Marine Algae Of Tobruk And Ain Ghazala Coasts, Libya

Transcription

1 Garyounis University Press Journal of Science and Its Applications Vol. 3, No. 1, pp 42-55, April Marine Algae Of Tobruk And Ain Ghazala Coasts, Libya M. M. Godeh; F. O. El-Menifi and A.. A. Said Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Garyounis University, Benghazi, Libya The corresponding author: On leave from Zagazig University, Egypt. ABSTRACT The present investigation was mainly intended to collect and identify the marine algae of eastern Libyan coast closed to the Egyptian border lines. Two sampling stations were selected in the coasts of Tobruk and Ain Ghazala to cover the study area. Forty six marine algal species were collected and identified. Eighteen species of them were belonging to Chlorophyta (39.13%), twelve species belonging to Phaeophyta (26.9%) and sixteen species belonging to Rhodophyta (34.78%). The two coasts shared together with 1.87% only of the identified marine algal species. Tobruk coast was richer of all algal groups (79.41%) due to a wide variation of marine algae. Meanwhile, Ain Ghazala coast was relatively poor of algae (1.87%) with complete absence of Rhodophyta. Regarding to all algal species, the similarity index between the two coasts was relatively low (16.61%). Keywords: Marine algae, Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta, Rhodophyta, Species richness index and Similarity index. INTRODUCTION Most of green, brown and red seaweeds or macroalgae have economic potential (Critchley et al., 1998) due to using them as direct human and fish food (Dawes, 1998) and antimicrobial activity (Donia and Hamann, 23; Hafez et al., 25, El-Gahmy, 27 and El-Fatemi, 28). Marine organisms are a rich source of nutritive materials, structurally novel and biologically

2 M. M. Godeh et al 24 active metabolites used in new pharmaceutical industries (Trono, 1973, Febles et al., 1995, Lima-Filho et al., 22, Ely et al., 24 and Inci et al., 26). Libya occupies the eastern north of Africa and its coasts were very rich by marine algae and extent about 19 Km. at Mediterranean Sea. Ardissone (1893) made first Italian list of Libyan marine algae and then Nizamuddin et al., (1979) listed marine algae of Libya. Nizamuddin and Godeh (1989, 199 a, b & c and 1993) and Nizamuddin and El-Menifi (1993) recorded many new species of marine algae at eastern Libyan coast. It had 168 species belonging to Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta and Rhodophyta (Godeh et al., 1992). To the knowledge of the authors there are no recent literatures of marine algae of Libyan coast. Therefore, more recent researches still needed. So, Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Garyounis University made a collaboration team work of phycologistis to collect, identify and evaluate some important marine algae of the eastern Libyan coast. MATERIAL AND METHODS The Study area: The geographical location of study area (Fig. 1) is, 23 15' - 24 N and ' E. Tobruk coast lies about 13 Km. from the Egyptian borders. It had a small gulf (about 8 Km 2 ) with commercial, fishing and big petroleum ports. Ain Ghazala coast lies at very small gulf about 6 Km. western Tobruk with sandy soil and it was relatively poor in algal flora. This coast is always exposed to rough conditions. LIBYA Mediterranean Sea Ain Ghazala 1cm = 8 m Tobruk Fig. 1. Maps of Libya and the study area.

3 Marine Algae Of Tobruk And Ain Ghazala Coasts, Libya 22 Sampling and sample preparations: Specimens were collected in ice tanks at polyethylene bags sprinkled with 4% formalin sea water solution for mounting on the herbarium sheets, glass bottles and some of them kept freshly at refrigerators for future use and subsequent taxonomic identification using Ardissone Italian list (1893), Pampanini (1931), Burrows (1991) and Aleem (1993). Epiphytes, impurities and salts removed carefully and quickly at laboratory with tap and distilled waters. The herbarium sheets have been deposited in the Herbarium, Department of Botany, Garyounis University, Benghazi {CHUG nos. FM. 65; 651}. Longitudinal and transverse sections of the axis at the apexes, midfronds and the bases were hand made and stained in 1% KI 2 or Anilin blue solution. Species richness: Species richness index calculated according to Wilhm, (1975) by direct count of different algal species (taxa) at every sampling site where, the decrease in number of species and increase in number of individuals is a characteristic feature of polluted water. Similarity index: The similarity was calculated as statistical parameter by the equation of Sorensen, (1948) to assess the degree of similarity between algal species composition of pairs of stations under investigation which, depends upon the presence or absence of different taxa: Where: IS s = similarity quotient. C = number of species common to both site. A = number of species in the first site. B = number of species in the second site. IS s = (2C 1) / A + B

