BACTERIAL CONCRETE AND EFFECT OF DIFFERENT BACTERIA ON THE STRENGTH AND WATER ABSORPTION CHARACTERISTICS OF CONCRETE: A REVIEW

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1 International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 7, Issue 5, September-October 2016, pp , Article ID: IJCIET_07_05_006 Available online at ISSN Print: and ISSN Online: IAEME Publication BACTERIAL CONCRETE AND EFFECT OF DIFFERENT BACTERIA ON THE STRENGTH AND WATER ABSORPTION CHARACTERISTICS OF CONCRETE: A REVIEW Abhishek Thakur P.G. Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Chandigarh University, Gharaun, Punjab, India. Akshay Phogat U.G. Student, Department of Bio-Technology, Chandigarh University, Gharaun, Punjab, India. Khushpreet Singh Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Chandigarh University, Gharaun, Punjab, India. ABSTRACT The structures have various durability issues due to the different physiological conditions and it results to irretrievable damage to the structure and eventually reduction in the strength of structure. The main reason behind the downgrading of the durability and mechanical aspects of is the pore structure of. In the recent years MICCP (microbiologically induced calcium carbonate precipitation) by the bacteria considered as an environment friendly method to enhance the properties of, also for the repair of structure and to consolidate different construction materials. This paper presents a review of different researches in the recent years on the use of bacterial /bio- for the enhancement in the durability, mechanical and permeation aspects of. It contains studies on different bacteria s, their isolation process, different approaches for addition of bacteria in, their effects on compressive strength and water absorption properties of and also the SEM and XRD analysis of containing bacteria. Key words: durability, MICCP, bacterial, SEM, permeation aspects. Cite this Article: Abhishek Thakur, Akshay Phogat and Khushpreet Singh, Bacterial Concrete and Effect of Different Bacteria on the Strength and Water Absorption Characteristics of Concrete: A Review. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 7(5), 2016, pp editor@iaeme.com

2 Abhishek Thakur, Akshay Phogat and Khushpreet Singh 1. INTRODUCTION Bacterial is a special type of it has the ability to repair itself autonomously 1. one another advantage of bacterial is that the introduction of bacteria in also helps in enhancing the properties of in both natural and laboratory conditions 2.With the reference from the previous researches it has been found that MICCP technology has been already used for improvement in strength of bricks and sand consolidation 3,4. As per the self healing property and enhancement in other aspects of, it is clear that addition of this kind of agent in would save environment and money 5. Because the other pre-defined materials for enhancement in strength and durability were not good for environment and also more costly than bacterial and they also require regular maintenance 6. This study is to understand the significance of different micro-organisms in. The MICCP process enhances the strength and durability of the structures 7, 8. It is basically due to the decrease in water permeability and chloride ion permeability. And it also helps in binding the sand particles together and make then act like cement 9. Form the studies it has been found that the possible mechanisms for Selfhealing are calcite formation, Blocking of the path by sedimentation of particles, continuous hydration of particles of cement and swelling of cement matrix. MICCP for the crack healing and improvement in mechanical properties is a result of biological activities and it is pollution free. MICCP basically depends upon the various factors like ph 10, 11, presence of nucleation site [12, 13, 14], and concentration of calcium ions and dissolved inorganic carbon 15, 16. The basic advantages of MICCP by the bacteria in are the increase in strength, low maintenance cost of the structure, resistance to freeze thaw, high carbonation which can help in decreasing the porosity and permeability, and increase in resistance towards chloride attack And according to the previous studies its disadvantages are 7 to 30% increase in cost, the usage of the bacteria in should be minimum because these bacteria are not safe for human health, there is no standard design for the bacterial design mix. The increase in cost is also due to its SEM analysis and this analysis also required skilled personnel, which increase the overall cost of the bacterial Since 1980 s a lot of articles can be found related to bacterial and many processes were proposed for preparing the bacterial. The use of bacteria to design bacterial has been defined as a biological strategy by several researchers 29,30 and they also suggested designs to prepare bacterial or self healing. According to these researches it has been found that this biological process contains various steps. As shown in Figure METHODOLOGY From literature review different bacteria in Bacillus Sphaericus Bacillus subtilis Bacillus magaterium Bacillus pasteuri Bacillus cohnii Sporosarcina pasteurii Shewanella species All these micro-organisms are studied in this paper for their comparison in their capabilities to enhance the characteristics. According to the previous researches it has been found that, the methodology to produce bacterial involves various steps: Selection of bacterial species, isolation of bacteria and growth of bacteria. Preparation of test specimen editor@iaeme.com

