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10 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT Annexure - 4 Study of biological environment is one of the important aspects in Environmental Impact Assessment in view of the need for conservation of Environmental quality. A detailed enumeration of species was carried out. Occurrences of flora at various locations were observed and typical plant species were collected. The visual observations of plants were recorded with a view to obtaining some idea about the relative density of certain species and their predominance. The proposed site is medium sized hilly area, lying on the slopes and sides of an existing quarry, used for the plantations such as rubber. On either side of the existing quarry, rubber plantations were dominated with some typical habitation of small grasses and other herbs. However, on the upper reaches natural vegetation were seen with a good number of arboreal elements and other plants such as herbs, shrubs and climbers. Most of the wild trees were distributed towards the higher reaches of the proposed site and others were on the side of the existing quarry FLORAL ASPECTS The proposed mining site is about ha. hilly area with an existing abandoned quarry area situated inside the proposed site. Human habitation is far away from the site. The list of floral species reported from the survey area as follows :- Table 1. Plants recorded from the proposed quarry site Sr. No. Name Family 95. Acasia sp. Fabaceae 96. Adaintum lunulatum Adiantaceae 97. Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. Simaroubiaceae 98. Albizia chinensis (Osbeck) Merr. Fabaceae 99. Alloteropsis semialata (R.Br.) Hitch. Poaceae 100. Anacardium occidentale L. Anacardiaceae 101. Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Moraceae 102. Artocarpus hirsutus Lam. Moraceae 103. Asparagus racemosus Willd. Liliaceae 104. Asplenium sp. Aspleniaceae 105. Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss Bambusaceae November,
11 106. Bambusa striata Lodd. ex Lindl. Bambusaceae 107. Barleria sp. Acanthaceae 108. Bauhinia acuminata L. Fabaceae 109. Blumea laevis (Lour.) Merr. Asteraceae 110. Bombax ceiba L. Bombacaceae 111. Bombax insigne Wall. Bombacaceae 112. Breynia retusa (Dennst.) Alston, Ann Euphorbiaceae 113. Briedelia stipularis (L.) Blume Euphorbiaceae 114. Calopogonium mucunoides Desv. Fabaceae 115. Calycopteris floribunda Lam. Combretaceae 116. Capsicum annum L. Solanaceae 117. Caryota urens L. Arecaceae 118. Cassia fistula L. Fabaceae 119. Chassalia curviflora (Wall. ex Kurz) Thw. Rubiaceae 120. Chassalia curviflora (Wall. ex Kurz) Thw. var. ophioxyloides (Wall.) Deb & Krishna Rubiaceae 121. Christella sp. Thelypteridaceae 122. Chromolaena odorata (L.) King & Robins. Asteraceae 123. Conyza stricta Willd. Asteraceae 124. Cyclea peltata (Lam.) Hook. f. & Thoms. Menispermaceae 125. Cyperus castaneus Willd. Cyperaceae 126. Cyperus diffusus Vahl, Enum. Cyperaceae 127. Desmodium triquetrum (L.) DC. Fabaceae 128. Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. Dilleniaceae 129. Elephantopus scaber L. Asteraceae 130. Eranthemum capense L. Acanthaceae 131. Erythrina suberosa Roxb. Fabaceae 132. Ficus hispida L. Moraceae 133. Ficus racemosa L. Moraceae 134. Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp. Fabaceae 135. Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) DC. Rutaceae 136. Grewia abutilifolia Vent. ex Juss. Tiliaceae 137. Grewia tiliifolia Vahl Tiliaceae 138. Helicteres isora L. Sterculiaceae November,
