population at approximately 385 masl); The bridge on Lim in Rudo (a smaller population at approximately 360 masl); Međeđa (a smaller population at approximately 360 masl); Ustiprača (a large group at approximately 350 masl); Village Kukavice near Rogatica (a smaller population at approximately 510 masl); Rogatica (three larger populations at approximately 530 masl); Sarajevo - Otes (one larger population at approximately 495 masl). By the river Bosna from Sarajevo to Žepče, to assume and continue along the river Bosna (frequent and dense population of masl) Jablanica (around the dam of the Jablanica Lake, one population - approximately 200 masl). The natural range of this species is North America (east and west of Canada and the US). The infested areas in Europe are almost the whole of Europe, with the exception of the Iberian Peninsula, and the south-southeast of the Balkan Peninsula (Wittenberg, 2005). Except in Europe this species is registered in China and New Zealand. Typical habitats of this species are the rivers, streams and wetlands, dams, escarpment roads, waste dumps along roadsides, edges of forests, and thickets. It requires a temperate climate and mainly colonizes the lower altitude, usually below 700 m. It prefers moist soil in shade. 42

47 Tall cone flower (Rudbeckia laciniata L.) new invasive species in the... Its tall cone flower creates mono dominant colonies with absence of other species, which has a large impact on biodiversity. Also, it has a negative impact on the process of progressive succession of forest trees in the alluvial areas. This species is toxic, even possibly fatal for animals (horses, sheep and pigs) if eaten. Figure 3 - Identified sites of the species Rudbeckia laciniata L. in B&H (marked with a red pin) All observed locations are typical features of habitats that are characteristic of the occurrence of the species. These are mostly sites along the roads that are anthropogenized ruderal habitats in humid soils. In a broader sense, these habitats are found along the rivers Lim, Drina, Uvac or Željeznica, Bosna, and one site by the Neretva River. The species Rudbeckia laciniata L. reproduces the fragmentation of rhizomes quickly and effectively. Also it easily spreads with the help of fruit species but its seeds can germinate only in open, unoccupied and disturbed habitats. Removing the rhizomes species Rudbeckia laciniata L. from the land can be very effective in the fight against this kind of species, but only in small areas. However, this method of control can mean preparation of land for seed, if the plants are in the phase of fruiting. Cutting this species several times a year results in the weakening of the plant, and 43

48 S. Vojniković can help in its control. This method of control is generally quite expensive because it involves an intense manual work that is repeated throughout the year. Planting pioneer tree species that follow the alluvial habitats of particular species of the genus Alnus sp. and Salix sp. by overshadowing slow down the acquiring this type of habitat. In this case it is necessary to assist the measures of care and cultivation of fruit trees. It is also possible to use the appropriate herbicide, which can affect the success of this type of loss. A proximity to water courses, limiting the use of herbicides due to potential contamination of water courses (EPPO RS 2009/040) 2. In addition to physical combat of invasive species, B&H should also develop legal instruments to combat invasive plant species. So far our legislation has not provided answers to these threats. The nature protection law in Federation of B&H (FB&H) and the Republic of Srpska (RS) neither directly treats the issue of invasive species nor combat them in any way. This law prohibits the introduction of alien species. In view of this problem, as well as the growing importance of the problem of invasive species, it will be necessary to amend these laws in terms of the special treatment of this issue in future perspective. In order to monitor the situation and prevent the consequences caused by this species, it is necessary to include it into the document Black list of invasive species of flora and fauna and the Observation list at the entity or state level (something similar to the current Red List of flora of FB&H and RS). The Black list of flora should contain a list of invasive alien plant species that can cause damage in the field of biodiversity, health and economy. The observation of flora list should include invasive alien species that potentially can cause damage. The species from this list have already caused damage in the neighbouring countries. Plant species from the observation list must be registered and their expansion prevented. In B&H, we should pay greater attention on the education for the manager of nature in the way of combating against invasive plant species, both in the field of recognition and monitoring of these species, as well as in the domain of various forms of struggle against them. In addition, B&H must partake in these activities at the global and regional levels. At the operational level it should pursue activities that include monitoring the situation on the ground and an active fight to prevent the spreading of these species, particularly in forest ecosystems. Otherwise, due to the lag and lack of care in monitoring these activities, we can realistically anticipate a loss of biodiversity and reduction of stability of

49 Tall cone flower (Rudbeckia laciniata L.) new invasive species in the... ecosystems, but also effects that can significantly affect the economy, as well as the health of the human population. Conclusion The emergence of the species Rudbeckia laciniata L. as a new invasive species has brought an additional problem in terms of biodiversity and stability of ecosystems in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Given the size and severity of the problem and the constant appearance of new invasive plant species, it is necessary to work on the Black list and the Observation list of flora at the state or at the entity level. Since the tall cone flower recently observed, and the area which is occupied in B&H is limited, it is necessary to take adequate measures that will prevent its spread. It is therefore essential inclusion many actors which are in the process of managing nature. Immediate action must be taken in order to control and prevent the spread of these species. As fighting measures. we recommend devising legal instruments for monitoring and applying international instruments, principles and guidelines in the fight against invasive (plant) species. Literature ABADŽIĆ, S. 1986/87: Prilog poznavanju horologije i ekologije dviju adventivnih vrsta Echinocystis lobata (Michx) Torrey et Gray i Bidens bipinnata L. u Flori Bosne i Hercegovine: GZM B&H, Sarajevo, NS 25-26, str.: BJELČIĆ, Z., STEFANOVIĆ, V. 1986: Phytolacca americana L. u flori i vegetaciji Bosne i Hercegovine. Godišnjak Biol. inst. Sarajevo, Vol. 39, str.: BLAMEY, M., GREY-WILSON, C. 2008: Die Kosmos Enzyklopädie der Blütenpflanzen, Fracnch-Kosmos Verlags-GmbH & Co. KG, Stuttgart. FRANCIRKOVA, T. 2001: Contribution of the invasive ecology of Rudbeckia laciniata in the Czech Republic. In: Brundu, G., Brock, J., Camarda, I., Child, L., Wade, M. (eds.) Plant Invasions: Species Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Backhuys Publishers, Leiden: FRAJMAN, B. 2008: Deljenolistna rudbekija Rudbeckia laciniata, Informativni list 7, Spletna stran tujerodne-vrste.info/informativni-listi/inf7-deljenolistna-rudbekija.pdf, Projekt Thuja. ( datum pristupa: ) KOVAČEVIĆ, J. 1957: Rasprostranjenost sjevenoameričkog korova limundžika (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) u korovskim fitocenozama Srednje Posavine. Godišnjak Biol. inst. Sarajevo, God. X, Fasc. 1-2, str.: LAUBER, K., WAGNER, G. 2001: Flora Helvetica 2.0, CD ROM, Ein interaktiv Führer durch die Pflanzwelt der Schweiz, Haupt digital. MASLO, S. 2010: Giant hogweed Heracleum mantegazzianum Sovier & Levier a new nonindigenous species in the flora of Bosnia and Hercegovina. Herbologia 11 (2):

50 S. Vojniković MASLO, S. 2012: Rescue grass Bromus catharticus Vahl.- a new alien species in the flora of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Herbologia 13 (2): MASLO, S. 2014: Alien flora of Hutovo blato Natural park (South Bosnia and Herzegovina). Herbologia 14 (1): MULLER, S. 2004: Rudbeckia laciniata In: (2004) Plantes invasives en France. (Ed. Muller S) pp Muséum national d Histoire naturelle, Paris (FR), (Patrimoines naturels, 62). PEHAR, J 2005: Vrtlarstvo II, Izdanje, Mostar. PYŠEK, P., RICHARDSON, D. M. 2008: Invasive Plants. In Sven Erik Jørgensen and Brian D. Fath (Editor-in-Chief), Ecological Engineering. Vol. [3] of Encyclopedia of Ecology, 5 vols. pp. [ ] Oxford: Elsevier. PYŠEK, P., RICHARDSON, D. M. 2010: Invasive Species, Environmental Change and Management and Health; Annual Review of Environment and Resources, Vol. 35, pp.: REDŽIĆ, S., BARUDANOVIĆ, S., RADEVIĆ, S. (eds.) 2008: Bosna i Hercegovina Zemlja raznolikosti. Federalno ministarstvo okoliša i turizma, Sarajevo. Bemust. str.: REJMANEK, M., RICHRADSON, D. M., PYŠEK, P. 2006: Plant invasions and invasibility of plant communities; ed. van der Maarel, E. in: Vegetation Ecology, Blackwell Publishing. SLAVNIĆ, Ž. 1960: O useljavanju, širenju i odomaćivanju nekih adventivnih biljaka u Bosni i Hercegovini. Godišnjak Biol. inst. Sarajevo, God.XIII, Fasc. 1-2, str.: SLAVNIĆ, Ž Rod Bidens L. u flori Bosne i Hercegovine. Radovi naučnog društva SR Bosne i Hercegovine. Odjeljenje priv.-tehn. Nauka 25 (7): Sarajevo. ŠARIĆ, T., ĐIKIĆ, M., GADŽO, D., ELEZOVIĆ, Z. 2000: Promjene korovske flore u B&H pod uticajem agrotehnike. Herbologija, Sarajevo, Vol. I, br. 1, str.: ŠILIĆ, Č., ABADŽIĆ, S. 2000: Prilog poznavanju neofitske flore Bosne i Hercegovine. Herbologija, Sarajevo, Vol.I, br.1, str.: Sarajevo. ŠOLJAN, D., ABADŽIĆ, S., MURATOVIĆ, E. 2003: Neophytes in flora of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Third Balcan Botanical Congress, Abstracts; str. 197, Sarajevo. ŠOLJAN, D., MURATOVIĆ, E. 2000: Rasprostranjenost vrste Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. Na području grada Sarajeva. Herbologia 1 (1): ŠOLJAN, D., MURATOVIĆ, E. 2002: Rasprostranjenost vrste Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. u Bosni i Hercegovini. Herbologija. 3 (1): ŠOLJAN, D., MURATOVIĆ, E. 2004: Rasprostranjenost vrste Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. u Bosni i Hercegovini (II). Herbologija. 5 (1): 1-5. ŠUMATIĆ, N. 1990: Korovska vegetacija sjeveroistočne Bosne, Naučni skup: Populacija, vrsta, biocenoza, Rezimei referata, str. 69, Sarajevo. TOPALOVIĆ-TRIVUNOVIĆ, Lj., ŠUMATIĆ, N. 2004: Reynoutria japonica Houtt. invasive species in ruderal flora of Banja Luka. Acta herbologica, Vol. 13, No. 1, str.: VOJNIKOVIĆ, S. (2009): Crna lista flore; Hrvatska misao, časopis za umjetnost i znanost. Matica hrvatska Sarajevo, god. XIII. br. 1/09 (50) nova serija sv. 36. str WITTENBERG, R. (ed.) 2005: An inventory of alien species and their threat to biodiversity and economy in Switzerland. CABI Bioscience Switzerland Centre report to the Swiss Agency for Environment, Forests and Landscape. **** Konvencija o biološkome diverzitetu (2002): CBD (Convention on Biological Diversity) Guiding Principles for the prevention, introduction and mitigation of impacts of alien species that threaten ecosystems, habitats or species (annexed to Decision VI/23 adopted by the Conference of the Parties to the CBD, The Hague, April 2002). **** Zakon o zaštiti prirode FB&H (2013): Službene novine FB&H br. 66/13. **** Zakon o zaštiti prirode RS (2008): Službeni glasnik RS br. 113/08. 46

51 Tall cone flower (Rudbeckia laciniata L.) new invasive species in the... =1&q=&esrc=s&sa=U&ei=qPebVP2iMOfnywPSvYGQCw&ved=0CCUQFjAD&us g=afqjcngxo6v7ctffdax6rqvvww2hoffeyg (datum pristupa: ) (datum pristupa URL: ) 47

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53 Herbologia, Vol. 15, No. 1, 2015 DOI /Herb INTEGRATED EFFECTS OF CROPPING SYSTEM AND HERBICIDES ON MAIZE COMPETITIVE TRAITS * Milena Simić 1, Vesna Dragičević 1, Igor Spasojević 1, Milan Brankov 1, Željko Dolijanović 2, Zoran Dumanović 1 1 Maize Research Institute Zemun Polje, S. Bajića 1, Zemun Polje, Serbia 2 University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Nemanjina 6, Zemun, Serbia smilena@mrizp.rs Abstract An experiment was set up in Maize Research Institute Zemun Polje, Serbia in Two cropping systems, maize continuous cropping and maize-winter wheat rotation, included subtreatments with different weed management: control without herbicide application and application of the herbicides isoxaflutole + acetochlor at the recommended dose (RD) and half of recommended dose (0.5 RD). After three and five years of experiment, maize harvest index, leaf area index (LAI), chlorophyll and carotenoids content as parameters of maize competitiveness, and weed biomass as parameter of weed abundance, and their interdependences were analyzed. Weed biomass was significantly decreased by herbicide application in both years and cropping systems, but there was no significant differences between recommended and half of recommended dose. The average weed biomass for all herbicide treatments was 33.73% lower in maizewinter wheat rotation than in maize continuous cropping. Parameters of maize competitiveness have been changed according to the level of herbicide application and to a greater extent in maize continuous cropping than in the maize-wheat rotation. Keywords: crop rotation, weed control, herbicides, maize Introduction Agriculture is devoting increasing attention to ecological aspects, in addition to economic considerations. Yield losses caused by pests, pathogens and weeds are major challenges to agricultural production (Pop and Csider, 2014). Maize and winter wheat are the most important produced crops in Europe. Their yield shows significant deviations in different crop Copyright 2015 by the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

54 Simić et al. years and have become strongly weather dependent. Conventional high yielding maize production is directly connected with weed control. Successful weed control in maize crop is characterized by implementation of different supportive and aimed measures (Simić et al., 2014a). The system of measures is planned according to weed community composition and species abundance at certain agroecological conditions. The main measure with biological and phytosanitary effects is crop rotation. The most adopted in Serbia is two crop (maize-winter wheat) rotation, even though the recommendations are to include legume crops and conduct three crop rotation (Videnović et al., 2013). Rotation of crops also includes rotation of herbicides and their modes of action, allowing a possible reduction in pesticide use (Liebman et al., 2001: Anderson, 2006). Its importance is especially highlighted because of very restrictive new EU regulations for pesticide production and use ( pesticides/regulating/restricted.htm). The use of crop rotation is known to provide environmental benefits, lowering weed infestation level as well as weed seed bank richness in the soil (Spasojević et al., 2012; Simić et al., 2014b). Weed competition affects physiological processes in maize plants and modifies their morphology. It affects their light use efficiency and physiological processes relevant for productivity, such as chlorophyll and carotenoids contents (Spasojevic et al., 2014). Plant canopies can be structurally characterized by their harvest and leaf area index. Those two indices illustrate the intensity of stress and pressure present in plant stand, caused by presence of weeds and their biomass. Long-term experiments are excellent method for comparing cropping systems. The aim of the research was to determine advantages of two crop rotation in comparison to continuous maize growing in combination with different herbicides level, i.e. the weed control effectiveness and crop morphological and physiological parameters which are important for maize competitiveness and productivity. Material and methods An experiment was set up on experimental fields of the Maize Research Institute at Zemun Polje in 2009, on a slightly calcareous chernozem type of soil under rain-fed conditions. After three years of experiment, which included fields with maize continuous cropping and maizewinter wheat rotation, the first comprehensive results of these cropping practices were obtained in 2011 and The fields were ploughed to the 50