4 M. M. Godeh et al 24 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Tables 1-3 and Fig. 2 listed the collected and identified thirty one genus and forty four marine algal species which found at the study area (Tobruk and Ain Ghazala). Seventeen species (38.64%), ten genera (32.26%) of them belonging to Chlorophyta. Eleven species (25%), eight genera (25.81%) of them belonging to Phaeophyta. Meanwhile, sixteen species (36.36%), thirteen genera (41.94%) of them belonging to Rhodophyta (Table 4). These percentages were more or less similar to the finding of Godeh et al., (1992). Tobruk coast was the richer by marine algal species more than Ain Ghazala one. It had 41 algal species, 14 species of them belonging to Chlorophyta, 11 species of them belonging to Phaeophyta and 16 species belonging to Rhodophyta (Fig. 3). This observation may be due to the collection of algae which done at intertidal zone of a rocky coast which exposed to low tides "stable water" in addition to inorganic and organic supply of sewage with agreement of same conditions at Robe coast of South Austria (Dawes. 1998). Table 1. List of identified green marine algae at Tobruk and Ain Ghazala coasts. Algae Coasts (Chlorophyta) Tobruk Ain Ghazala Acetabularia Lamouroux Acetabularia acetobulum (Linni.) Silva + - Anadyomene Lamouroux Anadyomene stellata (Wulfen) C. Agardh + + Caulerpa Lameutux Caulerpa prolifera (Fårsk.) Lamouroux + + Chaetomorpha Kützing Chaetomorpha crassa (C. Agardh) - +

5 Marine Algae Of Tobruk And Ain Ghazala Coasts, Libya 24 Chaetomorpha indica (Kütz.) Kützing + + Chaetomorpha linum (Kütz.) Kützing - + Chaetomorpha princeps Kützing + - Cladophoropsis Borgesen Cladophoropsis puillus (Kütz.) Børgesen + + Cladophora Kützing Cladophora catenata (J. Agardh) Hauck + - Cladophora ramulosa Meneghini + - Codium Stackhouse Codium tobrukense Nizmuddin & Fathalla + - Codium tomentosum (Huds.) Stackhouse + - Dasycladus C. Agrardh Dasycladus vermicularis (Scopoli) Krasser + - Enteromorpha Link Enteromorpha clathrata (Roth) Greville + - Halimeda Lamouroux Halimeda tuna (Ellis et Solander) Lamouroux + - Ulva Linnaeus Ulva lactuca Linnaeus + + Valonia C. Agardh Valonia aegagropile C. Agardh - + Valonia macrophysa Kützing - + Number of genera Number of species +: present -: absent

6 M. M. Godeh et al 24 Table 2. List of identified brown marine algae at Tobruk and Ain Ghazala coasts. Algae Coasts (Phaeophyta) Tobruk Ain Ghazala Colpomenia (Endlicher) Derbes ét Solier Colpomenia sinuosa (Mertens ex Roth) Derbés et Solier + - Cystosiera C. Agardh, Cystosiera abrotanifolia C. Agardh + - Cystosiera discors (Linn.) C. Agardh emend Sauvageau + - Dictyopteris Lamouroux Dictyopteris membranacea (Skackhouse) Batters + - Dictyota Lamouroux Dictyota dichotoma (Hudson) lamouroux + - Dictyota fasciola var. reoeus (J. Ag.) Feldmann + - Halopteris Kützing Halopteris scoparia (Linnaeus) Sauvageau + - Padina Adanson Padina gymnospora (Kütz) Vickers - + Padina pavonica (Linnaeus) Lamouroux + - Petalonia Derbes et Solier Petalonia fascia (Müller) Kützing + - Scytosiphon C. Agardh Scytosiphon lomentaria (Lyngh.) Lamouroux + - Stypopodium Kütz. Stypopodium tubruqense + -

