CYANOBACTERIA- SOME REPORTS FROM VARIOUS HABITATS OF RANCHI (JHARKHAND) INDIA

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1 J. Indian bot. Soc. e-issn: , ISSN: Vol. 97 (1) 2018 :29-35 CYANOBACTERIA- SOME REPORTS FROM VARIOUS HABITATS OF RANCHI (JHARKHAND) INDIA CHHAYA THAKUR AND RADHA SAHU Algal Biology and Algal Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Ranchi University, Ranchi. Date of online publication: 31st March 2017 In the present study an attempt has been made on cyanobacteria diversity in various habitats such as epiphytic, lithophyte, epizoic, arboreal etc. in and around Ranchi. In a regular survey of various habitats in different localities of Ranchi District, a total of 34 species of 19 genera were identified. The recorded taxa were unicellular, colonial, trichomatous or filamentous, heterocystous and nonhetrocystous. The identified genera are Merismopedia, Synechococcus, Arthrospira, Spirulina, Oscillatoria, Phormidium, Microcoleus, Lyngbya, Nostoc, Anabaena, Cylindrospermum, Aulosira, Nodularia, Scytonema, Tolypothrix, Gloeotrichia, Rivularia, Calothrix, Nostochopsis. Among the above the most dominated genus is Oscillatoria followed by Lyngbya. All these forms are being reported for the first time from Ranchi (Jharkhand). Key words: Cyanobacteria, Ubiquitous, Diversity, Habitat. These oldest known prokaryotic organisms probably made a fundamental contribution to the development of the present oxygen rich atmosphere by their photosynthetic activities. They have been used as a tool to understand several physiological processes and their biological pathways (Fogg et al. 1973). Cyanobacteria occur mostly in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem (Castenholz and Waterbury 1989, Thajuddin and Subramanium 2005, Kulasooria 2011) but now-a-days they occur in different habitats also such as damp wall, treebark, exposed rocks etc. (Roser and Reynaud 1982, Chadha and Pandey 1982, Tripathi 1984). They are the major primary producers in all habitats producing 80% oxygen. The study of diversified cyanobacteria carried out from the early times by many workers like Geitler (1932), Smith (1950) in abroad while in India by Bruhl and Biswas (1922), Parukuty (1940) etc. The investigations made by above workers were based on morphological characters and growth patterns of taxa. Later on many workers worked on cyanobacterial diversity. Joishi (2014) studied cyanobacterial biodiversity in rivers of Western Ghat region. In mangrove vegetation it was well studied by Sivakamsundari and Rajendran (2015) in the region of South East Cost of India whereas Barman et al.(2015) documented the same from 30 islands of Sundarbans. So far, limited study has been done in Ranchi District. A detail study is essential in order to identify and catalogue the more species before they disappear under changed habitat conditions and by the idea that inventories of species will help to conserve biodiversity. Hence, the present investigation was aimed to study the distribution of cyanobacteria in various habitats which may help to explore more microalgae through their efficacy for food and food industry, live feed in aquaculture, bio-fertilizer and therapeutic applications. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study Area Ranchi is the capital of Jharkhand state situated in the Chhotanagpur plateau at the 0 0 longitude 84 20' to 85 54' East and the latitude to 23 15' North, and about 629 m above the sea level. The tropical deciduous forest of the state is full of natural wealth which support the luxuriant growth of microalgae specially prokaryotes in this area. Repeated and regular collections of samples were made from various unusual habitats in many places such as Ratu, Kanke, Hatia, Bundu, Dhurwa, Piska etc. in and around Ranchi. The samples were found growing on, rocky surfaces, tree-bark, sandy bricks, shell of snail, hydrophytic plants, bare and cultivated fields, Received on December 28, Accepted on January 17, 2017

2 Cyanobacteria from Ranchi J. Indian bot. Soc. 97(1) 2018: 30 Figure 1: Map of Jharkhand and Ranchi damp wall of old buildings etc. Collection and analysis of cyanobacterial sample: The green scum on, tree trunk, mile stone, rock was scrapped with the help of sterile scalpel. All samples were collected in sterile plastic bottles, polythene bags. The collected specimens were thoroughly washed with tap water taking care of the quality of the specimens and voucher specimens were prepared. The taxa were isolated using agar stab and their unialgal cultures were raised in BG-11 medium. The cultures were maintained 0 at 25 C. Temporary slides were prepared using methylene blue and chloro-zinc iodine and morphotaxonomic characters were studied under the standard research microscope. Camera Lucida diagrams, micrometric measurements were taken. Identifications were made with the help of standard monographs (Desikachari 1959), literatures (Singh 1961), research papers (Komarek, 2013) and various standard journals. Collected specimens have been also preserved in 4% formalin for further references. RESULT The identified cyanobacterial population was c o m p o s e d o f u n i c e l l u l a r, c o l o n i a l, trichomatous or filamentous heterocystous and non-heterocystous taxa.the unicellular species like Synechococcus aeruginosus and t r i c h o m a t o u s s p e c i e s M i c ro c o l e u s chthonoplstes have been recorded from earthen flower pot and bare land respectively with less availability of moisture show their ability to grow in environmental extremities (Friedmann and Galum 1974, Albertano et al. 1994) and are consider as pioneer colonizer. Some genera such as Phormidium Lyngbya, Table 1: List of recorded species of class Cyanophyceae and their habitats. Order Species identified Type of habitat CHROOCOCCALES NOSTOCALES STIGONEMATALES Merismopedia marssonii Synechococcus aeruginosus Arthrospira jenneri A. platensis f. granulata f/ nov. S. laxissima f. major f. nov S. gigantea Oscillatoria limosa O. amoena O. willei O. perornata O. proboscidea O. acuta O. rubescens O. corallinae Phormidium retzii Microcoleus Lyngbya baculum L. aestuarii - onstricta L. gracilis L. Nostoc var. tenue Anabaena doliolum A. aphanizomenoides Cylindrospermum. Aulosira Nodularia Calothrix Gloeotrichia Rivularia Tolypothrix Scytonema Nostochopsis Nostochopsis shell of snail moist barren soil concrete surface moist sewage soil stone wall sewage soil moist sandy soil wet exposed rock wet exposed rock moist barren soil tree-bark of barren soil tree-bark hydrophytic twig submerged rock tree-bark damp wall of old building submerged rock submerged rock