55 Integrated effects of cropping system and herbicides on maize competitive traits depth of 30 cm every autumn before the sowing of any of the two crops. An amount of 30 t ha -1 of manure was applied to each field at the beginning of experiment, as well as in maize continuous cropping every third year. In two crop rotation field manure was applied each second year, i.e. in autumn of 2010 and 2012 in amount of 20 t ha -1. Maize hybrid ZP 606 was sown in the fields with maize continuous cropping and rotation in the third decade of April at the density of plants ha -1. Mineral fertilization included monoammonium phosphate (150 kg ha -1 ) incorporated every autumn, as well as side dressing at the stage of 5-6 leaves, based on soil analysis (available nutrients content). Both plots, continuous cropping and rotation, included subtreatments with different weed management: control without herbicide application; application of the herbicides isoxaflutole + acetochlor, which were used at the recommended dose (RD) with application of 1536 g a.i g a.i. and half of recommended dose (0.5 RD) with 768 g a.i g a.i. The elementary plot size was 28 m 2 and each sub-treatment included four replications. Weed evaluation was conducted six weeks after herbicide application by measuring total biomass at all uprooted weed individuals per square meter. Leaf area index (LAI), chlorophill and carotenoids content were masured in the midlle of the anthesis and harvest index was evaluated at the end of vegetation period. The experimental data of maize harvest index, leaf area index (LAI), chlorophyll and carotenoids content and weed biomass were statistically processed by the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and analyzed by the LSDtest (5%). Interdependences among maize grain parameters and weed biomass were processed by regression analysis. Results and discussion Results obtained in maize monoculture show that weed species number and biomass of their individuals decreased after three years of maize cultivation but still was different according to herbicide application level, Table 1. Biomass of annual weed species decreased in 2011 and 2013 in comparison to 2009, while biomass of perennials increased in the treated and untreated variants as well. 51

56 Simić et al. Table 1. Weed species abundance (biomass, g m -2 ) in maize monoculture Control 0.5 RD RD Control 0.5 RD RD Control 0.5 RD RD Annual weed species CHEHY* CHEAL DATST ABUTE SOLNI AMARE AMAHY HIBTR POLCO IVAXA No of sp Biomass Perennial weed species CIRAR CONAR SORHA CYNDA 52.1 No of sp Biomass Total No of sp Biomass a 681.9b 440.1b a 648.8b 417.9b a 872.5b 573.1b LSD *Biomass of ten most abundant annual weed species In double crop rotation, number of perennial weed species decreased in 2011 but number of annual species increased, which is probably consequence of cattle manure application in 2010, Table 2. Abundance of annual weeds was high in 2011 and 2013, mainly because of S. nigrum, Chenopodium sp. and Amaranthus sp., while biomass of D. stramonium was lower after rotations. Generally, number of species of both group of weeds was lower in variants with herbicide application, especially in 2013 and at treatment with application of recommended rate of herbicides. 52

57 Integrated effects of cropping system and herbicides on maize competitive traits Table 2. Weed species abundance (Biomass, g/m 2 ) in maize-wheat rotation Control 0.5 RD RD Control 0.5 RD RD Control 0.5RD RD Annual weed species CHEHY* CHEAL DATST ABUTE SOLNI AMARE AMAHY ATRPA POLCO IVAXA No of sp Biomass Perennial weed species CIRAR CONAR SORHA No of sp Biomass Total No of sp Biomass a 812.1b 535.3b a 290.7b 120.7b a 160.3b 85.4b LSD *Biomass of ten most abundant annual weed species is presented Weed biomass was significantly decreased by herbicide application in both, years and cropping systems, and there were no significant differences between RD and 0.5 RD (Tables 1, 2 and 3). Applied herbicides, in accordance with their mode of action, were more effective against annual weed species. Owing to meteorological conditions and probably manure application, weed biomass was significantly higher in 2013 than in Cropping system showed its positive effect on weed abundance. Maizewinter wheat rotation was more effective in weed biomass reduction in both years. Weed biomass was particularly lowered in RD treatment of maize-winter wheat rotation (120.7 and 84.5 g m -2 in each year, respectively). With application of recommended amount of herbicides, LAI was increased and harvest index decreased, mainly in maize-winter wheat ro- 53

58 Simić et al. tation. Herbicide application also influenced chlorophyll and carotenoids content in maize leaves and they were higher compared to control in both cropping systems. Table 3. Effect of maize continuous cropping and different herbicide doses on weed biomass, harvest index, LAI, chlorophyll and carotenoides content in leaves of ZP 606 Parameters Herbicide treatments Average Control 0.5RD RD Maize continuous cropping Weed biomass (g m -2 ) Average Harvest index Average Leaf area index (m 2 m -2 ) Average Chlorophyll (mg g -1 ) Average Carotenoid. (mg g -1 ) Average Maize-wheat rotation Weed biomass (g m -2 ) Average Harvest index Average Leaf area index (m 2 m -2 ) Average Chlorophyll (mg g -1 ) Average Carotenoid. (mg g -1 ) Average

59 Integrated effects of cropping system and herbicides on maize competitive traits According to statistical analysis, herbicide application significantly reduced weed biomass on treated variants in comparison to control. Differences between cropping systems after one rotation cycle were not significant for measured parameters of weeds and maize, Table 1 and 2. Table 2. Statistical significance for investigated parameters LSD 0.05 values Weed biomass Harvest index LAI Chlorophyll content Carotenoids content Year Herbicide Cropping system Y x H Y x S H x S Regression analysis showed that LAI was significantly lower (R 2 = in maize continuous cropping and R 2 = in maize-winter wheat rotation) and harvest index was higher (R 2 = and R 2 = 0.122, respectively), parallel with weed biomass increase, Figure 1. 55

60 Simić et al. Figure 1. Interdependence between weed biomass and harvest index and LAI in maize continious cropping and maize-wheat rotation In maize continuous cropping, chlorophyll and carotenoids contents were significantly decreased parallel with weed biomass increase (R 2 = and R 2 = 0.358, respectively), but in maize-winter wheat rotation only chlorophyll content was decreased by weed competition. 56

61 Integrated effects of cropping system and herbicides on maize competitive traits Figure 2. Interdependence between weed biomass and chlorophyll and carotenoides content in maize leaves in maize continious cropping and maize-wheat rotation Composition and dynamics of weed populations in arable fields are influenced by environmental and soil characteristics and also by cropping system and management practices. Obtained results showed that cropping 57

62 Simić et al. system with adequate crop rotation can successfully diminish weed populations. Accordingly, average weed biomass for all herbicide treatments and for two years was 33.73% lower in maize-winter wheat rotation than in maize continuous cropping. Previous long-lasting investigations on cropping system effects on weed infestation level also showed that the greatest weed biomass was recorded in maize continuous cropping (Dolijanović et al., 2011; Spasojević et al., 2012). Crop rotations, especially two- and three-crop rotations were more efficient in reduction of number of plants per weed species and weed biomass than continuous cropping. Different crop rotations, soil tillage and mechanical and chemical weeding, allow the long-term control of arable weeds and significantly reduce reliance on herbicides (Chikowo et al., 2009). Varietal differences in weed controlling capacity have been reported for many crops, including maize (Begna et al., 2001; Travlos et al., 2011). Weed ability to compete cannot be attributed to a single growth trait but to the total effect of several traits, such as quick emergence, high leaf area growth and rapid growth in height. Also, weeds induce reductions of the maize root system and leaf area (Silva et al., 2009), thus diminishing yield. Cropping system affected maize morphological and physiological parameters. As weed biomass increased according to level of herbicide application, the leaf area index decreased and harvest index increased to a greater extent in maize continuous cropping than in the maize-wheat rotation. Weed competition especially influenced harvest index as a ratio between productive and vegetative parts of grown plant and it grown together with competitive pressure. Similarly, other cropping practices, such as tillage and sowing methods, significantly influenced leaf area and leaf area index of maize plats, as well as crop growth rate, plant height etc. (Anjum et al., 2014). Conclusion According to obtained results, it could be concluded that competition pressure of weeds in maize - winter wheat rotation is weaker regarding to morphological and physiological parameters of crop plants than in maize continuous cropping, and highly dependent on herbicide application. References ANDERSON, R.L., 2006: A Rotation Design That Aids Annual Weed Management in a Semiarid Region. In: Handbook of Sustainable Weed Management (ed.) Singh H.P., Batish 58

63 Integrated effects of cropping system and herbicides on maize competitive traits R.D., Kohli K.R. Food Product Press, The Haworth Press, Inc., New York, London, Oxford, ANJUM, S.A., UMAIR, A., MOSHIN, T., QUAMA, R., KHAN, I., 2014: Morphological and Phenological Attributes of Maize Affected by Different Tillage Practices and Varied Sowing Methods. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 5: BEGNA, S.H., HAMILTON, R.I., DWYER, L.M., STEWART, D.W., CLOUTIER. D., AS- SEMAT, L., FOROUTAN, K., SMITH, D.L., 2001: Morphology and yield response to weed pressure by corn hybrids differing in canopy architecture. European Journal of Agronomy, 14: CHIKOWO, R., FALOYA, V., PETIT, S., MUNIER-JOLAIN, N.M., 2009: Integrated Weed Management systems allow reduced reliance on herbicides and long-term weed control. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 132: DOLIJANOVIĆ Ž., KOVAČEVIĆ D., OLJAČA S., SIMIĆ M., JOVANOVIĆ Ž., 2011: Effects of crop rotation on weed infestation in maize crops. Proceedings of the 46th Croatian and 6th International Symposium on Agriculture, February, 14-18, Opatija, Croatia, LIEBMAN, M., STAVER, P.C., 2001: Crop diversification for weed management In: Ecological management of agricultural weeds Ed. Liebman M., Mohler L.C., Staver P.C. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. POP, J., CSIDER, I., 2014: Competitive crop production: food-, energy- and environmental security.book of Abstracts of the 13th ESA Congress, August 2014, Debrecen, Hungary, SILVA, P.S.L., DAMASCENO, A.P.A.B., SILVA, K.M.B., OLIVEIRA, O.F., QUEIROGA, R.C.F., 2009: Growth and yield of corn grain and green ear in competition with weeds. Planta Daninha, 27: SIMIĆ, M., SPASOJEVIĆ, I., BRANKOV, M., DRAGIČEVIĆ, V., 2014a: Integrated application of crop rotation and herbicides for weed control in maize. Biljni lekar, 42: (in serbian) SIMIĆ, M., SPASOJEVIĆ, I., BRANKOV, M., DRAGIČEVIĆ, V., 2014b: Weed seed bank richness in maize field: effects of crop rotation and herbicides. In: Book of Proceedings of the 5th International Scientific Agricultural Symposium Agrosym 2014, October 23-26, Jahorina, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina, SPASOJEVIĆ, I., SIMIĆ, M., DRAGIČEVIĆ, V., BRANKOV, M., FILIPOVIĆ, M., 2012: Weed infestation in maize stands influenced by the crop rotation and herbicidal control. Herbologia, 13: SPASOJEVIĆ, I., DRAGIČEVIĆ, V., SIMIĆ, M., KOVAČEVIĆ, D., BRANKOV, M., 2014: Effects of different cropping systems and weed management methods on free energy and content of pigments in maize. Pesticides & Phytomedicine, 29: TRAVLOS, I.S., ECONOMOU, G., KANATAS, P.J., 2011: Corn and barnyardgrass competition as influenced by relative time of weed emergence and corn hybrid. Agronomy Journal, 103: 1-6. VIDENOVIĆ, Ž., JOVANOVIĆ, Ž., DUMANOVIĆ, Z., SIMIĆ, M., SRDIĆ, J., DRAGIČEVIĆ, V., SPASOJEVIĆ, I., 2013: Effect of long term crop rotation and fertiliser application on maize productivity. Turkish Journal of Field Crops, 18:

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65 Herbologia, Vol. 15, No. 1, 2015 DOI /Herb REDUCING HERBICIDE DOSE IN SUGARCANE BY APPLICATION OF PLANT WATER EXTRACT * Muhammad Zafar 1, Asif Tanveer 2, Muhammad Atif Majeed 2, Muhammad Ehsan Safdar 3, Hafiz Haider Ali 4 and Muhammad Mansoor Javed 5 1 Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan 2 Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan 3 Department of Agronomy, University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Pakistan 4 Department of Agronomy,University College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences,The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan 5 Department of Agronomy, Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan Corresponding Author drasiftanveeruaf@hotmail.com Abstract Technique enhancing herbicides entry into the weeds leads to reduction in herbicide dose and therefore pollution. A two-year field study was carried out in order to find out best integrated weed management strategy to reduce herbicide dose in spring planted sugarcane variety HSF-240 at the Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Treatments included formulated mixture of ametryn + trifloxysulfuron at its recommended (750 g a.i. ha -1 ) and 25% (562 g a.i. ha -1 ) and 50% (375 g a.i. ha -1 ) reduced rates. The herbicide was applied with 4% urea as an adjuvant, and sorghum & sunflower water extract each 15 L ha -1. Herbicide in combination with mechanical tillage was also studied. Weedy check and manual hoeing were kept as negative and positive controls, respectively. Up to to 97.45% weed control was achieved with various weed control treatments compared to weedy check. During both years, ametryn + trifloxysulfuron 750 g a.i. ha -1 + mechanical weed control proved to be the best combination as it gave significantly lower weed density (13.2%) and weed biomass (8.44%), while it gave higher leaf area index (7.95) and average crop growth rate (8.81 g m -2 day -1 ). This treatment also gave significantly higher cane yield ( tones ha -1 ) and other yield related traits but remained statistically at par with ametryn + trifloxysulfuron 375 g a.i. ha -1 + sorghum & sunflower water extract each 15 L ha -1. Keywords: herbicide, sugarcane, sunflower, sorghum water extracts, weeds, pollution Copyright 2015 by the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