3 Bacterial Concrete and Effect of Different Bacteria on the Strength and Water Absorption Characteristics of Concrete: A Review Characterization studies: a. X-ray diffraction analysis. b. SEM analysis. c. Permeation, durability and mechanical aspects of. 3. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES: 3.1. Selection of Bacteria The ph of is between 10 to 13 and its temperature can go up to 70 c. After the drying of the there is no moisture left in it. So, the selection of bacteria is done on the basis of its high resistance against ph, temperature and lack of water content. So, due to this reason Ghosh, mandal (2006) and other researchers used thermophilic bacteria other than mesophilic bacteria Isolation of Bacteria The standard steps for isolation of micro-organisms from soils are: First of all, collection of soil s in glass bottles or test tubes. Mix all these s with some amount of water then vigorously shake it. After that take 1ml of mixed soil into a test tube and add 9ml of distilled water in it. After the addition of 1ml of bacterial water in 9ml of distilled water, the concentration of solution becomes This solution should be kept in a test tube. After this take 1ml solution from first test tube to the second test tube and again add 9ml of distilled water in second test tube. Repeat the above 3 steps 5 to 6 times. After these steps the concentration of solution becomes 10-4 to After all these steps, make Patrick plates with some selective media according to the bacteria requirement. After this spread the above test tube solution of concentration 10-4 to 10-6 on the Patrick plate with media in it. And check the plate after hrs. After hrs check the type of colony formation in the Patrick plate. And also made some more Patrick plates with the same media and soil with different concentration. After this streak the different type of colonies on different plates. And check the growth after hrs. Then check the morphology of different colonies by gram staining method. And also do some bio-chemical reactions for proper identification of bacteria. Then again make a liquid broth of selective media and streak the identified bacteria in to it. After hrs check the growth. After certain time period the turbidity in media will show the growth of microbes And this is the finally isolated bacteria. This bacterial solution is then checked for calcite formation by X-ray diffraction analysis and SEM (stereo electron microscopic) analysis. Some of the different selective media s for the growth of bacteria: a. Bacillus Sphaericus : Trypticase soy broth b. Bacillus subtilis : Nutrient broth agar c. Bacillus magaterium : Hicrome bacillus agar d. Bacillus Pasteuri : NH4-YE medium e. Bacillus colli : BATS media f. Bacillus flexus : Hicrome bacillus agar g. Bacillus cereus : Hicrome bacillus agar h. Sporosarcina pasteurii : NH4-YE medium i. Shewanella species : Shewanella IRHLS Agar 45 editor@iaeme.com

4 Abhishek Thakur, Akshay Phogat and Khushpreet Singh All this information regarding the different media s is taken from the The basic requirement in the bacterial is to protect the bacteria in the from the highly alkaline environment of. The next important part is the addition of bacteria in. According to the previous studies the different approaches for the addition of bacteria in are; In fresh - direct addition of microbial broth or in form of spores. 2. Immobilized form onto activated carbon or silica gel 3. By encapsulation 4. By using the vascular network Direct addition of microbial broth in fresh : this type of addition of bacteria in is a simple method and also economically good and also shows higher biological workability. But the most important thing is it shows very less increase in compressive strength, and durability. In this approach of addition of bacteria in, the lifetime of micro-organisms is less. This is the main reason for the less increase in different characteristics of. Immobilized form onto activated carbon or silica gel: in this approach the addition of attached microorganisms or their spores to the activated carbon or silica gel is done. In this case the micro-organisms shows higher lifetime, bacteria shows less effect on durability, strength and permeation, it also shows higher biological workability. One more disadvantage of this method is there is very less protection for the microorganisms in. By encapsulation: in this method encapsulated micro-organisms are added directly in. This approach shows high lifetime of micro-organisms, less effect of durability, less strength and permeability, and shows high biological workability. The disadvantage of this method is, this method is expensive and complex. By using the vascular network: In this method there is circulation of micro-organisms in the micro-vessels throughout the. This method is highly effective for the repair of crack and also makes the more durable. But this method is very costly, complex, shows less biological workability and also there is no full information about this method in the previous studies. These are the different approaches for the addition of bacteria in. According to the ph, temperature and other properties of these conditions are not suitable for the growth of bacteria. So, the bacterial spores are used instead of the nutrient broth or liquid form of bacteria in. One more alternative method is the encapsulation of the microorganisms. But this method is economically not good. And the last method for introduction of bacteria in is the use of vascular network to distribute the microbial broth in the cement matrix. This method is very complicated and current technology is not much developed to exhibit this method. Since 1980 s after a lot of researches it has been found that, Out of all these methods the direct addition and addition in form of spores mostly used by the researchers because these methods are economical and easy to proceed with the current available technology. The final chemical reactions, due to which the calcium carbonate production takes place in all these bacteria, are shown below: 41,42,43 Ca 2+ + cell cell - Ca 2+ Eqn (1) Cell - Ca Co 3 CaCo 3 cell (2) In the equation (1) the bacterial cell wall is having the negative charge. So, the cell wall is able to draw positively charged calcium ion (Ca 2+ ) to deposit it on the cell wall. In equation (2) the Ca 2+ ion then react with the Co 2-3 ion and finally it leads to the precipitation of CaCo 3 at the cell surface and this precipitation basically serves as a nucleation site editor@iaeme.com