12 139. Heliotropium indicum L. Boraginaceae 140. Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. Periplocaceae 141. Hibiscus canescens Heyne ex Wight & Arn. Malvaceae 142. Hibiscus hispidissimus Griff. Malvaceae 143. Holarrhena pubescens (Buch.-Ham.) Wall. ex G. Don, Gen. Apocyanacea 144. Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. Lamiaceae 145. Ichnocarpus frutescens (L.) R. Br. Apocyanacea 146. Jasminum cuspidatum Rottl. Oleaceae 147. Jatropha gossypifolia L. Euphorbiaceae 148. Lantana camara L. Verbenaceae 149. Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link, Enum. Lamiaceae 150. Lygodium flexuosum (Linn.) Sw. Schizaeaceae 151. Macaranga peltata (Roxb.) Muell.-Arg. Euphorbiaceae 152. Mangifera indica L. Anacardiaceae 153. Merremia vitifolia (Burm. f.) Hall. f. Convolvulaceae 154. Microstachys chamaelea (L.) Muell.-Arg. Euphorbiaceae 155. Mikania micrantha Kunth Asteraceae 156. Mimosa pudica L. Fabaceae 157. Mitracarpus hirtus (L.) DC. Rubiaceae 158. Olea paniculata R. Br. Oleaceae 159. Paspalum conjugatum Berg. Poaceae 160. Paspalum scrobiculatum L. Poaceae 161. Passiflora foetida L. var. hispida (DC.) Killip ex Gleasson Passifloraceae 162. Pennisetum polystachyon (L.) Schult. Poaceae 163. Phyllanthus emblica L. Euphorbiaceae 164. Phyllanthus rheedei Wight, Ic. t. Euphorbiaceae 165. Piper nigrum L. Piperaceae 166. Pityrogramma calomelanos (L.) Link Hemionitidaceae 167. Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng. Lamiaceae 168. Pseuderanthemum malabaricum (Clarke) Gamble Acanthaceae 169. Pteris argyraceae Pteridaceae 170. Pteris sp. Pteridaceae November,
13 171. Pterospermum acerifolium (L.) Willd. Sterculiaceae 172. Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb.) Benth. Fabaceae 173. Pycnospora lutescens (Poir.) Schind. Fabaceae 174. Scoparia dulcis L. Scrophulariaceae 175. Seidenfia rheedei (Sw.) Szlach. Orchidaceae 176. Selaginella sp. Selaginellaceae 177. Smilax zeylanica L. Smilaxaceae 178. Stephania japonica (Thunb.) Miers Menispermaceae 179. Strychnos nux-vomica L. Loganiaceae 180. Swietenia macrophylla King Meliaceae 181. Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn. Asteraceae 182. Tamarindus indica L. Fabaceae 183. Tectona grandis L. f. Verbenaceae 184. Tectona hamiltoniana Wall. Verbenaceae 185. Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Ulmaceae 186. Xylia xylocarpa (Roxb.) Taub. Fabaceae 187. Ziziphus oenoplia (L.) Mill. Rhamnaceae 188. Ziziphus xylopyrus (Retz.) Willd. Rhamnaceae PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE FLORAL SPECIES OBSERVED AT SITE Acasia sp Adiantum lunulatum Ailanthus excelsa Anacardium occidentale Artocarpus Asparagus Asplenium sp Bambusa bambos November,
14 heterophyllus racemosus Bambusa striata Barleria sp Blumea laevis Bombax ceiba Bombax insigne Capsicum annum Caryota urens Chassalia curviflora Christella sp Chromolaena odorata Conyza stricta Desmodium triquetrum Dillenia pentagyna Eranthemum capense Erythrina suberosa Ficus hispida Gliricidia sepium Grewia abutilifolia Grewia tiliifolia Hibiscus hispidissimus Jasminum Lantana camara Lygodium November,
15 cuspidatum flexuosum Macaranga peltata Mangifera indica Merremia vitifolia Mikania micrantha Mimosa pudica Passiflora foetida var. hispida Pennisetum polystachyon Phyllanthus emblica Piper nigrum Pityrogramma calomelanos Pteris argyraceae Pteris sp Pueraria phaseoloides Sida beddomei Smilax zeylanica Stephania japonica Synedrella nodiflora Ziziphus oenoplia November,
16 FAUNAL ASPECTS FAUNA : Observed in the project / surrounding area VERTEBRATES Mammals Common name Squirrels Scientific name Funambulus palmarum Aves (Birds) Common crow Balikakka (Large-billed Crow) Chenchilappan (Rufous Babbler) Black Drongo Chempoth (Greater Coucal ) Kuyil (Asian Koel ) House Sparrow Corvus splendens Corvus macrorhynchos Turdoides subrufus hyperythrus Dicrurus adsimilis macrocercus Centropus sinensis parroti Eudynamys scolopacea Passer domesticusindicus Reptiles Rat snake lizard Common skink Zamenis sp. Calotes versicolor Mabuya carinata Ambhibians Toad Frog Bufo sp. Rana hexadactyla INVERTEBRATES Termites millipede scorpion Jumping Spider Odontotermes sp. Phyllogonostreptus sp Lychas sp. Family - Salticidae Insects Ants 6. Black carpenter ant. Camponotus sp. November,