66 Zafar et al. Introduction In Pakistan, average national yield (56.6 tones ha -1 ) of sugarcane is much lower than that of developed countries which is 72 tones ha -1 (Anonymous, 2014). Management constraints are conventional planting methods, improper land preparation, imbalanced fertilizer application, shortage of irrigation water, and heavy infestation of weeds, pests and diseases. Weed infestation is a major cause of low sugarcane yield (Baloch et al., 2002; Malik and Gurmani, 2005). Among agronomic crops, sugarcane is most susceptible to weed infestation during the early stages of the growing season when its growth rate is slower than weeds. This is especially true for spring planted sugarcane. Yield losses in sugarcane due to weeds range from 41 to 77% in different countries (Zimdhal, 1980). Sugarcane yield losses of 20-25% by weeds have been reported in Pakistan (Khan et al., 2004).Weeds can be controlled manually, mechanically, biologically and with herbicides. As the non-herbicidal methods are costly, laborious, low efficient, and limited by climatic as well as soil conditions of the farm (Litlle et al., 2006), use of herbicides is pivotal to maximize crop yield. In modern agriculture, most of the cropping systems are reliant upon their continued availability, and have led to almost a total exclusion of nonherbicidal methods of weed control. In sugarcane, pre-emergence application of ametryn + atrazine 3.75 kg ha -1 (Luke, 2007; Cheema et al., 2010) and post-emergence application of diuron or atrazine supplemented with dimethametryne 3.0 kg a.i. ha -1 (Gana et al., 2007) and paraquat (Griffin and Judice, 2009) were found to be most effective. However, due to ecological and health issues, studies to minimize herbicide use are under way (Bhadoria, 2011). Natural plant products with herbicidal potential could be used alone or in mixtures with synthetic chemicals. Liquid extracts of various crops have been analysed for their allelochemical composition. Sorghum (Sorghum vulgare L.), a very popular allelopathic plant, has been found to contain sorgoleone (Netzly and Butler, 1986), p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (Haskins and Gorz, 1985), caffeic, ferulic, chlorogenic, syringic and vanillic acid (Parveen, 2000), dhurrin (Nielsen et al., 2008) and other important allelochemicals in its leaf and stem water extracts. Ghafar et al. (2001) identified chlorogenic, caffeic, vanillic, syringic and ferulic acids in leaves and chlorogenic, ferullic and vanillic acids in stem and only ferulic acid in roots of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) water extract. Studies regarding exploitation of these two potential allelopathic crops for weed control in sugarcane are lacking. Use of water extracts of these crops with reduced dose of herbicide could be a part of an eco-friendly, cost ef- 62

67 Reducing herbicide dose in sugarcane by application of plant water extract fective and sustainable weed management program in sugarcane. Therefore, present study was designed to evaluate various combinations of ametryn + trifloxysulfuron with aqueous extracts of sorghum and sunflower, and interculture for effective weed control in sugarcane. Materials and methods The proposed study was conducted at the Research Farm, Sugarcane Research Institute, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan for two consecutive years and The experimental field had clay loam soil and was selected keeping in view the previous weed history of the field to ensure availability of the weeds. Sugarcane variety HSF-240 was used as a test variety. The crop was sown in the first week of March each year. The seed rate was 75,000 double budded setts ha -1. Fertilizer was applied 168 kg N, 112 kg P 2 O 5, and 112 kg K 2 O per hectare in the form of urea, single super phosphate, and SOP, respectively. The experiment was laid out in RCBD with 4 replicates and net plot size of 3.6 m x 10 m. The experiment comprised of seven weed control treatments: ametryn + trifloxysulfuron (Krismat 75WG) 750 g a.i. ha -1 (W2), ametryn + trifloxysulfuron 750 g a.i. ha % urea (W3), ametryn + trifloxysulfuron 562 g a.i. ha -1 (25% less than recommended) + 4% urea (W4), manual hoeing (30, 50, and 70 days after germination) (W5), ametryn + trifloxysulfuron 750 g a.i. ha -1 + mechanical weed control with three interculturings (W6), ametryn + trifloxysulfuron 375 g a.i. ha -1 (50% less than recommended) + sorghum (Sorghum vulgare L.) & sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) water extract each 15 L ha -1 (W7), and ametryn + trifloxysulfuron g a.i. ha -1 (75% less than recommended) + sorghum & sunflower water extract each 15 Lha -1 (W8). Weedy check (control) was included for comparison (W1). Sorghum and sunflower water extracts were prepared by soaking weighed quantity of mature and sun dried plant herbage separately in water with 1:10 (w/v) ratio, for 24 hours. Then stained and boiled to get 20 times concentrated extract of each crop. Calibration was done before spray to know exact amount of water for spray. Tank mixed application of herbicide, urea, and extract was made after emergence of crop and weeds with knap-sack sprayer fitted with flat fan nozzle. Weeds were at two to three leaf stages at the time of application of herbicide. Standard procedures were followed to record data on various weeds (6 weeks after treatment application), crop growth and yield parameters (No. of tillers, millable canes, plant height, cane length, weight per stripped 63

68 Zafar et al. cane and stripped can yield). Leaf area index and crop growth rate were calculated with 45 days interval by the formula given by Beadle (1987). Data were analyzed statistically by using Fisher s analysis of variance technique. The least significant difference (LSD) test at 5% probability was used to compare the differences among treatment means (Steel et al., 1997). Results Weed control: Major weeds recorded in experimental field were Digera muricata Forsk. (Digera), Echinocloa colonum (L.) Link (Junglerice), Trianthema portulacastrum L. (Horsepurslane), Convolvulus arvensis L. (Fildbindweed), Cyperus rotundus L. (Purple nutsedge), Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Beavu. (Crowfoot grass), and Euphrobia granulate L. (Trailing spurge). Data presented in Table 1 revealed that total weed density and biomass were significantly reduced by various weed control treatments compared to control during both years. Ametryn + trifloxysulfuron 750 g a.i. ha -1 + mechanical weed control resulted in significantly lower weed densities (15.50 and individuals m -2 ) and weed biomass (15.32 and 8.44 g m -2 ) in years and , respectively. However, during this treatment did not differ significantly from ametryn + trifloxysulfuron 750 g a.i. ha -1, ametryn + trifloxysulfuron 750 g a.i. ha % urea, ametryn + trifloxysulfuron 562 g a.i. ha % urea and ametryn + trifloxysulfuron 375 g a.i. ha -1 + sorghum and sunflower water extract each 15 L ha -1 in respect of weed control. Weed control methods Table 1: Effect of weed control methods on weeds and growth of sugarcane No of weeds per m 2 Total weed biomass (g m -2 ) Leaf area index of sugarcane Average crop growth rate of sugarcane (g m -2 day -1 ) W a a a a 6.51 h 5.42 h 6.35 g 5.35 e W2 W3 W4 W bc (86.56%) cd (87.23%) b (82.82%) bc (85.71%) bc (86.76%) bc (89.58%) bc (86.99%) b (88.99%) bc b 7.28 d 7.39 d 7.46 d 7.16 c c c 7.43 c 7.53 c 7.75 c 7.75 b b bc 6.79 g 6.89 g 7.00 f 6.41 d bc bc 6.99 e 7.09 e 7.34 de 6.84 cd 64

69 Reducing herbicide dose in sugarcane by application of plant water extract Weed control methods W6 W7 W8 No of weeds per m 2 Total weed biomass (g m -2 ) Leaf area index of sugarcane Average crop growth rate of sugarcane (g m -2 day -1 ) e (95.63%) d (90.95%) c (87.35%) c (97.45%) bc (94.55%) b (88.87%) e 8.44 e 7.85 a 7.95 a 8.53 a 8.81 a d d 7.70 b 7.88 b 8.10 b 8.10 b c bc 6.86 f 6.97 f 7.13 ef 6.58 d LSD Means sharing the same letter in a column are statistically at par with each other at 5% probability level. (Values in parenthesis represent percent decrease than weedy check) W1 = Weedy check (control) W2 = Ametryn + trifloxysulfuron 750 g a.i. ha -1 W3 = Ametryn + trifloxysulfuron 750 g a.i. ha % urea W4 = Ametryn + trifloxysulfuron 562 g a.i. ha -1 (25% less than recommended) + 4% urea W5 = Manual hoeing W6 = Ametryn + trifloxysulfuron 750 g a.i. ha -1 + mechanical weed control W7 = Ametryn + trifloxysulfuron 375 g a.i. ha -1 (50% less than recommended) + sorghum & sunflower water extract each 15 L ha -1 W8 = Ametryn + trifloxysulfuron g a.i. ha -1 (75% less than recommended) + sorghum & sunflower water extract each 15 L ha -1 Sugarcane yield and yield components: Data related to sugarcane yield and yield contributing traits are arranged in Table 2 which indicated that during both years, all weed control treatments caused significant increase in all these parameters compared to control. However, significantly higher number of tillers (25.75 and m -2 ), number of millable canes (11.19 and m -2 ), plant height (3.57 and 3.64 m), cane length (2.58 and 2.66 m), weight per stripped cane ( and g) and stripped cane yield ( and tones ha -1 ) were recorded with ametryn + trifloxysulfuron 750 g a.i. ha -1 + mechanical weed control during years and However, this treatment remained statistically at par with ametryn + trifloxysulfuron 375 g a.i.ha -1 (50% less than recommended) + sorghum and sunflower water extracts each 15 L ha -1, with respect to all aforesaid parameters except plant height (Table 2). 65

70 Zafar et al. Table 2: Effect of weed control methods on yield and yield components of sugarcane No. of tillers (m -2 ) Millable canes (m -2 ) Weed control methods Plant height (m) Cane length (m) Weight per stripped cane (g) Stripped cane yield (t ha -1 ) W e 16.78e 6.52 e 6.61d 2.02h 2.19h 1.42e 1.59f e e 39.04e 35.52e W bcd 25.29abc 9.14cd 8.73bc 3.15d 3.22d 2.38bc 2.48c cd cd W abc 26.42ab 9.55bc 9.39b 3.26c 3.35c 2.45ab 2.51bc bc bc W de 21.52d 8.04d 7.98c 2.88g 2.97g 2.22d 2.22e d d W bcd 23.92bcd 9.64bc 9.51b 2.97e 3.07e 2.27cd 2.36d d cd W a 28.67a 11.19a 11.63a 3.57a 3.64a 2.58a 2.66a a a W ab 27.42ab 10.71ab 10.74a 3.37b 3.45b 2.52a 2.60ab ab ab W cd 22.68cd 9.11cd 8.92bc 2.91f 3.02f 2.23d 2.33d d d 71.84bc (84.01%) 78.94b (102.02%) 61.96d (58.71%) 70.76bcd (81.25%) a (160.45%) 93.28a (138.93%) 64.79cd (65.95%) 75.22bc (111.77%) 81.65b (129.87%) 63.33d (78.29%) 73.00bcd (105.52%) a (200.00%) 97.17a (173.56%) 66.16cd (86.26%) LSD Means sharing the same letter in a column are statistically at par with each other at 5% probability level. (Values in parenthesis represent percent decrease than weedy check) W1 = Weedy check (control) W2 = Ametryn + trifloxysulfuron 750 g a.i. ha -1 W3 = Ametryn + trifloxysulfuron 750 g a.i. ha % urea W4 = Ametryn + trifloxysulfuron 562 g a.i. ha -1 (25% less than recommended) + 4% urea W5 = Manual hoeing W6 = Ametryn + trifloxysulfuron 750 g a.i. ha -1 + mechanical weed control W7 = Ametryn + trifloxysulfuron 375 g a.i. ha -1 (50% less than recommended) + sorghum & sunflower water extract each 15 L ha -1 W8 = Ametryn + trifloxysulfuron g a.i. ha -1 (75% less than recommended) + sorghum & sunflower water extract each 15 L ha -1 Discussion Total weed population varied from plot to plot in a natural weed habitat as the weed seed was not spread manually. Total weed population varies from crop to crop depending on weed emergence time, weed type, environmental factors and management practices. Different weed biomasses and weed densities may be observed with same weed control strategy due 66

71 Reducing herbicide dose in sugarcane by application of plant water extract to various factors like nature of crop, weed species, and strategy of weed control. The lowest weed population and total weed biomass in ametryn + trifloxysulfuron 750 g a.i. ha -1 + mechanical weed control was observed due to better weed control. This minimized the biotic stress due to weeds on the crop at early stage leading to better crop growth which suppressed the second flux of weed growth by over-shading effects resulting in higher sugarcane yield contributing traits and stripped cane yield. However, same formulated herbicidal mixture at its half application rate along with sorghum & sunflower water extract each 15 L ha -1 also produced higher sugarcane yield and yield components probably due to getting advantage of less phytotoxic effect on crop and better weed control. Our findings are supported by those of previous researchers. Singh et al. (2008) reported weed control efficiency from 56 to 69. 9% from ten different weed control strategies in sugar cane crop. Salimi et al. (2006) and Cheema et al. (2003) who also found trifloxysulfuron sodium 15 g ha -1 and MCPA 150 g a.i. ha -1 with sorghum water extract to be the most effective weed control methods in cotton and wheat crops, respectively. However, Iqbal and Cheema (2008) reported that S-metolachlor 1.07 g a.i. + sorghum water extract gave LAI statistically at par with full dose of chemical weed control. References ANONYMOUS, : Economic Survey of Pakistan. Finance Division, Govt. of Pakistan, BALOCH, S.M., I. H. SHAH, I. HUSSAIN & K. ABDULLAH, 2002: Low Sugar production in Pakistan Causes and Remedies. Pak Sugar J., 17, BEADLE, C.L., 1987: Plant growth analysis: In techniques in bioproductivity and photosynthesis. 2 nd Ed Edited by Coombs, J.D.O., S.P. Hall and J.M.O. Long, Scurlok Per Ramon press, Oxford, New York, BHADORIA, P.B.S., 2011: Allelopathy: A Natural Way towards Weed Management. Ameri J of Exp Agri., 1, CHEEMA, M.S., S. BASHIR & F. AHMAD, 2010: Evaluation of integrated weed management pratices for sugarcane. Pak J Weed Sci Res., 16, CHEEMA, Z.A., S. HUSSAIN & A. KHALIQ, 2003: Efficacy of sorgaab? in combination with allelopathic water extracts and reduced rates of pendimethalin for weed control in mungbean (Vigna radiata.). Indus J Plant Sci., 2, GANA, A.K., J.A.Y. SHEBANTYA, V.E. OGUNLELA, E.C. ODION & E.D. IMOHIN, 2007: Influence of fertility rates and chemical weed control on the stalk yield (ton/ha) and juice quality of chewing sugarcane at Badeggi, Nigeria. Agricultura Tropica Et Subtropica., 40, GHAFAR, A., B. SALEEM, ANWAR-UL-HAQ & M.J. QURESHI, 2001: Isolation and identification of allelochemicals of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Int J of Agri Biol., 3 (1), GRIFFIN, J.L. & W.A. JUDICE, 2009: Winter weed control in sugarcane. J. American Society of Sugar Cane Technologists, 29,