7 Marine Algae Of Tobruk And Ain Ghazala Coasts, Libya 24 Number of genera Number of species +: present -: absent Meanwhile, Ain Ghazala had 1 species only, 9 species of them belonging to Chlorophyta and just one species (Padina gymnospora) is belonging to Phaeophyta. Surprising was the complete absence of Rhodophyta (Fig. 2). Nizamuddin (1985) evaluate that this coasts were generally poor in algal growth and continuously exposed to rough conditions and fluctuating cold to mild weather because the coast belong to Pleistocene deposits in addition to fresh water supply which led to the muddy and brackish nature of Ain Ghazala gulf. Species richness index was calculated by direct count of different marine algal species. Tobruk coast had 41 species while, Ain Ghazala coast had 1 species only. So, Ain Ghazala coast could be considered more polluted than Tobruk coast according to Wilhm, (1975) and El-Ayouty et. al., (1999) who evaluated that the decrease in number of species and the increase in number of individuals is a characteristic feature of polluted water. Said, (24) also used the species richness parameters to evaluate the purity and pollution state of different eight water bodies and it was mostly correlated with Chlorophyta for its dominancy and variation of its taxa like the present study area. Every coast was characterized by presence of certain types of marine algae and shared with other algal types. Thirty six species (78.26%), twenty seven genera (79.41%) of different marine algae were present and characterized Tobruk coast only (Fig. 3). Nine species (25%), six genera (22.22%) of them are belonging to Chlorophyta. Eleven species (3.56%), eight genera (22.63%) are belonging to Phaeophyta with clear dominancy of Rhodophyta by sixteen species (44.45%), thirteen genera (48.15%). Most of these algae were recorded also at the Turkish Urla coast (Inci et al., 26). The R/P ratio of Tobruk coast was 1.45 which less than the findings of Güven and Ozting (1971) at the Turkish coast (2.) and Godeh et al., (1992) at the eastern coast of Libya (2.5). On the other hand, just five species (1.87%) and only one genus (1.34%) were appearing and characterized the relatively poor coast of Ain Ghazala. Valonia was the only genus (1%) in addition to four species (8%) were belonging to Chlorophyta while, Padina gymnospora was the only species (2%) belonging to Phaeophyta. Nevertheless, Rhodophyta was completely absent at Ain Ghazala coast as mentioned before (Fig. 4). Both Tobruk and Ain Ghazala coasts shared together in presence of five species (1.87%) and six genera (17.65%) of recorded marine algae. Most of them {five species (1%), five genera (83.33%)} were belonging to Chlorophyta. Padina was the only genus (16.67%) belonging to Phaeophyta. Table 3. List of identified red marine algae at Tobruk and Ain Ghazala coasts.

8 M. M. Godeh et al 24 Algae Coasts (Rhodophyta) Tobruk Ain Ghazala Achrochaetium Nageli Achrochaetium savianum (Meneghini) Nagveti + - Brongiatella Borg Brongiatella byssoides Stackhouse et Wond word + - Ceramium Roth Ceramium circinatum (Kütz.) J. Agardh + - Dermatolithon Forslie Dermatolithon corallinae (Crouan frat) Foslie in Børgesen + - Dermatolithon cystosierae (Hauk.) Howe + - Halodictyon Zanardini Halodictyon mirabile Zanardini + - Hypnea Lamouroux Hypnea musciformis (Wulf.) Lamouroux + - Jania Lamouroux Jania adhaerens Lamouroux + - Jania langifurca Zanardini + - Jania rubens (Linnaeus) Lamouroux + - Liagora Lamouroux Liagora viscida (Forsskål) C. Agardh + - Lophosiphonia Falkenberg Lophosiphonia cristata Falkenberg + - Petrocladia J. Agardh

9 Marine Algae Of Tobruk And Ain Ghazala Coasts, Libya 45 Algae Coasts Petrocladia capillacea C. Gmelin + - Peyssonnelia Decaisne Peyssonnelia squamaria (Greville) J. Agardh + - Porphyra C. Agardh Porphyra umblicalis (Linn.) J. Agradh + - Rhizophyllis Kützing Rhizophyllis squamariae (Menghini) Kützing + - Number of genera Number of species +: present -: absent Tobruk Ain Ghazala Chlorophyta Phaeophyta Rhodophyta Fig. 2. The presence of different marine algal groups at Tobruk and Ain Ghazala coasts. Tobruk Ain Ghazala Chlorophyta Phaeophyta Rhodophyta Chlorophyta Phaeophyta Rhodophyta Fig. 3. Composition of different marine algal divisions of Tobruk coast. Fig. 4. Composition of different marine algal divisions of Ain Ghazala coast.

10 M. M. Godeh et al 45 Logically both coasts did not share at any species or genus of Rhodophyta due to the complete absence of its taxa at Ain Ghazala coast. Regarding to the algal divisions (Table 4), nine species (5%) and six genera (5%) of Chlorophyta were present at Tobruk coast only. On the other hand, four green species (22.22%) and just Valonia genus (8.33%) were present only at Ain Ghazala coast. Both coasts were shared together by five species (27.78%), five genera (41.67%) of green algae. Table 4. Distribution of algal genera and species* at Tobruk and Ain Ghazala coasts. Coasts Algal divisions Chlorophyta Phaeophyta Rhodophyta Total Tobruk Genus only Species Ain Ghazala only Genus Species Both Tobruk Genus and Ain Ghazala Species Total Genus Species *: Bold figures are number of genus and species and the normal are their percentages.