3 Chhaya Thakur and Radha Sahu Scytonema etc. have great capacity of desiccation tolerance due to presence of thick mucilaginous covering (Samit Ray 2006). The heterocystous species like Cylindrospermum indicum, Nodolaria spumigena, Calothrix parietina etc. have the ability to fix molecular atmospheric nitrogen (Annonymous 1996). The role of the diazotrophic genera like Nostoc, Anabaena, Tolypothrix, Aulosira etc., which have been recorded from s in Ranchi (Hatia, Kanke, Morabadi), in nitrogen economy of rice fields has been well demonstrated and widely documented (Venkataraman 1981, Santra 1991). The species of Spirulina collected from alkaline soil at Harmu river has both nutritional and pharmacological potential well studied by several workers (Ben Amotze 1987, Weisburger 1991, Srivastava and Gajraj 1996). Moreover, Cyanobacteria such as Oscillatoria, Lyngbya, Nostochopsis etc. recorded from rocks (Cohen 1986). Systematic Enumeration (Desikachary 1959) Order- CHROOCOCCALES Family- CHROOCOCCACEAE Genus- MERISMOPEDIA Meyen 1. Merismopedia marssonii Lemmermann (Pl. 1, Fig. 1) Cells spherical, µ broad; colony rectangular with cells, deep blue in colour. Genus- SYNECHOCOCCUS Nag. 2. Synechococcus aeruginosus Nag. (Pl. 1, Fig. 2) Cells cylindrical, µ broad and µ long, pale blue- green in colour. Order- NOSTOCALES Family- OSCILLATORIACEAE Genus- ARTHROSPIRA Stizenberger 3. Arthrospira jenneri Stizenb. Ex Gomont (Pl. 1, Fig. 3) J. Indian bot. Soc. 97(1) 2018: 31 Trichome µ broad; spirals µ distant; cells 3.3-4µ long, unconstructed at the cross- walls, end cell broadly rounded. 4. A. platensi s (Nordst.) Gomontf. granulata forma nov. (Pl. 1, Fig. 4) Trichome µ broad, not constricted at the cross- walls; spirals µ distant, compact coiling. Genus- SPIRULINA Turpin em. Gardner 5. Spirulina major Kuetz. Ex Gomont (Pl. 1, Fig. 5) Trichome µ broad, regularly spirally coiled; spirals µ broad and µ distant. 6. S. laxissima West, G.S. f. major f. nov. (Pl. 1, Fig. 6) Trichome 1.6µ broad; spirals not close, 7 µ broad and µ distant from each other. 7. S. gigantea Schmidle (Pl. 1, Fig. 7) Trichome µ broad; spirals µ broad and µ distant. Genus- OSCILLATORIA Vaucher 8. O. limosa Ag. Ex Gomont (Pl. 1, Fig. 8) Trichome 13.2µ broad; cells µ long, cells nearly quadrate, end cell flatly rounded. 9. O. amoena (Kuetz) Gomont (Pl. 1, Fig. 9) Trichome µ broad; cells 2-5.2µ long, end cell conical. 10. O. willei Gardnerem. Droue (Pl. 1, Fig. 10) Trichome µ broad; cells µ long, end cell obtusely rounded. 11. O. perornata Skuja (Pl. 1, Fig. 11) Trichome 3.3-5µ broad, well constricted at the cross-walls; cells µ long, end cell broadly rounded. 12. O. proboscidea Gomont (Pl. 1, Fig. 12) Trichome 5-7µ broad, not constricted at the cross- walls. 13. O. acutabruhletbiswas, orth. Mut. Geitler (Pl. 1, Fig. 13)

4 Cyanobacteria from Ranchi J. Indian bot. Soc. 97(1) 2018: 32 PLATE-1 Plate 1- Figure (1-34): 1. Merismopedia marssonii Lemmermann 2. Synechococcus aeruginosus Nag. 3. Arthrospira jenneri Stizenb. Ex Gomont 4. A. platensi s (Nordst.) Gomontf. granulata forma nov. 5. Spirulina major Kuetz. Ex Gomont 6. S. laxissima West, G.S. f. major f. nov. 7. S. gigantea Schmidle 8. O. limosa Ag. Ex Gomont 9. O. amoena (Kuetz) Gomont 10. O. willei Gardnerem. Droue 11. O. perornata Skuja 12. O. proboscidea Gomont 13. O. acutabruhletbiswas, orth. Mut. Geitler 14. O. rubescens DC ex. Gomont 15. O. corallinae (Kuetz) Gomont 16. Phormidiumretzii (Ag.) Gomont 17. Microcoleus chthonoplastes Thuret ex. Gomont 18. Lyngbya baculum Gomont 19. L. aestuarii Liebm. Ex. Gomont var. constricta Ghose 20. L. gracilis (Menegh.) Rabenh. 