72 Zafar et al. HASKINS, F.A. & H.J. GORZ, 1985: Dhurrin and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde in seedlings of various sorghum species. Phytochemistry, 24, IQBAL, J. & Z.A. CHEEMA, 2008: Purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) management in cotton with combined application of sorgaab and S-metolachlor. Pak J Bot., 40, KHAN, B., M. JAMA & H. AZIM, 2004: Effect of weeds on cane yield and content of sugarcane. Pak J Weed Sci Res., 10, LITLLE, K., P. ADAMS, H. FROCHET, J. JAVA, S. GOUS, R.A. LAUTENSCHLAGET, G. ORLANDER, K.V. SANKARAN, R.G. WAGNET, W. RUN-PENG & I. WIL- OUGHB, 2006: Reducing herbicide use through integrated forest vegetation management practices. Institute for Commercial Forestry Research, Scotsville, South Africa. LUKE, M.E. J., 2007: Summer fallow and in-crop weed management programmes in sugarcane (Saccahrum spp. Hybrids): control of perennial weeds and purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) interference. Dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University, MALIK, K.B. & M.H. GURMANI, 2005: Cane Production Guide. Dewan Farooque Sugarcane Research Institute Dewan City, District Thatta, Sind, Pakistan, NETZLY, D.H. & L.G. BUTLER, 1986: Roots of sorghum exude hydrophobic droplets containing biologically active components. Crop Sci., 26, NIELSEN, K.A., D.B. TATTERSALL, P.R. JONES & B.L. MOLLER, 2008: Metabolon formation in dhurin biosynthesis. Phytochemistry, 69, PARVEEN, Z., 2000: Identification of allelochemicals in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) and their effects on germination and seedling growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). MSc Dissertation, Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisabad, Pakistan. SALIMI, H., M. MONTAZERI, M. FEREIDOONPOUR & M. AKHAVAN, 2006: Comparative of the efficacy of trifloxysulfuron sodium with cotton selective herbicides registered in Iran. Pak J Weed Sci Res., 12, SINGH, H., N. KUMAR & D.K. DWIVEDI, 2008: Efficacy of some new herbicides on weed dynamics and yield of sugarcane. Indian Sugar, 58 (9), STEEL, R.G.D., J.H. TORRIE & D.A. DICKEY, 1997: Principles and procedures of Statistics. A Biometrical Approach, 3rd Ed McGraw Hill Book, Co Inc, Singapore, ZIMDHAL, R.L., 1980: Weed crop competition: A review- International Plant Protection Centre, Oregon state University, USA,

73 Herbologia, Vol. 15, No. 1, 2015 DOI /Herb NATURAL MEADOW FLORA IN THE MELENCI VILLAGE SURROUNDINGS AS A POTENTIAL PATHOGEN AND PEST HOST AND VECTOR PART I REVIEW OF FLORA AND VEGETATION * Aleksa Knežević, Branka Ljevnaić-Mašić, Dejana Džigurski, Vladimir Ćirić, Branko Ćupina University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Agruculture, Novi Sad, Serbia brana@polj.uns.ac.rs Abstract In the flora of natural meadows on solonetz in the Melenci settlement (Banat Vojvodina Serbia) 127 taxa were recorded. Of these, 122 taxa (118 species, three subspecies and one form) were used as the basis for analyzing the distribution of weeds and weed categories, as well as a foundation for examining the potential for the presence pathogens (viruses, fungi) and pests (insects, nematodes). The taxa recorded in the natural meadow habitats in the vicinity of Melenci form stands of the following alliances: Batrachio aquatili-ranunculetum polyphylli Soó (1933) 1961, Bolboschoenetum maritimi continentale Soó (1927) 1957, Pholiuro-Plantaginetum tenuiflorae (Rapcs. 1927) Wendel. 1943, Hordeetum histricis (Soó 1933) Wendel. 1943, Agrostio-Alopecuretum pratensis Soó (1933) 1947 and Achilleo-Festucetum pseudovinae (Magyar 1928) Soó Keywords: natural grassland, weed flora, vegetation, pathogens (viruses, fungi), pests (insects, nematodes) Introduction Natural meadows are areas adapted to local ecological conditions and are the most extensive way of agricultural land use (Pykälä et al., 2005; Metera et al., 2010). The starting point in the study of their utilization is understanding of their flora and vegetation (Kar, 2013). In addition, protection and maintenance of natural meadows requires ecological studies, as well as research in flora and fauna production, rural economics, etc. (Metera et al., 2010). From the biological perspective, the significant biodiversity of natural meadow habitats is of great importance. In the Republic of Serbia, Copyright 2015 by the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

74 Knežević et al. some of these habitats are, within the IPA (Important Plant Areas) international project framework, singled out as botanically significant areas (Stevanović, 2005; Džigurski et al. 2013), while some, according to the Institute for Nature Conservation of Vojvodina Province Novi Sad, require protection ( In the Republic of Serbia, natural meadows comprise over 27% of the agricultural land (Đukić et al. 2008). In the Vojvodina province, on less fertile soils, they contribute to the agricultural land by about 10%, i.e., cover about 150,000 ha (Erić et al. 2007). In Banat (a region of Vojvodina), natural meadows are found on mostly halomorphic soil, covering about 8.06% of the agricultural land, equivalent to an area of about 71,251 ha (Belić et al. 2004). In the vicinity of most settlements, they are primarily used for free (i.e., unplanned) grazing, and are rarely mowed. Their unstable yield and poor feed quality is conditioned by the floristic composition. Specifically, in addition to the plants adapted to the increased salt concentration in the soil and typical meadow weeds, they are characterized by depressions and aquatic weeds. However, in the modern fauna of natural meadows on halomorphic soil in Banat, due to the increasing anthropogenic influence and the absence agricultural practices, weed-ruderal and ruderal plants are highly represented, accompanied by negligible amounts of segetal and forest weeds. This has resulted in a significant increase in the diversity and ecological specificity of flora in Banat (Knežević et al. 2011; Džigurski et al. 2013; Ljevnaić-Mašić et al. 2014). Taxonomically numerous and ecologically diverse weed representation, in the modern meadow fauna on halomorphic soil in Banat, has a negative impact on intensive crop production in adjacent areas (Knežević et al. 2013). The readily apparent negative impact of these weeds is manifested in the weed infestation of the surrounding crops. On the other hand, while more difficult to observe, the fact that numerous pathogens (fungi, viruses) and pests (insects, nematodes) spend a part or the entire life cycle on these weeds is another negative effect, as these also act as pathogens and pests on the surrounding crops (Knežević et al. 2013). It is also noteworthy that the expected climate changes will further favor the expansion of adventive plants in the vegetation on saline soils (Wróbel et al. 2006). In addition, the fact that plants grown in these modified climatic conditions will be more prone to diseases and pests is also of great importance. 70

75 Natural meadow flora in the Melenci village surroundings Part I The issue of crop infestation by weeds has gained considerable attention of researchers, who study all aspects of crop production (Kovačević, 1976; Hajek, 2004), while scientists focusing on fauna protection have dedicated extensive efforts to the study of weeds that serve as hosts to pathogens (viruses, fungi) and pests (insects, nematodes) (Vukojević & Duletić-Laušević, 2004; Stojanović et al. 2010). In Vojvodina, weeds as hosts to pathogens (viruses, fungi) and pests (insects, nematodes) are primarily of interest in the organic vegetable production (Knežević et al. 2008; 2010; Džigurski et al. 2011; Ljevnaić- Mašić et al. 2011), while, more recently, their presence in natural meadow flora on cultivated soil has also been studied (Knežević et al. 2013). The aim of this work was to analyze the presence of natural meadow weed flora on solonetz in the Melenci village surroundings, as possible pathogen (fungi, viruses) and pest (insects, nematodes) hosts and vectors, as well as the negative effect of this weed flora on the crops cultivated in the vicinity. Material and methods Study area Melenci ( N, E) is a village located in the Pannonian part of Serbia (Vojvodina Province Banat Region). According to the data sourced from the nearest meteorological station in Zrenjanin ( N, E), moderate continental climate of this area is characterized by average annual temperature of o C, average annual rainfall of 578 mm and an unfavorable period for semi-arid vegetation, from mid-july to the end of September (Ljevnaić-Mašić, 2010). It is also noteworthy that climate change is expected for the Zrenjanin region, whereby the mean annual temperature is projected to increase by 1.40 o C and 2.60 o C by 2040 and 2080, respectively, accompanied by a reduction in annual precipitation, which is estimated to reach mm and mm by 2040 and 2080, respectively, along with an increase in CO 2 concentration (Lalić et al. 2011). The meadow whose flora was studied is located about 5 km northeast of the village Melenci and is a spacious shallow depression on the east coast of the stagnant river Ostrovo. Its plant cover is under significant anthropogenic influence. In addition to grazing and intensive crop and vegetable production in the surrounding areas, this effect is also conditioned by construction on the pastures, where barns, corrals, and a station for sugar beet purchasing have been erected. Moreover, a pond on the stagnant 71

76 Knežević et al. waters of Ostrovo has been created, along with a road connecting Melenci with the Bašaid village. Canal Banatska Palanka Novi Bečej, as a part of the Danube-Tisa-Danube hydrosystem is also in the vicinity. The soil of the studied meadow is of halomorphic character and belongs to the solonetz type (Benka & Salvai, 2005). The investigated area is covered by the Solonetz soil (IUSS Working Group WRB, 2014). This soil type is affected by high proportion of adsorbed sodium and frequently with high belowground water level. The subsurface horizon is dense with unfavorable structure and poor water filtration. Measured texture in surface horizon is loamy clay (29.8% clay) and humus concentration is low (1.5%). This horizon is non-calcareous, slightly alkaline, with low concentration of available P 2 O 5 and moderate concentration of K 2 O. These soil characteristics do not provide adequate conditions for the growth and development of cultivated plants, making intensive crop production uneconomical. As a result, natural vegetation on which cows and sheep can freely graze has survived, while some smaller areas are also mowed. The data pertaining to the fauna of the studied natural meadow surrounding the village Melenci are the result of our research conducted during the period. The recorded taxa were determined and their names aligned with the nomenclature based on Josifović ( ), Săvulescu ( ), Tutin et al. (1964) and Tutin et al. ( ). Of the 127 identified taxa of the meadow flora found in the Melenci surroundings, 122 were specifically numbered (118 species, three subspecies and one form) and were used as a basis for the analysis of the weeds and weed categories present, as well as pathogens (fungi, viruses) and pests (insects, nematodes) found on these plants. The remaining five taxa (two varieties and three forms) were neither numbered nor used in the analysis, as their higher taxonomic categories were identified in the meadow and were thus analyzed. In the alphabetical list of the analyzed taxa of the identified flora, the following parameters are given: 1. Weed category classification (meadow weeds MW; weed-ruderal plants WR; ruderal plants R; forest weeds FW; aquatic weeds AW; segetal weeds S), performed in accordance with Čanak et al. (1978). Analyzed taxa that are, based on Čanak et al. (1978), characterized as weeds for two or more of the cited categories, were linked in the analysis to the initial weed category. On the other hand, analyzed taxa that are not 72

77 Natural meadow flora in the Melenci village surroundings Part I reported in Čanak et al. (1978) were denoted with? during the analyses. The taxa marked with? that were, based on the adaptation to the soil salinity, characterized by the ecological index S +, are, in our opinion, in the studied meadow, not weeds, due to the environmental specificity. On the other hand, the taxa marked with? that were, based on the adaptation to the soil salinity, characterized by the ecological index S -, are, in our opinion, weeds, due to the environmental specificity of the studied meadow. For such taxa, following the? symbol, we also included (in parentheses) the weed category they belong to, along with! to indicate that this classification is based on our opinion. These are Alisma lanceolatum denoted by /? (AW!)/ and Trifolium filiforme L. /? (MW!)/. 2. Adaptation to saline habitat (/S-/ not adapted; /S + / adapted), determined in accordance with Landolt (1977). Categorization of the analyzed taxa that are not cited by Landolt was based on Knežević (1994). 3. Life forms (t Therophytes; u - Therophytes-Hemicryptophytes; h Hemicryptophytes; g Geophytes; a Hydrophytes; c Chamaephytes; n Phanerophytes), determined in accordance with Landolt (1977). Categorization of the analyzed taxa that are not cited by Landolt was based on Raunkier (1910) and Čanak et al. (1978). 4. Known pathogens (viruses, fungi) and pests (insects, nematodes), determined based on Kovačević (1976). Floral element affiliation of the aforementioned taxa was determined in line with Gajić (1980). To assess the relationships among the identified individual life forms and the presence of pathogens (viruses, fungi) and pests (insects, nematodes) they transmit, correspondent analysis was conducted using Statistica 7.0 software. Results and discussion In the flora of the studied natural meadows surrounding the Melenci village, 127 taxa were identified. Of these, 122 taxa were analyzed, as potential pathogen and pest vectors. 73

78 Knežević et al. 1. Achillea millefolium L. /R, MW, FW/; /S - /; /h/; Insects: Dactynotus achilleae; Nematodes: Anguina millefolii, Meloidogyne hapla, Heterodera milefolii. 2. Adonis aestivalis L. et K. /S/; /S - /; /t/; 3. Agrimonia eupatoria L. /MW-FW/; /S-/; /h/; 4. Agropyrum repens (L.) Beauv. /WR/; /S + /; /g/; Fungi: Hadrotrichum virescens, Puccinia coronata, Ustilago aculeata, Puccinia graminis, Cercosporella herpotrichoides, Puccinia glumarum, Claviceps purpurea, Erysiphe graminis, Puccinia coronifera, Ophiobolus sp.; Insects: Agrotis segetum, Lema sp., Eryophyes cornutuis, Tortrix paleana, Tarsonemus culmicolus, Pediculoides graminum, Oscinella frit, Aptinothrips rufus; Nematodes: Ditylenchus dipsaci, Heterodera avenae, Meloidogyne sp., Paranguina agropyri. 5. Agrostis alba L. /MW/; /S - /; /h/; 6. Alisma lanceolatum With. /? (AW!)/; /S - /; /g/. 7. A. plantago-aquatica L. /AW/; /S - /; /g/; Fungi: Ramularia alismatis; 8. Alopecurus pratensis L. /MW, WR/; /S - /; /h/; Viruses: -; 9. Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. /R/; /S + /; /t/; 10. Anagallis arvensis L. /WR/; /S - /; /t/; Nematodes: Ditylenchus dipsaci, Longidorus maximus, Meloidogyne incognita, Meloidogyne sp. 11. A. femina Mill. /WR/; /S - /; /t/; 12. Andropogon ischaemum L. /MW, R/; /S - /; /h/; 74

79 Natural meadow flora in the Melenci village surroundings Part I 13. Atriplex tatarica L. /R/; /S + /; /t/; 14. Beckmannia eruciformis (L.) Host /MW/; /S + /; /h/; 15. Berteroa incana (L.) DC. /S - / /WR/; /S - /; /u/; 16. Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla /AW/; /S + /; /g/; 17. Bromus commutatus Schrad. /WR/; /S - /; /t/; 18. B. mollis L. /MW, WR/; /S - /; /t/; Fungi: Cercosporella herpotrichoides; 19. Bupleurum tenuissimum L. /R/; /S + /; /t/; 20. Calamintha acinos (L.) Clairv. /MW/; /S - /; /u/; 21. Capsella bursa pastoris (L.) Medik. /WR/; /S - /; /u/; Viruses: Viral disease transmitted by the aphid Myzus persicae; Insects: - Dasyneura brassicae, Aphis rumicis, Cystopus rumicis; Nematodes: Aphelenchoides ritzembosi, Ditylenchus dipsaci, Heterodera schachtii, Longidorus maximus, Meloidogyne incognita var. acrita, Meloidogyne javanica, Meloidogyne sp., Pratylenchus neglectus, Pratylenchus penetrans. 22. Carduus acanthoides L. /WR/; /S - /; /h/; Insects: Plusia gamma, Cleonus punteventris, Cleonus sulcirostris; 23. C. nutans L. /R, MW/; /S - /; /u/; 24. Carex hirta L. /MW/; /S - /; /g/; 75