11 Marine Algae Of Tobruk And Ain Ghazala Coasts, Libya 44 Tobruk coast was characterized by most individuals of Phaeophyta {eleven species (91.67%), eight genera (89%)}. Meanwhile, Ain Ghazala was characterized by presence of one species only of brown algae (Padina gymnospora 8.33%). Padina was the only brown genus (11.11%) shared and present at both coasts. Both of them were very poor in brown algae when compared with Karachi coast which had 17 genera and 48 species (Mubina and Nausheba, 1992). The sixteen genera, thirteen species of Rhodophyta were present only at Tobruk coast (1%) with complete absence of it at Ain Ghazala coast. The results of similarity index were illustrated in table (5). It seemed more convenient to produce more one matrix like Said, (24) who evaluated the similarity parameters between eight different water bodies. So, it calculated to assess the degree of similarity among green species (43.48%) and total algal species (19.61%) composition at Tobruk and Ain Ghazala coasts according to equation of Sorensen, (1948) depending upon the presence or absence of different taxa. Due to absence of common species of Phaeophyta and complete absence of Rhodophyta taxa at Ain Ghazala coast the similarity index between the two coasts was zero. Table 5. Similarity index of Chlorophyta (above diagonal) and Total marine algae (below diagonal) between Tobruk and Ain Ghazala coasts. Coasts Tobruk Ain Ghazala Tobruk 1% 43.48% Ain Ghazala 19.61% 1% ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors are grateful to the research and consultancies center of Garyounis University for financing the project, providing research facilities and continuous support. REFERENCES Aleem, A. A. (1993): (Ed.) The marine algae of the Alexandria, Egypt. Ardissone, F. (1893): Note alla Phycologia mediterranea. Rend. R. Inst. Lombardo Sci. Lett. Ser. 2, 26:

12 M. M. Godeh et al 44 Burrows, E. M. (1991): Seaweeds of the British Isles. Volume 2. Chlorophyta. London: British Museum (Natural History). Critchley, A. T.; Gillespie, R. D. and Rotman. K. W. G. (1998): Seaweed resources of South Africa. Pp In: Critchley AT. Ohno M (eds), Seaweed resources of the world. Japan International Cooperation Agency, Japan. Dawes, C. J., (1998): Marine Botany. John Wiley and Sons, New York. Donia, M. and Hamann, M. T. (23): Marine natural products and their potential applications as anti-infective agents. The Lancet 3: El-Ayouty, Y. M.; El-Essawy A. A, and Said, A. A. (1999): The assessment of water quality of Enan and El-Abassa ponds, Egypt. Acta Hydrobiol., 41, 2, El-Fatemi, Aesha S. (28): Study of the effective of some brown algal species extractions (order: Dictyotales) against pathogenic fungi. M. Sc. Thesis, Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Garyounis University, Libya. (in Arabic). El-Gahmy, Hend A. (27): Study of the effective of some green algal species extractions (order: Ulvales) against pathogenic bacteria and fungi. M. Sc. Thesis, Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Garyounis University, Libya. (in Arabic). Ely, R.; Supriya, T. and Naik, C. G. (24): Antimicrobial activity of marine organisms collected off the coast of south East India. J. Exp. Biol. and Ecol. 39: Febles, C. I.; Arias, A. and Gil-Rodriguez M. C. (1995): In vitro study of antimicrobial activity in algae (Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta and Rhodophyta) collected from the coast of Tenerife (in Spanish). Anuario del Estudios Canarios 34: Godeh, M.; Nizamuddin, M. and El-Menifi F. (1992): Marine algae from eastern coast of Libya (Cyrenaica). Pak. J. Bot., 24(1): Hafez, S. S.; El-Manawy, I. M.; El-Ayouty, Y. M.; El-Adel, H. M. and Eraqi, I. S. (25): Phytochemical investigation and antimicrobial activity of Ulva lactuca (L.). Pull. Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, 27. Botany & Zoology Inci, T.; Bilge H., Çadircl, D. Ü. and Atakan S. (26): Antimicrobial Activity of the Extracts of Marine Algae from Coast of Urla (Izmir, Turkey). Turk. J. Biol. 3: Lima-Filho, J. V. M.; Carvalho, A. and Freitas, S. M., (22): Antimicrobial activity of extracts of six macroalgae from the Northeastern Brazilian Coast. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 33: Mubina, B. and Nausheba, K. (1992): Taxonomical revision and some biological observations on scytosiphonales (Phaeophyta) of Karachi coast. Pak. J. Bot., 24(1): Nizamuddin, M. (1985): A new species of Cystoseira C. Ag. (Phaeophyta) from the eastern Part of Libya. Nova Hedwigia. Band 42. Braunschwig. J. Cramer pp