17 7. Weaver ant. 8. Yellow crazy ant. 9. Shield ants. 10. Queenless ant. Oecophylla smaragdina Anoplolepis gracilipes Meranoplus bicolor Diacamma sp. 8. Short legged Hunchback Ant Myrmicaria brunnea 9. Pharaoh ant Monomorium sp. Dragonfly 3. Ground Skimmer 4. Pied paddy skimmer Diplocodes trivialis Neurothemis tullia Damselfly 2. Female Orange-tailed Marsh Dart Ceriagrion cerinorubellum house fly Musca domestica Paper wasp Ropalidia sp. Flower Wasp Scolia sp. True honey bee Apis dorsata Grass hopper Chorthippus sp. Locust Stenocatantops sp Praying mantis Humbertiella sp. Butterflies 10. Common Sailer Neptis hylas 11. Psyche Leptosia nina 12. Tiny Grass Blue. Zizula hylax 13. Tawny Coster Acraea violae 14. Common Grass Yellow Eurema hecabe 15. Chocolate Pansy Junonia iphita 16. Nigger Orsotriaena medus 17. Common Cerulean Jamides celeno 18. Common Five-ring Ypthima baldus November,
18 PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE FAUNAL SPECIES OBSERVED AT SITE Psyche (Leptosia nina) Tiny Grass Blue. (Zizula hylax) Common Grass Yellow (Eurema hecabe) Common Sailer (Neptis hylas) Common Cerulean (Jamides celeno) Chocolate Pansy (Junonia iphita) Tawny Coster (Acraea violae) Ground Skimmer (Diplocodes trivialis) Yellow crazy ant (Anoplolepis gracilipes) Termite colony (Odontotermes sp.) Housefly (Musca domestica) Jumping Spider (Family - Salticidae) November,
19 GREEN BELT DEVELOPMENT/ ECO-RESTORATION / CONSERVATION PLAN HERBS (4 Species) Kaempferia galangal (Kacholam) (Medicinal, Tuberous) Tanacetum parthenium (Fever few) (Flowering) Piper longum (Medicinal, (Thippali) Prostrate) Amaranthus tricolor (Cheera) (Domestic use) The year wise programme of eco-restoration for the life of mine, about 3,000 trees will be planted in an area of ha. Biological reclamation / ecological restoration for the mined area by plantation of the species as per the time schedule suggested below: - First Six months -- Herbs & grass Next Six months -- Shrubs Next Six months onwards -- Trees Selection of species is based on High Dust Capturing, Soil Holding Capacity, ground water recharge capacity etc. More focus is given for medicinal plants. SHRUBS (8 Species) Abelmoschus moschattus (Kasthurivenda) (Medicinal) Nerium oleander (Arali) (Flowering) Thevetia peruviana (Manjaarali) (Flowering) Tabernaemontana divaricata (Nandiyar Vattom) (Flowering) Acalypha hispida (Poochavalan) (Flowering) Clerodendrum inerme (Puzhamulla) (Flowering) Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Chemparathi) (Floweirng) Bougainvillea glabra (Boganvilla) (Flowering) CLIMEBERS (2 Species) Anamirta cocculus (Pollakai) (Medicinal) Ipomoea nil (Thaliyari) (Flowering) TREES (9 Species) Gmelina arborea (Kumizhu) (Medicinal) Sterculia guttata (Kavalam) (Medicinal) Wrightia tinctoria (Dhanthappala) (Medicinal) Albizia lebbeck (Vaka) (Flowering) Bombax ceiba (Elavu) (Flowering) Butea monosperma (Plasu) (Medicinal & Flowering) Manikara zapota (Sappota) (Fruit beaing) Artocarpus heterophyllus (Plavu) (Fruit bearing) Anacardium ocidentale (Kasumavu) (Fruit bearing) November,
20 Compensatory Mass Plantation Programme An area of about 0.30 ha (10%) is reserved in the area owned by the project proponent outside the proposed quarry for compensatory mass plantation. The area selected is such that there is enough depth of top soil and overburden and the quarrying in this area is not proposed in future. Compensatory plantation would be done in this area for the larger trees. November,
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