80 Knežević et al. 25. C. praecox Schreb. /MW/; /S - /; /g/; 26. C. vulpina L. /MW/; /S - /; /h/; Insects: -; 27. Carthamus lanatus L. /WR/; /S - /; /t/; 28. Cerastium caespitosum Gilib. /R-MW-FW/; /S - /; /c/; Insects: Psylla cerastii; 29. C. dubium L. (Bast.) Schwarz. /FW/; /S - /; /t/; 30. Chenopodium album L. /WR/; /S - /; /t/; Viruses: Viral disease transmitted by the aphid Myzus persicae; Fungi: Cercospora dubia, Peronospora variabilis, Cineraria sp.; Insects: Pegomya hyoscyami, Microsetia seguitella, Microsetia hermanella, Liryomiza bryoniae, Aphis fabae, Blitophaga sp., Aphis rumicis, Cassida nebulosa, Myzus persicae, Piesma quardrata; Nematodes: Aphelenchoides ritzembosi, Ditylenchus dipsaci, Heterodera schachtii, Longidorus maximus, Meloidogyne arenaria, Meloidogyne hapla, Meloidogyne incognita, Meloidogyne incognita var. acrita, Meloidogyne javanica, Meloidogyne sp., Nacolus batiformis, Pratylenchus penetrans. 31. Cichorium intybus L. /WR, MW/; /S - /; /g/; Viruses: Yellow fever virus group (YFV); Fungi: Puccinia cichorii, Erysiphe cichoracearum; Insects: Phytomyza atricornis; 32. Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. /WR/; /S + /; /g/; Fungi: Albugo tragopogonis, Bremia lactucae, Ramularia cirsii, Septoria cirsii; Insects: Coleophora äereipennis; Nematodes: Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi, Ditylenchus dipsaci, Meloidogyne sp., Pratylenchus penetrans. 33. Cirsium palustre (L.) Scop. /MW/; /S - /; /h/; Insects: Cecydomia longicornis; 34. Convolvulus arvensis L. /WR/; /S - /; /g/; Fungi: Cercospora sp., Erysiphe convolvuli, Phyllosticla calystegiae, Ramularia sp., Septoria convolvuli, Erysiphe polygoni, Mycosphaerella adusta; 76

81 Natural meadow flora in the Melenci village surroundings Part I Insects: Stigmella freyella, Bedelia somnulentella, Manestra pisi; Nematodes: Ditylenchus dipsaci, Longidorus maximus, Meloidogyne javanica, Meloidogyne sp., Pratylenchus penetrans. 35. Crepis setosa Hall. /WR, MW/; /S - /; /t/; Fungi: - Puccinia crepidis; Nematodes: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. /WR/; /S - /; /g/; 37. Daucus carota L. /WR, MW/; /S - /; /u/; Insects: Papilio machaon; 38. Dipsacus laciniatus L. /R, MW/; /S - /; /u/; 39. Erigeron canadensis L. /R/; /S - /; /u/; Fungi: Rumularia sp., Cercosporella canadensis; Insects: Brachycaudatus helychrysi; 40. Erophila verna (L.) Schevall. /WR/; /S - /; /t/; 41. Eryngium campestre L. /R, MW/; /S - /; /h/; 42. Euphorbia cyparisias L. /R/; /S - /; /h/; Fungi: Uromyces pisi; 43. Festuca vallesiaca Sch. subsp. pseudovina (Hack.) A. et G. /? /; /S + /; /h/. 44. Galium verum L. /S - /; /R, MW, FW/; /g/; 45. Geranium columbinum L. /WR/; /S - /; /t/; 46. G. molle L. /R, MW /; /S - /; /u/; Fungi: Sclerotinia trifoliarum; Nematodes: Ditylenchus dipsaci, Meloidogyne hapla, Meloidogyne sp. 47. Glyceria fluitans (L.) R. Br. /AW/; /S - /; /g/; 77

82 Knežević et al. Insects: Hydroecia micaea; 48. Gratiola officinalis L. /MW/; /S + /; /g/; 49. Gypsophila muralis L. /WR/; /S - /; /t/; 50. Heleocharis palustris (L.) R.Br. /MW/; /S - /; /g/; 51. Heliotropium europaeum L. /WR/; /S - /; /t/; Insects: Phytomyza atricornis; 52. Hordeum maritimum Stokes subsp. gussoneanum (Parl.) A. et G. /? /; /S + /; /t/. 53. H. murinum L. /WR/; /S - /; /t/; 54. Inula britannica L. /R, FW, MW/; /S + /; /h/; 55. Juncus atratus Krock. /R/; /S - /; /h/; 56. Juncus compressus Jacq. /MW/; /S + /; /g/; 57. J. gerardi Lois. /MW/; /S + /; /g/; 58. Lathyrus aphaca L. /WR, MW/; /S - /; /t/; 59. Lemna minor L. /AW/; /S - /; /a/; 60. Lepidium draba L. /WR/; /S - /; /h/; Insects: Liriomyza brassicae; 61. L. perfoliatum L. /WR/; /S - /; /u/; 78

83 Natural meadow flora in the Melenci village surroundings Part I 62. L. ruderale L. /R/; /S - /; /u/; 63. Lolium perenne L. /R/; /S - /; /h/; 64. Lotus corniculatus L. /MW/; /S - /; /h/; 65. L. tenuis Kit. /? /; /S + /; /h/. 66. Lycopus europaeus L. /MW, R/; /S - /; /g/; 67. L. exaltatus L. /MW/; /S - /; /g/; 68. Lythrum virgatum L. /MW/; /S - /; /h/; 69. Matricaria inodora L. /WR/; /S + /; /t/; Fungi: Sclerotinia trifoliarum; 70. Medicago lupulina L. /MW, R/; /S - /; /u/; Fungi: Peronospora trifoliorum, Erysibe polygoni, Uromyces medicaginis-falcatae; 71. Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pallas /R/; /S - /; /u/; Insects: Liriomyza cicerina; 72. Mentha pulegium L. /R/; /S + /; /g/; 73. Myosotis palustris (L.) Nath. /MW/; /S - /; /g/; 74. Myosurus minimus L. /MW-R/; /S - /; /t/; 79

84 Knežević et al. 75. Oenanthe silaifolia M.B. /MW/; /S + /; /h/; Viruses:- ; 76. Ornithogalum boucheanum (Knuth) Asch. /R/; /S - /; /g/; 77. Papaver rhoeas L. /S/; /S - /; /u/; Insects: Phytomyza atricornis; Nematodes: Ditylenchus dipsaci, Meloidogyne arenaria, Meloidogyne hapla, Meloidogyne incognita, Meloidogyne sp. 78. Pastinaca sativa L. /R/; /S - /; /u/; Fungi: Aecidium pastinacae, Erysiphe polygoni, Plasmopara nivea, Protomyces macrosporus, Leptosphaeria clivensis, Ophiobolus porphyrogenus, Pyrenophora phaeocomes; Insects: Aphis rumicis, Contanaria pastinacae, Macrolabis corrugaus, Schizomyia pimpinellae; 79. Pholiurus pannonicus (Host) Trin. /? /; /S + /; /t/. 80. Phragmites communis Trin. /AW/; /S + /; /g/; 81. Picris hieracioides L. /R, MW/; /S - /; /h/; Fungi: Cladosporium epiphyllum, Puccinia picridis, Bremia lactucae, Eriophyses picridis, Stictodiplosis picridis; 82. Plantago lanceolata L. /MW, WR/; /S - /; /h/; Fungi: Sclerotinia trifoliarum; 83. P. maior L. /WR, MW/; /S + /; /h/; Fungi: Peronospora alta, Erysiphe lamprocarpa; Insects: Phytomyza atricornis, Phytomyza plantaginis; Nematodes: Aphelenchoides ritzembosi, Ditylenchus destructor, Ditylenchus dipsaci, Hexatylis vigissi, Meloidogyne hapla, Meloidogyne sp., Pratylenchus penetrans. 84. Poa annua L. /MW, WR/; /S - /; /u/; Nematodes: Anguina agrosti, Aphelenchoides ritzembosi, Ditylenchus radicicolus, Ditylenchus dipsaci, Heterodera schachtii (avenae), Meloidogyne sp., Pratylenchus penetrans, Tylenchorhynchus dubius. 85. Poa bulbosa L. f. vivipara Koel. /WR/; /S - /; /h/; 80

85 Natural meadow flora in the Melenci village surroundings Part I 86. Podospermum canum C. A. Mey. /? /; /S + /; /h/. 87. Polygonum aviculare L. /R, WR/; /S - /; /t/; Insects: Lygus rugulipennis, Agrotis segetum, Lygus pratensis; Nematodes: Ditylenchus dipsaci, Meloidogyne hapla, Meloidogyne incognita var. acrita, Meloidogyne sp., Pratylenchus penetrans. 88. P. lapathifolium L. /WR/; /S - /; /t/; Nematodes: Ditylenchus dipsaci, Meloidogyne javanica, Meloidogyne sp Potentilla argentea L. /R, MW-FW/; /S - /; /h/; 90. P. reptans L. /WR, MW-FW/; /S - /; /h/; Fungi: Ramularia arvensis; Insects: Agromyza spiraeae; 91. Puccinellia limosa (Schur) Holmb. /? /; /S + /; /h/. 92. Pulicaria vulgaris Gärtn. /R/; /S + /; /t/; 93. Ranunculus aqutilis L. /AW/; /S - /; /a/; 94. R. lateriflorus DC. /? /; /S + /; /t/. 95. R. repens L. /MW-FW/; /S - /; /h/; Fungi: Uromyces dactylidis, Uromyces poae, Sclerotinia trifoliorum, Ovularia dicipiens, Peronospora ranunculi, Pseudopeziza ranunculi; Insects: Phytomyza ranunculi; Nematodes: Aphelenchoides ritzembosi, Ditylenchus dipsaci, Meloidogyne hapla. 96. R. sardous Cr. /S-MW/; /S + /; /t/; Fungi: Peronospora ranunculi sardoi; 97. Roripa kerneri Menyh. /? /; /S + /; /h/. 98. Rubus caesius L. /WR/; /S - /; /n/; 99. Rumex crispus L. /WR/; /S + /; /h/; 81

86 Knežević et al Schoenoplectus lacuster (L.) Palla /AW, MW/; /S - /; /g/; 101. Sclerochloa dura (L.) Beauv. /MW, WR/; /S - /; /t/; 102. Setaria viridis (L.) P.B. /WR/; /S - /; /t/; Nematodes: Aphelenchoides besseyi, Heterodera schachtii (avenae), Meloidogyne sp Sinapis arvensis L. /WR/; /S - /; /t/; Fungi: Plasmodiophora brassica, Cystopus candidus, Peronospora parasitica; Insects: Aphis brassicae, Brevicoryne brassicae, Pieris brassicae, Phyllotrella sp., Haltica sp., Plutella maculipennis, Eurydema ornata, Eurydema oleracea, Meligethes aeneus, Cutorrchynchus pleurostigma, Cortophila brassicae; Nematodes: Ditylenchus dipsaci, Heterodera cruciferae, Heterodera schachtii, Meloidogyne sp Symphytum officinale L. /MW, WR/; /S - /; /h/; Fungi: Peronospora symphyti; Insects: Agromyza rufipes; 105. Taraxacum officinale Weber /WR, MW/; /S + /; /h/; Fungi: Bremia lactucae, Ramularia taraxaci, Sclerotinia trifoliorum; Insects: Melanagromyza pulicaria, Phytomyza atricornis; Nematodes: Aphelenchoides ritzembosi, Ditylenchus destructor, Ditylenchus dipsaci, Meloidogyne hapla, Meloidogyne incognita var. acrita, Meloidogyne sp., Pratylenchus penetrans Torilis arvensis (Huds.) Link. /R/; /S - /; /t/; 107. Tragopogon pratensis L. subsp. orientalis (L.) Vel. /MW/; /S - /; /h/; 108. Trifolium angulatum W. et K. /? /; /S + /; /t/ T. arvense L. /MW, WR/; /S - /; /u/; 110. T. campestre Schreb. /MW, WR/; /S - /; /u/; 82

87 Natural meadow flora in the Melenci village surroundings Part I 111. T. filiforme L. /? (MW!)/; /S - /; /u/ T. ornitopodioides (L.) Sm. /? /; /S + /; /t/ T. parviflorum Ehrh. /? /; /S + /; /t/ T. pratense L. /MW/; /S - /; /h/; Fungi: Erysibe martii, Uromyces trifolii, Macrosporium sarciniforme, Polythrincium trifolii, Peronospora trifoliorum, Sclerotinia trifoliorum, Gloesporium cauliflorum, Apion pisi; 115. T. repens L. /WR/; /S + /; /h/; Nematodes: Aphelenchoides fragariae, Ditylenchus dipsaci, Helicotylenchus dihytera, Hemicycliophora similis, Heterodera galeopsidis, Heterodera lespedezae, Heterodera trifolii, Longidorus maximus, Meloidogyne arenaria, Meloidogyne hapla, Meloidogyne incognita, Meloidogyne incognita var. acrita, Meloidogyne javanica, Meloidogyne sp., Pratylenchus brachyurus, Pratylenchus neglectus, Pratylenchus penetrans, Pratylenchus crenatus, Rhodopholus similis, Rotylenchulus reniformis, Prichodorus cristiei, Tylenchorhynchus brevidens, Tylenchorhynchus claytoni, Tylenchorhynchus maximus, Tylenchorhynchus sp T. striatum L. /R, MW/; /S + /; /u/; 117. Trigonella procumbens (Bess.) Reich. /WR, MW/; /S + /; /t/; 118. Typha angustifolia L. /AW/; /S + /; /g/; 119. Verbena officinalis L. /WR/; /S - /; /u/; 120. Vicia angustifolia L. /MW, WR/; /S - /; /u/; Insects: Laspeyresia (Grapholita) dorsana; 121. Xanthium italicum Moretti /WR/; /S + /; /t/; 122. X. spinosum L. /R/; /S - /; /t/; 83