13 Marine Algae Of Tobruk And Ain Ghazala Coasts, Libya 42 Nizamuddin, M. and El-Menifi, F. (1993): A new species of the genus Codium (Chlorophyta- Codiales) from the eastern coast of Libya. Pak. J. Bot., 25(2): Nizamuddin, M. and Godeh, M. M. (1989): Stypopordium tubruqense (Phaeophyta, Dictyotales), a new species from the Mediterranean Sea. Willdenowia, 18: Nizamuddin, M. and Godeh, M. M. (199a): A first record of the genus Cottoniella Børgesen (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta) from Libya. Pak. J. Bot., 25(1): Nizamuddin, M. and Godeh, M. M. (199b): Studies on the new species of Cottoniella from the coast of Libya. Pak. Jour. Bot., 22: Nizamuddin, M. and Godeh, M. M. (199c): Studies on the genera Chaetomorpha Kütz. and Rhizoclonium Kütz. (Cldophorales-Cladophoraceae) from the Libyan coast. National Herbarium Uni. Al-Fateh, Tripoli. Bull. ULT, 2: Nizamuddin, M. and Godeh, M. M. (1993): Observations on Taonia atomaria F. ciliate (Lamour.) Nizamuddin. Pak. J. Bot., 25(2): Nizamuddin, M.; West, J. A. and Menez, E. G. (1979): A list of marine algae from Libya. Bot. Mar., 22: Pampanini, R. (1931): Prodromo della Cirenaica. Algae. Pp Said, A. A. (24): Ecophysiological studies on the response of some freshwater algae to pollution. Ph. D. Thesis, Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Egypt. Sorenson, T. (1948): A method of establishing group of equal amolitude in plant sociology based on similarity of species content. Det. Kong. Danske Vidensk. Biol. Skr. (Copenhagen). 5(4): Trono, G. C., (1973): Seaweeds: one of the important marine natural resources of the Philippines in the Gregorio T. Velasquez Lecture Series. Challenge to the biologists in the 7's: the escalation of food production. NRCP Publication. 28 4l. Wilhm, J. L. (1975): Biological indicators of pollution- In: Whitton, B. A. (ed.), River ecology. - Blackwell. Oxford: pp

14 M. M. Godeh et al 44 الطحالب البحرية بشاطئي طبرق وعين غزالة, ليبيا مسعود دمحم قديح, فتح هللا عون المنفى وعالء الدين عبدالمنعم سعيد* قسم النبات, كلية العلوم, جامعة قار يونس, بنغازى, ليبيا * معار من جامعة الزقازيق, مصر alaasaidalaasaid@yahoo.com ملخص البحث يهتم هذا البحث أساسا بتجميع وتعريف طحالب الشاطئ الشرقى للساحل الليبى المالصق للحدود المصرية. لتغطية منطقةة الدراسة تم اختيار منطقتين لتجميع العينات من شاطئي طبرق وعين غزالة. تم تجميع وتعريف 64 نوعا من مختلف الطحالب البحرية من منطقتةي الدراسةة. 81 نوعةا مةنهم يتبةع الطحالةب الخاةراء )%31.83(, 81 نوعا يتبع الطحالب البنية )%14.61( و 84 نوعا يتبع الطحالب الحمراء )%36.41(. شاطئ طبرق كان األغنى بكل المجموعات الطحلبيةة )%41.68( نظةرا للتنةوا األوسةع فةى عةدد الطحالةب البحريةة. بينمةا كان شاطئ عين غزالة األفقر نسبيا بالطحالب )%86.14( مع غياب كامل للطحالب الحمراء. بناء على األنواا الطحلبية الكلية بالمنطقتين, كانت نسبة التماثل بينهما قليلة نسبيا )%84.48(. مفتاح الكلمات: الطحالب البحرية, الطحالب الخاراء, الطحالب البنية, الطحالب الحمراء, معامل الوفرة ومعامل التماثل.