21. L. palmarum (Martens) Bruhl et Biswas 22. Nostoc spongiaeforme Ag. ex Born. Et Flah. var. tenue Rao C.B. 23. Anabaena doliolum Bhardwaja 24. A. aphanizomenoides Forti 25.Cylindrospermum indicum Rao, C.B.,orth. Mut. De Toni 26. Aulosira bombayensis Gonzalves 27. Nodularia spumigena Mertens ex Born.et Flah. 28. Calothrix parietina Thuret ex Born. Et Flah. 29. Gloeotrichia rasiborskii Woloszynska 30. Rivularia baccariana (De Not.) Born. Et Flah. 31. Tolypothrix distorta Kuetzing ex Born. et Flah. 32. Scytonema tolypothrichoides Kuetzing ex Born. etflah. 33. Nostochopsis lobatus Woodem. Geitler 34. Nostochopsis radians Bhardwaja Trichome 3.5-4µ broad,not constricted at the cross- walls; cells µ long. 14. O. rubescens DC ex. Gomont (Pl. 1, Fig. 14) Trich. 5-7 µ broad, straight, not constricted at the cross- walls; cells µ long. 15. O. corallinae (Kuetz) Gomont (Pl. 1, Fig. 15) Trichome 3-6µ broad, constricted at the crosswalls;cells 2-3.5µ long

5 Chhaya Thakur and Radha Sahu Genus- PHORMIDIUM Kuetz. 16. Phormidiumretzii (Ag.) Gomont (Pl.1 F i g. 1 6 ) Filament µ broad, unconstructed at the cross- walls; cells µ long. Genus- MICROCOLEUS Desmazieres 17. Microcoleus chthonoplastes Thuret ex. Gomont (Pl. 1, Fig. 17) Trichome 3.3-4µ broad, having many closely grouped trichomes; cells µ long, end cell conical. Genus- LYNGBYA Ag. 18. Lyngbya baculum Gomont (Pl. 1, Fig. 18) Filaments curved; sheath thick; trichome µ broad, constricted at the cross- walls; cells 2.5-5µ long. 19. L. aestuarii Liebm. Ex. Gomont var. constricta Ghose (Pl. 1, Fig. 19) Filament 57-75µ broad, sheath thick and lamellose; trichome 37-52µ broad, constricted at the cross- walls; cells 6-12µ long. 20. L. gracilis (Menegh.) Rabenh. (Pl. 1, Fig. 20) Filament 7-8.3µ broad, sheath smooth, thin; trichome 5-6.3µ broad, constricted at the cross- walls; cells 2-3.3µ long, end cell rounded. 21. L. palmarum (Martens) Bruhl et Biswas (Pl. 1, Fig. 21) Filament with sheath 10-15µ broad; trichome 6-9µ broad, not constricted at the cross- walls, apices rounded; cells 6-9µ long. Family- NOSTOCACEAE Genus- NOSTOC Vaucher 22. Nostoc spongiaeforme Ag. ex Born. Et Flah. var. tenue Rao C.B. (Pl. 1, Fig. 22) Thallus gelatinous, thin, expanded; trichome µ broad; cell 6.6µ long; heterocysts µ broad and µ long; spores µ broad and 5.6-9µ long. Genus-ANABAENABory 23. Anabaena doliolum Bhardwaja (Pl. 1, Fig. 23) Thallus mucilaginous; trichome µ broad; cells as long as broad; heterocyst µ broad and µ long; spores µ broad and µ long. 24. A. aphanizomenoides Forti (Pl. 1, Fig. 24) Trichome µ broad; cells 1-3 times as long as broad; heterocyst µ broad and µ long; spores 6-7 µ in diameter. Genus- CYLINDROSPERMUMKuertz. 25.Cylindrospermum indicum Rao, C.B.,orth. Mut. De Toni (Pl. 1, Fig. 25) Trichome 4.2 µ broad; cells µ long; heterocyst µ in diameter; spores without memb µ broad and µ long, with membrane µ broad and µ long. Genus- AULOSIRA Kirchner 26. Aulosira bombayensis Gonzalves (Pl. 1, Fig. 26) Filament µbroad; trichome µ broad; cell µ long; heterocysts µ broad and µ long. Genus- NODULARIA Mertens 27.Nodularia spumigena Mertens ex Born.et Flah. (Pl. 1, Fig. 27) Filament µ broad; trichome µ broad; cells µ long; heterocystsbroader than the vegetative cells; spores µ broad and µ long. Family- RIVULARIACEAE Genus- CALOTHRIX Ag. 28. Calothrix parietina Thuret ex Born. Et Flah. (Pl. 1, Fig. 28) Filament µ broad; trichome µ broad; cells µ long; heterocysts9.9 µ broad and 7.2 µ long. Genus- GLOEOTRICHIA Ag. J. Indian bot. Soc. 97(1) 2018: 33