88 Knežević et al. They comprised 118 identified species and, because their higher taxonomic categories were not recorded in the flora of the study pasture, three identified subspecies Festuca vallesiaca Sch. subsp. pseudovina (Hack.) A. et G., Hordeum maritimum Stokes subsp. gussoneanum (Parl.) A. et G. and Tragopogon pratensis L. subsp. orientalis (L.) Vel. and one identified form, i.e., Poa bulbosa L. f. vivipara Koel. As their higher taxonomic categories were recorded and analyzed in the flora of the studied meadows, two varieties, i.e., Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla var. compactus (Hoffm.) Jáv. and Plantago lanceolata L. var. lanceolata and three forms, i.e., Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. f. glabratus Vollm., Hordeum maritimum Stokes subsp. gussoneanum (Parl.) A. et G. f. hirtellum Deg. and Trifolium repens L. f. microphyllum Lagr.- Fossat, were excluded from the analysis. The analyzed taxa of the natural meadow flora on solonetz near Melenci village, their relevant weed categorizations (MW; WR; R; FW; AW; S), their relationship to habitat salinity (S - ; S + ), life form affiliation (t; in h, g, a, c, n), characteristic pathogens (viruses, fungi) and pests (insects, nematodes) are: The taxa recorded in the natural meadow habitats in the vicinity of Melenci form stands of the following alliances: Batrachio aquatili- Ranunculetum polyphylli Soó (1933) 1961, Bolboschoenetum maritimi continentale Soó (1927) 1957, Pholiuro-Plantaginetum tenuiflorae (Rapcs. 1927) Wendel. 1943, Hordeetum histricis (Soó 1933) Wendel. 1943, Agrostio-Alopecuretum pratensis Soó (1933) 1947 and Achilleo- Festucetum pseudovinae (Magyar 1928) Soó On the studied meadow: Stands of the alliance Batrachio aquatili-ranunculetum polyphylli are rare and small-scale. They develop during the spring season only, in shallow and not overly saline water found in depressions created by cattle trampling. During this period, it serves as a watering trough for livestock. Stands of alliance Bolboschoenetum maritimi continentale grow along sparse and not overly deep depressions and peripheral canals. During the vegetative season, their habitats are below the surface or are characterized by high underground water levels. Livestock does not graze their plant cover, which is not mowed either. Stands of alliance Pholiuro-Plantaginetum tenuiflorae are common in narrow and shallow depressions characterized by higher salinity, where they form floristically poor and thin plant cover that has negligible grazing potential. 84

89 Natural meadow flora in the Melenci village surroundings Part I Stands of alliance Hordeetum histricis are usually found near sheep pens and watering troughs, providing mostly floristically poor and scanty vegetation that does not have any value either for grazing or mowing. Stands of alliance Agrostio-Alopecuretum pratensis are the dominant vegetation cover. The development of their dense meadow composition is enabled by the considerable humidity and moderate soil salinity at the beginning of the growing season. It is important to note that this meadow developmental stage survives on the most expansive areas even during the semi-arid period, because the humus layer remains mostly undisturbed by excessive spring grazing. However, due to grazing, in the latter part of the growing season, the participation of therophyte Hordeum maritimum subsp. gussoneanu becomes significant in these stands. In this period, on the surfaces of some stands in shallower depressions, grazing by herd livestock causes waterlogging and forming the so-called Bumpy marshes. In some habitats, stands of the alliance Agrostio-Alopecuretum pratensis, which are not exposed to grazing, are subjected to mechanized mowing. Stands of alliance Achilleo-Festucetum pseudovinae are of small dimensions and are formed atypically. They cover, as a part of the stands of dominant alliance Agrostio-Alopecuretum pratensis, the most elevated parts of terrain, where they tend to form a mosaic. During their most extensive growth, meadow plant cover is already less abundant, and thus grazing less frequent. Conclusions In the flora of natural meadows on solonetz in the Melenci settlement (Banat Vojvodina Serbia) 127 taxa were recorded. Of these, 122 taxa (118 species, three subspecies and one form) were used as the basis for analyzing the distribution of weeds and weed categories, as well as a foundation for examining the potential for the presence pathogens (viruses, fungi) and pests (insects, nematodes). The taxa recorded in the natural meadow form stands of the following alliances: Batrachio aquatili-ranunculetum polyphylli, Bolboschoenetum maritimi continentale, Pholiuro-Plantaginetum tenuiflorae, Hordeetum histricis, Agrostio-Alopecuretum pratensis and Achilleo-Festucetum pseudovinae. Acknowledgement This study is part of the project TR31016»Improvement of field forage crops agronomy and grassland management«supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Serbia. 85

90 Knežević et al. References BELIĆ, M., V. HADŽIĆ, LJ. NEŠIĆ, J. VASIN, 2004: Karakteristike halomorfnih zemljišta Banata i mogućnost njihovog intenzivnijeg korišćenja. Zbornik radova, Naučni institut za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo, Novi Sad, 40, BENKA, P. & A. SALVAI, 2005: Digitalizacija pedološke karte Vojvodine za potrebe geografskog informacionog sistema. Melioracije u održivoj poljoprivredi, Departman za uređenje voda, Poljoprivreni fakultet, Novi Sad, ČANAK, M., S. PARABUĆSKI, M. KOJIĆ, 1978: Ilustrovana korovska flora Jugoslavije. Matica srpska. Novi Sad. DŽIGURSKI, D., A. KNEŽEVIĆ, B. LJEVNAIĆ-MAŠIĆ, 2011: Ecological and plant geographic analysis of the weed flora in organic production of rocket salad - Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. (Syn. Eruca sativa Miller) (Brassicaceae Burn., Capparidales). Journal on Processing and Energy in Agriculture, 15 (1), DŽIGURSKI, D., A. KNEŽEVIĆ, B. LJEVNAIĆ-MAŠIĆ, 2013: Ecological analysis of plant cover of grassland of solonchakic solonetz soil near Mužlja (Serbia). Acta herbologica, 22 (1), ĐUKIĆ, D., V. STEVOVIĆ, D. ĐUROVIĆ, O. ILIĆ, 2008: The effect of organic fertilizer on biomass yield and quality of natural meadows. Options mediterraneennes, Sustainable Mediterranean Grasslands and their Multi-Functions, 78, ERIĆ P., B. ĆUPINA, Đ. KRSTIĆ, S. VASILJEVIĆ, A. MOISUC, I. SAMFIRA, 2007: Floristički sastav i kvalitet zemljišta na prirodnim travnjacima Vojvodine. Zbornik radova Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo, 44 (1), GAJIĆ, M., 1980: Pregled vrsta flore SR Srbije sa biljnogeografskim oznakama. Glasnik Šumarskog fakulteta, serija A Šumarstvo, Beograd, 54, HAJEK, A., 2004: Natural enemies: an introduction to biological control. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. IUSS Working Group WRB, 2014: World Reference Base for Soil Resources International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps. World Soil Resources Reports, 106. FAO, Rome. JOSIFOVIĆ, M., : Flora SR Srbije I-IX. SANU, Beograd. KAR, P. K., 2013: Life form and primary productivity of an Indian grassland community. Biolife, 1, KNEŽEVIĆ, A., 1994: Monografija flore vaskularnih biljaka na slatinama u regionu Banata (Jugoslavija). Matica srpska, Novi Sad, Srbija. KNEŽEVIĆ, A., S. STOJANOVIĆ, S. MAŠIREVIĆ, LJ. NIKOLIĆ, B. LJEVNAIĆ, 2008: Korovi kao vektori bolesti i štetočina u organskoj proizvodnji povrća. Zbornik radova sa naučno-stručnog skupa» Savremene tehnologije za održivi razvoj gradova«, Banja Luka, Republika Srpska, KNEŽEVIĆ, A., B. LJEVNAIĆ-MAŠIĆ, D. DŽIGURSKI, 2010: Korovi kao vektori bolesti i štetočina pri organskoj proizvodnji rukole - Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. (syn. Eruca sativa Miller) (Brassicaceae Burn., Capparidales). Acta Biologica Jugoslavica, serija G: Acta herbologica, 19 (1), KNEŽEVIĆ, A., D. DŽIGURSKI, B. LJEVNAIĆ-MAŠIĆ, B. ĆUPINA, D. MILOŠEV, 2011: Plant cover of natural pastures located in the vicinity of the town of Novi Kneževac. Contemporary Agric./Savremena poljoprivreda, Novi Sad, 60 (1-2), KNEŽEVIĆ, A., B. LJEVNAIĆ-MAŠIĆ, D. DŽIGURSKI, B. ĆUPINA, 2013: Weeds in the flora of a natural grassland near the village of Bočar as possible hosts of pathogens and pests. Acta herbologica, 22 (1),

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93 Herbologia, Vol. 15, No. 1, 2015 DOI /Herb NATURAL MEADOW FLORA IN THE MELENCI VILLAGE SURROUNDINGS AS A POTENTIAL PATHOGEN AND PEST HOST AND VECTOR PART II ANALYZED FLORA AS POTENTIAL HOST AND VECTOR OF PATHOGENS AND PESTS * Aleksa Knežević, Branka Ljevnaić-Mašić, Dejana Džigurski, Vladimir Ćirić, Branko Ćupina University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Agruculture, Novi Sad, Serbia Abstract In the flora of natural meadows on solonetz in the Melenci settlement (Banat Vojvodina Serbia) 127 taxa were recorded. Of these, 122 taxa (118 species, three subspecies and one form) were used as the basis for analyzing the distribution of weeds and weed categories, as well as a foundation for examining the potential for the presence pathogens (viruses, fungi) and pests (insects, nematodes). According to the data reported by Čanak et al. (1978), 109 or 89.3% of the analyzed taxa are characterized as weeds. Among these, 37 taxa (i.e., 30.3%) are primarily weed-ruderal plants (WR), while 33 (27.1%) are primarily meadow weeds (MW), 27 (22.1%) are primarily ruderal plants (R), 8 (6.5%) are primarily aquatic weeds (AW), 3 (2.4%) are primarily segetal weeds (S) and 1 (0.8%) taxon is primarily a forest weed (FW). Based on the work of Kovačević (1976), 42 or 34.4% of the analyzed taxa are potential pathogen (fungi, viruses) and pest (insects, nematodes) hosts. Thus, the aforementioned 42 or 34.4% of the analyzed taxa are potential hosts to numerous viral diseases transmitted by the aphid Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and those is the Yellow fever virus group, as well as at least 59 fungi, at least 59 insect and at least 37 nematode taxa. The least desirable weeds in the studied natural meadows are the widely distributed taxa Cichorium intybus /WR/, Capsella bursa pastoris /WR/, Chenopodium album /WR/, Agropyrum repens /WR/, Cirsium arvense /WR/, Convolvulus arvensis /WR/, Plantago maior /WR/, Sinapis arvensis /WR/, Taraxacum officinale /WR/ and Ranunculus repens /MW- FW/. Collectively, these 10 taxa are potential hosts of numerous viral diseases in the Yellow fever virus group, as well as those transmitted by the Copyright 2015 by the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

94 Knežević et al. aphid Myzus persicae, and at least 36 fungi, 39 insect, and 17 nematode taxa. Biological spectrum of the analyzed flora (therophytes 30.3%, therophyte-hemicryptophytes 17.2%, hemicryptophytes 29.5%, geophytes 19.7%, hydrophytes 1.6%, chamaephytes 0.8% and hanerophytes 0.8%) indicates that, on the studied meadows, due to the ecological factors, therophytes dominate hemicryptophytes, while still allowing sufficient representation of geophytes. Correspondent analysis, aiming to establish relationships among the identified flora life forms and pathogens and pests, has confirmed that therophytes are the most common vectors or hosts for insects and fungi geophytes, while hemicryptophytes provide this function to nematodes. Keywords: natural grassland, weeds, pathogens (viruses, fungi), pests (insects, nematodes), life forms This paper is a continuation of the article Natural meadow flora in the Melenci village surroundings as a potential pathogen and pest host and vector (Part I) - Review of flora and vegetation (Knežević et al., 2015) in this journal. The chapters Introduction, Material and methods and a part of Results and discussion are referred to the above-mentioned citation. Results and discussion Of the 122 analyzed taxa on the natural meadow in the vicinity of Melenci village, on the basis of the criteria proposed by Čanak et al. (1978): 37 or 30.3% are primarily weed-ruderal plants (WR), 33 or 27.1% are primarily meadow weeds (MW), 27 or 22.1% are primarily ruderal plants (R), 8 or 6.5% are primarily aquatic weeds (AW), 3 or 2.4% are primarily segetal weeds (S), and 1 or 0.8% is primarily a forest weed (FW). Symbol? indicates that 13 or 10.6% of the analyzed taxa are not reported by Čanak et al. (1978) (Table 1). 90

95 Natural meadow flora in the Melenci village surroundings Part II Characterization according to the site Table 1. Weeds and halophytes in analyzed flora Number of plant species % S+ % S- % Weed-ruderal plant WR WR WR, MW WR, MW-FW Meadow weeds MW MW MW, R MW,WR MW-FW Ruderal plant R R R, WR R, MW R, MW-FW R, FW-MW Aquatic weeds AW AW AW-MW Segetal weeds S S S-MW Forest weeds FW (FW, MW!) 1 Not reported? ? ? (MW!) ? (AW!) Total Legend: MW meadow weeds; R ruderal plant; WR weed-ruderal plan; AW aquatic weeds; S segetal weeds; FW forest weeds;? not reported;! our opinion Of the aforementioned 37 or 30.3% primarily weed-ruderal plants (WR) analyzed, 30 or 24.6% are weed-ruderal plants in a narrower sense (WR), 6 or 4.9% are weed-ruderal plants and meadow weeds (WR, MW), and one (0.8%) is a weed-ruderal plant, meadow-forest weed (WR, MW- FW). Among these 37 or 30.3% primarily weed-ruderal plants (WR), 8 or 6.5% were characterized by the ecological index S +, while 29 or 23.8% by the ecological index S -. 91

96 Knežević et al. Of the aforementioned 33 or 27.1% primarily meadow weeds (MW) analyzed, 18 or 14.8% are meadow weeds in a narrower sense (MW), 4 or 3.3% are meadow weeds and ruderal plants (MW, R), 9 or 7.4% are meadow weeds and weed-ruderal plants (MW, WR), and 2 or 1.6% are meadow-forest weeds (MW-FW). Among these 33 or 27.1% primarily meadow weeds (MW), 4 or 3.3% were characterized by the ecological index S +, and 29 or 23.8% by the ecological index S -. Of the 27 or 22.1% primarily ruderal plants (R) analyzed, 15 or 12.3% are ruderal plants in a narrower sense (R), one or 0.8% is a ruderal plant and weed-ruderal plant (R, WR), 6 or 4.9% are ruderal plants and meadow weeds (R, MW), 4 or 3.3% are ruderal plants and meadow-forest weeds (R, MW-FW), and one or 0.8% is a ruderal plant and forest-meadow weed (R, FW-MW). Among these 27 or 22.1% primarily ruderal plants (R), 6 or 4.9% were characterized by the ecological index S +, and 21 or 17.2% by the ecological index S -. Of the 8 or 6.5% primarily aquatic weeds (AW) analyzed, 7 or 5.7% are aquatic weeds in a narrower sense (AW), while one or 0.8% is an aquatic weed and meadow weed (AW-MW). Among these 8 or 6.5% primarily aquatic weeds (AW), 3 or 2.5% were characterized by the ecological index S +, and 5 or 4.1% by the ecological index S -. Of the 3 or 2.4% primarily segetal weeds (S) analyzed, 2 or 1.6% are s segetal weeds in a narrower sense (S), while one or 0.8% is a segetalmeadow weed (S-MW). Among these 3 or 2.4% primarily segetal weeds (S), one or 0.8% was characterized by the ecological index S +, and 2 or 1.6% by the ecological index S -. One or 0.8% of the analyzed taxa is a forest weed and was characterized by the ecological index S -. However, in our opinion, this taxon (Cerastium dubium) is a meadow weed in the analyzed grasslands; thus, we have characterized it as (FW, MW!). Of the 13 or 10.6% analyzed taxa denoted by the symbol?, in our opinion, in the studied meadow, due to the ecological specificity, 11 or 9.0% taxa characterized by the ecological index S + are not weeds, while of the 2 or 1.6% characterized by the ecological index S -, one (0.8%) is a meadow weed /? (MW!)/, while one (0.8%) is an aquatic weed /? (AW!)/. Thus, of the 122 analyzed taxa of the natural meadow in the vicinity of the Melenci village, 109 or 89.3% were characterized by Čanak et al. (1978) as weeds, while 13 or 10.6% taxa that were not reported by Čanak et al. (1978) we denoted with the? symbol. Among the taxa labeled 92

97 Natural meadow flora in the Melenci village surroundings Part II with?, according to the criteria proposed by Landolt (Landolt, 1977; Knežević 1994), 11 (9.0%) and 2 (1.6%) were characterized by the ecological index S + and S -, respectively. In our view, these 2 or 1.6% taxa characterized by the ecological index S -, to which we initially assigned the symbol?, are still weeds (!). Thus, according to this perspective, weeds in the flora of the natural meadows of the Melenci area are represented by 111 or 90.9% analyzed taxa. However, acknowledging the view that taxa characterized by the ecological index S -, to which we initially assigned the symbol?, are still weeds in the studied habitat, our position is that those characterized by the ecological index S +, which are according to Čanak et al. (1978) characterized as weeds, in the studied habitat, due to the ecological specificity, are actually not weeds. According to the above, 33 or 27.1% taxa characterized by the ecological index S +, in the plant cover of the natural meadow on solonetz in the vicinity of Melenci village, are not weeds. Because they are, within their ecological valences, adapted to halomorphic soils, they belong to the ecological category halophytes and are the ecological specificity of the studied meadow. Hence, according to this view, weeds are, within the natural meadow flora of the Melenci area, represented by 89 or 72.9% analyzed taxa characterized by the ecological index S -. Regardless of which of the aforementioned criteria we adopted, it is evident that, in the analyzed flora, weeds are highly represented. This further confirms that they are very important as a potential source of infestation of the surrounding crops, while some are also possible pathogen (viruses, fungi) and pest (insects, nematodes) vectors for the cultivated plants in their vicinity. More specifically, of the 122 analyzed taxa of the natural meadow flora on solonetz in the Melenci area, according to the data reported by Kovačević (1976), 80 or 65.6% taxa are not pathogen (viruses, fungi) and pest (insects, nematodes) hosts, while 42 or 34.4% taxa are pathogen (viruses, fungi) and pest (insects, nematodes) hosts. Collectively, these 42, or 34.4% of the taxa analyzed, based on the data reported by Kovačević (1976), are potential hosts to numerous viral diseases transmitted by the aphid Myzus persica (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and those in the Yellow fever virus group, along with at least 59 fungi, at least 59 insect, and at least 37 nematode taxa. 93

98 Knežević et al. More specifically, among these 42 taxa: one (taxon no. 30), or 0.8% of the aforementioned taxa, is a host to viruses, fungi, insects and nematodes, one (taxon no. 31), or 0.8% of the aforementioned taxa, is a host to viruses, fungi and insects, one (taxon no. 21), or 0.8% of the aforementioned taxa, is a host to viruses, insects and nematodes, seven (taxa no. 4, 32, 34, 83, 95, 103 and 105), or 5.7% of the aforementioned taxa, are hosts to fungi, insects and nematodes, four (taxa no. 39, 78, 90 and 104), or 3.3% of the aforementioned taxa, are hosts to fungi and insects, one (taxon no. 46), or 0.8% of the aforementioned taxa, is a host to fungi and nematodes, three (taxa no. 1, 77 and 87), or 2.4% of the aforementioned taxa, are hosts to insects and nematodes, ten (taxa no. 7, 18, 35, 42, 69, 70, 81, 82, 96 and 114), or 8.2% of the aforementioned taxa, are hosts to fungi only, nine (taxa no. 22, 28, 33, 37, 47, 51, 60, 71 and 120), or 7.4% of the aforementioned taxa, are hosts to insects only, and five (taxa no. 10, 84, 88, 102 and 115), or 4.1% of the aforementioned taxa, are hosts to nematodes only. The analyzed flora does not contain any taxa that are hosts to viruses only. However, one of its characteristics is that, one taxon (Cichorium inybus, which is a potential host to fungi and insects), is a likely host to numerous viral diseases from the Yellow fever virus group, while two (Capsella bursa pastoris as a potential insect and nematode host, and Chenopodium album, which is a potential host to fungi, insects and nematodes) are potential hosts to numerous viral diseases transmitted by the aphid Myzus persicae. These three taxa (Cichorium inybus Sub-Eurasian, Capsella bursa pastoris Cosmopolitan, and Chenopodium album Cosmopolitan) and the seven taxa that are potential hosts to fungi, insects and nematodes (Agropyrum repens Eurasian, Cirsium arvense Sub-Eurasian, Convolvulus arvensis Cosmopolitan, Plantago maior Eurasian, Ranunculus repens Eurasian, Sinapis arvensis Sub-Eurasian and Taraxacum officinale Eurasian) are widely distributed taxa (Gajić, 1980). Collectively, these ten taxa are potential hosts to numerous viral diseases from the Yellow fever virus group, as well as those transmitted by the aphid Myzus persicae, at least 36 fungi, at least 39 insect and at least 94

99 Natural meadow flora in the Melenci village surroundings Part II 17 nematode taxa. With the exception of Ranunculus repens as a meadowforest weed, all are weed-ruderal plants (Čanak et al. 1978). As a result, these are the least desirable weeds on the studied natural meadow. Among the remaining weeds in the studied meadow flora, with respect to their undesirability, the most significant are: (1) fungi hosts Pastinaca sativa (as a host to 7 fungi taxa) and Trifolium pratense (as a host to 8 fungi taxa), (2) insect hosts Pastinaca sativa (as a host to 4 insect taxa) and Polygonum aviculare (as a host to 3 insect taxa), and (3) nematode hosts Poa annua (as a host to at least 8 nematode taxa) and Trifolium repens (as a host to at least 23 nematode taxa). The studied flora is dominated by therophytes (37 taxa; 30.3%) and hemicryptophytes (36 taxa; 29.5%), Table 2. Table 2. Plant life forms in analyzed flora Life form Taxon % Therophytes (t) Hemicryptophytes (h) Therophytes-Hemicryptophytes (u) Geophytes (g) Hydrophhytes (a) Chamephytes (c) Phanerophytes (n) Total In order to establish the relationship among the individual recorded life forms and prevalence of the pathogens (viruses, fungi) and pests (insects, nematodes) they transmit, correspondent analysis was performed. The results it yielded indicated that therophytes are typically insect vectors or hosts, while geophytes are vectors or hosts for fungi, and hemicryptophytes for nematodes (Fig. 1). 95

100 Knežević et al. Fig. 1. Correspondent analysis among the recognized life forms and the prevalence of pathogens (viruses, fungi) and pests (insects, nematodes) they transmit Conclusions Among the 122 taxologically and ecologically characteristic taxa of the natural meadow flora on solonetz in the Melenci village surroundings (Banat Vojvodina Serbia): 37 or 30.3% are primarily weed-ruderal plants (WR), 33 or 27.1% are primarily meadow weeds (MW), 27 or 22.1% are primarily ruderal plants (R), 8 or 6.5% are aquatic weeds (AW), 3 or 2.4% are primarily segetal weeds (S), 1 or 0.8% is a forest weed (FW) and 13 or 10.6% are not characterized as weeds. Of the analyzed taxa, 42 or 34.4% are either pathogen (viruses, fungi) or pest (insects, nematodes) hosts. Collectively, these 42 or 34.4% analyzed taxa are potential hosts to numerous viral diseases transmitted by the aphid Myzus persica (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and those from the Yellow fever virus group, at least 59 fungi, at least 59 insect, and at least 37 nematode taxa. The least desirable weeds on the studied meadow are the widely distributed weed-ruderal /WR/ plants Cichorium inybus, Capsella 96

101 Natural meadow flora in the Melenci village surroundings Part II bursa pastoris, Chenopodium album, Agropyrum repens, Cirsium arvense, Convolvulus arvensis, Plantago maior, Ranunculus repens, and Sinapis arvensis, Taraxacum officinale, as well as the widely distributed meadowforest /MW-FW/ weed Ranunculus repens. Correspondent analysis among the recognized life forms and the prevalence of pathogens (viruses, fungi) and pests (insects, nematodes) they transmit has revealed that therophytes are typically insect vectors or hosts, while geophytes are vectors or hosts for fungi, and hemicryptophytes for nematodes. In sum, the plant cover of the natural meadow on solonetz in the Melenci village surroundings is a suitable habitat for numerous weed species and the development of numerous pathogens (viruses, fungi) and pests (insects, nematodes) on these, which considerably reduces the agricultural yield on the cultivated land in the vicinity, subjected to intensive plant production. Acknowledgement This study is part of the project TR31016»Improvement of field forage crops agronomy and grassland management«supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Serbia. References ČANAK, M., S. PARABUĆSKI, M. KOJIĆ, 1978: Ilustrovana korovska flora Jugoslavije. Matica srpska. Novi Sad. GAJIĆ, M., 1980: Pregled vrsta flore SR Srbije sa biljnogeografskim oznakama. Glasnik Šumarskog fakulteta, serija A Šumarstvo, Beograd, 54, KNEŽEVIĆ, A., 1994: Monografija flore vaskularnih biljaka na slatinama u regionu Banata (Jugoslavija). Matica srpska, Novi Sad, Srbija. KOVAČEVIĆ, J., 1976: Korovi u poljoprivredi. Nakladni zavod, Znanje, Zagreb, LANDOLT, E., 1977: Ökologische Zeigerwerte zur Schweizer Flora. Veröffentlichungen des Geobotanischen Institutes der ETH, Stiftung Rübel, 64. Heft. Zürich, Germany. 97

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103 Herbologia, Vol. 15, No. 1, 2015 DOI /Herb STUDY OF THE USE OF N SENSOR IN WEED COVERED FIELDS OF WINTER WHEAT * István Borsiczky, Erzsébet Enzsöl, Balázs Farkas, Péter Reisinger 1 1 University of West Hungary, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, 9200 Mosonmagyaróvár, Hungary, reisinge@mtk.nyme.hu Summary Nitrogen top-dressing of winter wheat at spring is an essential element of crop production. Both the experiments and the producers experiences prove that nitrogen top-dressing carried out once or in two different times has significant effects which increase the yield and improve the quality. Application of the optimal volumes of N fertilizer may decrease lodging on cereal fields before harvest. The necessary N dose is generally determined by means of soil and leaf analyses. The so-called N sensor (Green Seeker) has recently been developed opening new ways for planning the application of N fertilizer in winter wheat. Initial successes are somehow influenced by the fact that at the first N top-dressing at spring on wheat field without chemical weed control in autumn, the sensor measures the mass of weeds thus providing unreal results for the proper determination of the necessary N application. The objective with the experiments was to find correlations on the extent of the role of weed cover in deforming the data obtained with sensor measurements. Keywords: winter wheat, application of nitrogen fertilizer, OpTrix sensor, weeds. Introduction, scientific antecedent Similarly to other crops grown in Hungary, several models for the nutrient management of winter wheat have been worked out in recent decades (Balla; Szalay 2010). Both the experiments and the producers experiences prove that nitrogen top-dressing carried out once or in two different times has significant effects which increase the yield and improve the quality. Application of the optimal volumes of N fertilizer may decrease lodging on cereal fields before harvest. Copyright 2015 by the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

104 Borsiczky et al. The necessary N dose is generally determined by means of soil and leaf analyses. Disadvantage of the planning for N top-dressing based on leaf test is the huge costs limiting the number of samples therefore the obtained results may be evaluated only at field level. With the development of precision nutritional methods (Németh et al. 2007) local treatments have become possible requiring other types of input data collection and sample testing. An N sensor has recently been developed and placed on the market opening new ways for measuring different plant status within the field and for applying the rates of N fertilizer based on the so-called Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Theoretic studies concerning the index of NDVI started in early 1970s in the USA. Colwell s researches (1974) demonstrated that there were close correlations between the quantity, the morphological and physiological status of the plants and the red and near infrared radiation reflected by the plants. The foreign studies primarily focused on satellite remote sensing and most of the related literature has been published in this field. Earlier domestic studies examined the spectral conditions between the plants and the soil with near earth methods (Tamás et al. 2004). The related Hungarian research was motivated by the management program focusing on the control of ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) (Kardeván et al., 2004; Kőmíves et al., 2006; Tamás et al., 2006.). A comprehensive study was published on the effect of summer heat wave on the growth stages and the relation of the changes in the NDVI values in Hungary (Kern et al., 2008). Material and methods Geographical and climatic data The trial was carried out in a wheat field of hectares owned by Farkas Kft. Igal 2 in Zimány village (Somogy County) in 2013 spring. The field is located north-east from Kaposvár in the Somogy hill. Soil type: Raman brown forest soil. The soil ph is 6.1 (it is heterogeneous within the field: ph ), the Arany-type mechanical composition is 42 (standard deviation: 39-43). Humus content: 1.5% (ranges between ). Most of the area is flat, with a narrow slight slope toward west. Agronomic data Maize was grown in the field in After the maize harvest, the fertilizer advisory service issued recommendation, based on earlier soil 100

105 Study of the use of N sensor in weed covered fields of winter wheat test, for applying 151 kg/ha of fertilizer Timac NP 38 (N 8, P 30) followed by 94 kg/ha CAN (ceric ammonium nitrate) and 118 kg/ha potassium salt (K-fertilizer) (60%). Soil cultivation (without turning) was made with CTS on 17 October. Wheat was sown the following day using 230 kg/ha seeds of class II winter wheat variety Assano under optimal weather and soil conditions. Winter wheat germination was typical for the year in October, in good conditions and entered winter in uniform stand. Description of weed survey Weed survey was made on using the Balázs-Ujvárosi coenological method (Balázs 1944) by marking the sampling sites with GPS identifiers. The AgLeader-type palm computer was used (Figure 1). Figure 1. Weed survey and NDVI measurement with AgLeader-type palm computer and portable Green Seeker The work plan of Weed survey and geographic position system started by determining the limits of field edges. Then the AgLeader-type palm computer divided the field into 0.5 ha cells with the help of grid cells. The 54 2x2 m sampling sites of weed survey were placed in the centre of the squares of the net. Serial numbers were given to the sampling points placed in the centres of the matrix then the initial point necessary for the weed survey and the work direction within the field were determined. 101