6 Cyanobacteria from Ranchi 29. Gloeotrichia rasiborskii Woloszynska (Pl. 1, Fig. 29) Trichome µ broad, is tapering towards end; heterocyst 6.6µbroad; spores 13.8 µ broad and 49.5 µ long. Genus-RIVULARIA (Roth) Ag. 30. Rivularia baccariana (De Not.) Born. Et Flah. (Pl. 1, Fig. 30) Filament µ broad; trichome µ broad, produced into a bent hair; cells shorter than broader; heterocyst 9.9 µ long. Family- SCYTONEMATACEAE Genus- TOLYPOTHRIX Kuetzing 31. Tolypothrix distorta Kuetzing ex Born. et Flah. (Pl. 1, Fig.31) Filament µ broad, thin sheath with a single trichome; trich µ broad; cells µ long; heterocysts µ broad and µ long. Genus- SCYTONEMA Ag. 32. Scytonema tolypothrichoides Kuetzing ex Born. etflah. (Pl. 1, Fig. 32) Filament µ broad, false branches geminate; trich µ broad; cells 6.6 µ long; heterocysts µ long. Order- STIGONEMATALES Family- NOSTOCHOPSIDACEAE Genus- NOSTOCHOPSIS Geitler Woodem. 33. Nostochopsis lobatus Woodem. Geitler (Pl. 1, Fig. 33) Thallus with true branching having short and long laterals; cells µ broad and µ long; heterocysts µ broad. 34. Nostochopsis radians Bhardwaja (Pl. 1, Fig. 34) Thallus mucilaginous and profusely branched; cells µ broad and µ long; heterocysts µ in diameter. We are thankful to Prof. Anjani Kumar Srivastawa, Head and Dean (Science faculty) P. G. Department of Botany, Ranchi University, Ranchi for providing Lab. facilities. We are also grateful to Dr. H.P. Sharma, University Professor, Department of Botany, Ranchi University, Ranchi for consistent support and help for research activities and helping for preparation of this paper. REFERENCES J. Indian bot. Soc. 97(1) 2018: 34 Albertano P, Kovacik L and Grilli-Caiola M P r e l i m i n a r y i n v e s t i g a t i o n o n epilithiccyanophytes from a Roman necropolis.arch. Hydrobiol. Algological Studs Amotz Ben1987 Polysaccharides from micro algae. Presented to Workshop at duke University, N. Carollina, U.S.A. Annonymous 1996 Studies on blue-green algae from Rice field soils of North Eastern India for Biofertilizer Technology, Final Technical Report, DBT, Govt. of India, New Delhi, pp Barman N, Satpati G and Pal R 2015 A Morphotaxonomic account of cyanobacterial diversity of Indian Sunderbans J. Algal Biomass Utln. 6(3) Bruhl P and Biswas K 1922 Algae of Bengal Filter beds. J. Dept. Sci. Calcutta Univ., Castenholz R W and Waterbury J B 1989 Oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria, group E. cyanobacteria. In Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology (eds Staley, J.N.et al.), Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore, Chadha A and Pandey D C1982 Distribution of algae on the walls of buildings.phykos Cohen Z 1986 Products from microalgae. In: CRC Hand book of Microalgal Mass Culture (Ed.) Richmond A. Florida, USA: CRC Press,

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