106 Borsiczky et al. Then the instrument was put in the navigation function and weed survey started on the first sampling site. First the weed survey generally focused on the weed species having the largest weed cover, and so it was followed until the coverage of all the weed species available on the sampling area was determined. The coverage of the winter wheat was estimated then the values of the coverage of weed species and winter wheat was added and thus the size of soil surface not covered by plants was determined by calculation. The NDVI values were also measured on the sampling areas of weed survey. The device stored both the site identification data and the NDVI values in the form of electric signs. The GreenSeeker portable device was used to measure the NDVI vegetation index. The vegetation index (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) is a number which expresses the activity of the vegetation on a particular area. The NDVI correlates with both the specific chlorophyll content and the growth stages of the crops on the area. This feature of the NDVI index can also be used to calculate the nutritional doses. Data in the columns of the Excel table: serial number of the sample, site identifiers (longitude, latitude), cover values of the different weed species and NDVI. The lines of the table show the quantitative data on the particular sample. The software Statistica (version 11; StatSoft, Inc ) was used for the statistical analyses. The characteristics of samples taken from areas of wheat without weed and wheat with weed were studied; descriptive statitics of variables (valid N, mean, minimum, maximum, standard deviation, standard error). Linear relation was searched between the plant cover and the measured NDVI values on wheat areas with and without weed species. First the NDVI values (dependent variable) were expressed as function of plant cover (independent variable) in both cases. Linear regression was used to analyse the obtained point masses with the method of least square estimation. The regression relation was expressed with regression equation. Characteristics of the regression were determined: the (Spearman-) linear correlation coefficient (r), the resulting squared value (r 2 ), i.e. the coefficient of determination that shows how far the independent variable influences the dependent variable, then the adequate significance analyses are carried out. Hypothesis analyses were made to justify that the NDVI values of areas with and without weed (NDVI 1, NDVI 2 ) cover significantly differ from each other (t-test) (Rencher, A. C. 2002; Sváb, J. 1973). 102

107 Study of the use of N sensor in weed covered fields of winter wheat Results Weed cover on the field On the experimental field 13 weed species were detected and surveyed and table 1 shows the average weed covers and weed occurrences. Serial number Table 1. Order of dominance of the weed species Name of the weeds Coverage% (average) Min-Max values Occurrence % 1. Veronica hederifolia Stellaria media Matricaria inodora Cirsium arvense Galium aparine Consolida regalis Brassica napa Lamium amplexicaule Anthemis arvensis Capsella bursa-pastoris , Thlaspi arvense Sinapis arvensis Papaver rhoeas Great total: 7.27 The table clearly shows that the dominant species was Veronica hederifolia. This species gave 86% of the total coverage; its occurrence includes 57.5% of the sampling area. It is particularly noticeable that it occurred with large coverage (62.5%) on certain sampling areas. The data of the 5 field weed surveys made in different periods show that the significance of V. hederifolia increases during the period of spring weed survey of winter wheat (Novák et al., 2009) (table 2). Table 2. Coverage by Veronica hederifolia between 1947 and 2008 Periods Order of importance of V. hederifolia The significant presence of V. hederifolia in the winter wheat areas is caused by several reasons. It germinates in autumn, greatly increases its 103

108 Borsiczky et al. vegetative mass in the light winter days and blossoms in late winter. By the time of chemical weed control carried out in early spring the seeds ripen and have no response to most herbicide active substances. V. hederifolia in the generative phase is of yellowish colour, the leaves show symptoms of ageing and all this may have an effect on the NDVI values. The NDVI index of the wheat with and without weeds Plant cover was evaluated on 10 and 44 sampling areas using the Balázs-Ujvárosi methodology and the NDVI values were studied for wheat with and without weeds. Descriptive statistics of variables (valid N, mean, minimum, maximum, standard deviation, standard error) are shown in table 3 for the samples. The obtained data show that the plant cover data and the NDVI minimum values were almost similar for both the wheat with and without weeds (50, 50; 0.54, 0.55), but clearly visible differences were observed with the maximum values (93.8, 98.1; 0.84, 0.88) and the means (66.6, 72.3; 0.67, 0.75). The higher numbers concerning both the plant covers and the NDVI values were given by the wheat properties with weeds therefore it seems justified to look for relation between the plant cover data and the NDVI values. Significantly higher values of standard error were obtained for both estimates in case of wheat without weeds than wheat with weeds (plant cover and NDVI) (16.3; 0.11 and 12, 0.08). Table 3. Descriptive statistics of variables, plant cover and NDVI (valid N, mean, minimum, maximum, standard deviation, standard error) Variable Wheat without weeds (%) NDVI 1 Wheat with weeds (%) NDVI 2 Descriptive Statistics (IGAL 2 wheat ) Valid N Mean Minimum Maximum Std.Dev. Standard Error 10 66,6 50,0 93,8 16,3 5, ,67 0,54 0,84 0,11 0, ,3 50,0 98,1 12,0 1, ,75 0,55 0,88 0,08 0,01 Analysing the obtained values, two examinations are justified: 1. Linear correlation was searched between the plant cover and the NDVI when studying the wheat with and without weeds. 2. Statistical test was used to study whether the difference between the means of NDVI values is significant in the two cases. First the correlation between the wheat plant cover without weeds and the NDVI values measured on the same areas was analysed (figure 2). 104

109 Study of the use of N sensor in weed covered fields of winter wheat The study of the adjusted linear regression line shows that the linear correlation between the two variables is significant (p= ; error of the estimate ), very close (r=0.9467), the plant cover determine the NDVI by 89.6%. The regression coefficient (b=0.0064) expresses that the unit change of plant cover entails the change of the NDVI values (table 4). Figure 2. Linear correlation between the plant cover (%) and the NDVI 1 of wheat without weeds Table 4. Comparison of linear regression between the plant cover (%) and the NDVI 1 of wheat without weeds. Similarly the figure was drawn (figure 3) and the statistical analyses made between the plant cover with weeds (%) and the measured NDVI 2 value. 105

110 Borsiczky et al. The analysis shows that the linear correlation between the two measured variables is medium strong (r=0.6561), significant (p= ; error of the estimate 0.624), the plant cover determines the NDVI by 43%. The b regression coefficient (b=0.0045) expresses that the unit change of plant cover entails the change of the NDVI values (table 5). Figure 3. Linear correlation between the plant cover (%) and the NDVI 2 of wheat with weeds Table 5. Comparison of linear regression between the plant cover (%) and the NDVI 2 of wheat with weeds. Then the means of NDVI values measured on areas with and without weeds were described as usual (means with standard error and its multiplication by 1.96) (figure 4). 106

111 Study of the use of N sensor in weed covered fields of winter wheat Finally hypothesis analyses were made to justify that the NDVI values measured on the two types of areas significantly differ from each other. Means of the two variables are 0.67 and 0.75, and the standard deviations are 0.11 and First it was assumed (as null hypothesis) that the standard deviation of the two variables is equal, and as an alternative hypothesis, that they are different with 95% probability. The F-test proved that there are no significant differences between the standard deviation of the variables (p=0.191; p>0.05). Knowing this it was assumed that the means do not significantly differ from each other, either, with 95% probability. The result of t-test was that the null hypothesis is fault in this case (p=0.012; p <0.05), i.e. the difference of NDVI 1 and NDVI 2 is significant, and the difference of NDVI can statistically be justified on the wheat areas with and without weeds (table 6). Figure 4. Characteristics of NDVI values (NDVI 1, NDVI 2 ) of wheat areas with and without weed cover Table 6. Hypothesis analyses between the NDVI values (NDVI 1, NDVI 2 ) of wheat areas with and without weed cover 107

112 Borsiczky et al. Conclusion and proposals It is therefore clear that there is a very close correlation between the plant cover and the NDVI value of wheat without weeds in case of linear relation. In wheat with weeds, this correlation is medium strong. It can be stated with 95% probability that the average NDVI values of wheat with and without weeds significantly differ from each other. The difference can be justified by the presence of weed species; mainly the dominant occurrence of V. hederifolia germinating in autumn and overwintering may have caused the change of NDVI value. This species reached the generative phase by the time of weed survey, it blossomed and produced seeds. The leaves showed symptoms of ageing, and the yellowish colour refers to the decrease of chlorophyll content. A close correlation is found between the NDVI value and the leaf area index (LAI) (Toby et al., 1997). This is probably the explanation of the different NDVI value between the wheat stand with and without weeds. From the study results it can be concluded for the practical weed management that chemical weed control of weed species germinating both in autumn and spring (Therophyton 1 and Therophyton 2) should be made in autumn. In Hungary, weed control in wheat can only be carried out on 5-10% of the area in autumn. The gradual spread of the precision nitrogen top dressing at spring based on NDVI measurement may eliminate the disturbing effect of weeds and no error can be committed in the site specific determination of N doses. Literature Balázs, F. (1944): A növénycönológiai felvételek készítésének újabb módja. Botanikai Közlemények 41, Balla, L., Szalay L. Búza. (in. Szerk. Radics L.) (2010): Fenntartható szemléletű szántóföldi növénytermesztéstan I. Agroinform Kiadó Kft. Budapest Carlson, T. N.; Ripley, D. A. (1997).: On the relation between NDVI, fractional vegetation cover, and leaf area index, Remote Sensing of Environment Volume 62, Issue 3, Colwell, J.E., (1974).: Vegetation canopy reflectance. Remote Sens. Environ., 3, Kern, A., Barcza, Z., Bartholy, J., Pongrácz, R., Timár, G., Ferencz, Cs., (2008): Analysis of MODIS NDVI time series for Hungary in 2007: detecting the phenological impacts of the summer heatwave. Geophys. Res. Abstracts, Vol. 10, General Assembly of the European Geophysical Union. Vienna, Austria, April, SRef-ID: /gra/EGU2008-A Kőmíves T., Béres I., Reisinger P., Lehoczky É., Berke J., Tamás J., Páldy A., Csornai G., Nádor G., Kardeván P., Mikulás J., Gólya G., Molnár J. (2006): A parlagfű elleni integrált védekezés új stratégiai programja. Magyar Gyomkutatás és Technológia. (Hungarian Weed Research and Technology) 7. (1)

113 Study of the use of N sensor in weed covered fields of winter wheat Németh T., Neményi M., Harnos Zs. (szerk.) (2007): A precíziós mezőgazdaság módszertana. JATE Press-MTA TAKI. Szeged. ISBN: Novák, R., Dancza, I., Szentey, L., Karamán J. (2009): Magyarország szántóföldjeinek gyomnövényzete. FVM Budapest Kardeván, P., Jung, A., Reisinger, P., Nagy, S. (2004): A parlagfű (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) reflektancia spektrumainak meghatározása terepi mérésekkel. Magyar Gyomkutatás és Technológia (Hungarian Weed Research and Technology) 5. (1) Rencher, Alvin C., (2002): Methods of Multivariate Analysis, Second Edition, A Wiley-Interscience publication. ISBN Sváb, J. (1973): Biometriai módszerek a kutatásban, Mezőgazdasági Kiadó, Budapest Tamás J., Reisinger P. (2004): Széles spektrumú kézi kamera alkalmazhatósága a terepi gyomfelvételezés során Magyar Gyomkutatás és Technológia (Hungarian Weed Research and Technology) 5. (2) Tamás, J., Reisinger, P., Burai, P., David I. (2006).: Geostatistical analysis of spatial heterogenity of Ambrosia artemisiifolia on Hungarian acid sandy soil. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz Sonderheft XX,

114 Herbologia, Vol. 15, No. 1, 2015, INSTRUCTION TO AUTHORS IN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL HERBOLOGIA One copy of manuscript in English should be submitted by or as a hard (paper) copy and a compact disc. Manuscripts should be computer typed in MS Word, single spaced, on the page (paper) format of B5, font of Times New Roman, font size 12 (address of the authors, keywords and list of references with font size 10). The text lines should be justified. The length of the paper can be up to eight pages. The paper should start with the title of the article, the names of each author, his/her institution, address and address. Abstract would not exceed 300 words or 20 lines. Keywords, up to two lines long, should be listed below the abstract. Main text includes intruduction, materials and methods, results and discussion. Footnotes should be avoided. SI units should be used. Reference list should be ordered alphabetically. Examples: AUTHOR, X.Y. & Z.Q. AUTHOR, 2001: Title of article, Journal title in Italics, 12, Or: AUTHOR, A., B. AUTHOR, 1998: Book title (ed. GH Editor). Publisher, Place, Country. Figures and tables should be numbered consecutively and should have an appropriate caption or legend. Scientific names and Latin words et al. should be in italic. When a plant name is repeated, it can be abbreviated, e.g. C. album. For crop plants, common English names are used, but the scientific name can be given in parentheses at the first mention in the main text, e.g. oats (Avena sativa). Both British and American forms of common names can be used (e.g. corn and maize, alfalfa and lucerne etc.), up to the choice of the author. For herbicides and other chemicals, in Materials and methods, one should state common approved names and trade names, e.g. glyphosate (Roundup 360 a.i. L -1, Monsanto), and thereafter only trade names. Dose of herbicides should be expressed in terms of active ingredient (e.g. a.i. ha -1 ). 110

115 Herbologia, Vol. 15, No. 1, 2015, Referees of the papers in the Herbologia Vol. 15, No. 1/2015 Katerina Hamouzova, Prague Anikó Farkas, Szada Gabriella Kazinczi, Kaposvar Mira Knežević, Osijek Vaclav Kohout, Prague Senka Milanova, Kostinbrod Milena Simić, Belgrade Dubravka Šoljan, Sarajevo Štefan Tyr, Nitra 111

116 Welcome to ISAA 2016 Creating, Bridging and Sharing the Values of Adjuvant Technology. That is the inspiring theme for the 11 th International Symposium on Adjuvants for Agrochemicals (ISAA 2016). ISAA 2016 will be held in the Monterey Conference Center, Monterey, California, USA, during June 20-24, The coming months we will you inform more in detail about ISAA 2016 and about the diverse venue of this event. Sponsorship opportunities ISAA 2016 has defined the sponsorship opportunities for the triannial event in Monterey, California. Click on the slideshow to read the sponsorship information in detail (PDF, 3 MB). Instructions to contributors The instructions to contributors (author instructions, timetable) are now online. ISAA 2016 symposium details: Title: 11 th International Symposium on Adjuvants for Agrochemicals (ISAA 2016) Hyperlink: Dates: June 20-24, 2016 Organizer: International Society for Agrochemical Adjuvants (ISAA Society) Country: USA City: Monterey We hope to see you in Monterey, Solito Sumulong President Symposium Committee Winfield Solutions, LLC