5 Bacterial Concrete and Effect of Different Bacteria on the Strength and Water Absorption Characteristics of Concrete: A Review 4. RESULTS SEM investigation of Calcite precipitation by different bacteria in : [Figure 2] Influence of addition of bacteria in as per the Stereo electron microscopic investigation: J.Y.Wang, H. soers et.al observed that, to engineer the MICCP inside the specimen by the addition of bacteria, nutrients needed to be added with the bacteria in the specimen. Taking this factor into account the best option is to immobilize spores with the relevant nutrient in the specimen 44. Acoording to the Kim Van Tittleboom, Nele De Belie et.al observed that the water permeability factors measured was decreased with the passage of time, and all this is only possible due to the calcite precipitation 30. Namayakkara also observed the same thing that there is decrease in water absorption capacity of the specimen and he also concluded that it is possible due to the further hydration of unhydrated cement particles and the carbonation of Ca(oH) 2. Hearn states that, the reduction in water flow due to the hydration and MICCP is increases with the passage of time. And he also concluded that the main condition is to maintain the temperature and humidity up to 20 0 C and 90%. Xingzi yang, En-husang et.al states that the self healing by the MICCP is expected to overcome the present problem of cracking and enhancement of properties and also concluded that this process can also work in the natural environment 56. Mianluo, Chan-xiang et.al observed that the MICCP is higher on the cracks of containing bacteria 57. The MICCP presence was observed by the X-ray diffraction analysis. In this study spore forming alkaliresistant bacteria was used. The XRD image of this research is shown below in [figure 3] Compressive strength and water absorption results of different bacteria after 28 days of curing: shown in [table 1] Compressive strength and water absorption comparison of different bacterial species after 28days of curing of specimen, [figure 4 and figure 5] 5. CONCLUSION Currently, the designing of bacterial is the most popular research topic for the researchers. Till now it has been found that the use of bacterial can enhance the durability, mechanical and permeation aspects of. According to the previous researches till now, it has been found that the maximum increase in the compressive strength is achieved by the addition of Bacillus cereus that is upto 50% for the cell concentration of 10 6 cells/ml, and the maximum decrease in water absorption is in case of S. pasteurii that is 80-85% than the conventional after the 28 days curing time period. According to the previous researches, some of the bacteria are not good for human health but some other bacteria like bacillus Sphaericus, bacillus pasteurii, bacillus subtilis, and bacillus flexus does not impose any bad effect on human health and also shows higher ability of calcite precipitation, this property makes these bacteria as ideal bacteria for the designing of bacterial. As from the study is predicted that the life of bacterial is more than conventional 1,51. So, the use of biological can create new job opportunities for the experts. The cost of the bacterial, according to the opinions of other researchers can increase up to 30% than the conventional, depending upon the type and concentration of bacteria. But the maintenance cost can be reduced by the use of bacterial 78. This method is easy and convenient in the whole process of cementation. This technology will provide long life to the structure due to its good durability properties but more work is required on the following mentioned issues to improve the feasibility of this technology from practical viewpoints. Issues related to its economical factors and qualities related to bacteria are still to be finding out. Studies are required to focus on different types of metabolic products and nutrients used for growing calcifying microorganisms. More work is required to be done on the retention of nutrients and metabolic products in the building material editor@iaeme.com

6 Abhishek Thakur, Akshay Phogat and Khushpreet Singh Long term durability investigation is required to check the behavior of bacterial after a long period of time. 6. FIGURES AND TABLES Figure 1 Shows the biological process for the development of bacterial/bio- Biological processes in selection of method for preparation of bacterial MICCP Different biological precipitation Precipitation of polymorphic iron aluminium silicate 35 Type of microorganisms Different micro-organism families which can be used to design bacterial Precipitation by the use of Fungi 5 Bacteria 36 Mesophilic microorganisms 33 Thermopilic microorganisms 37 Aerobic Bacteria 5 Anaerobic Bacteria 5, 37 Figure 1 SEM images of bacterial showing calcite precipitation. (A) J.Y. Wang, H.Soens et.al (2013) the calcite precipitation in specimen containing Bacillus Sphaericus micro-organism without spores 44. (B) P.Ghosh, S.Mandal et.al (2006) investigated the bacterial containing 10 5 cells/ml concentration of bacteria in in this image rode shaped structure shows the presence of calcite in specimen 37. (C) (D) S.Krishnapriya, D.L. Venkatesh babu et.al (2015) used Bacillus magaterium (C) scale bar 50µm and bacillus flexus (D) scale bar 10µm in for the purpose of crack healing investigation. These pictures show the SEM images to investigate the calcite precipitation 45. (E) (F) Varenyam achal, Abhijeet mukhrjii et.al investigated bacterial and finds the presence of calcite in case of bacterial. First image shows the without bacteria without any calcite precipitation (E) and second image shows the presence of calcite in as the rode shaped structure 46. (F) editor@iaeme.com

7 Bacterial Concrete and Effect of Different Bacteria on the Strength and Water Absorption Characteristics of Concrete: A Review Figure 3 Image of XRD analysis of bacterial by Mianluo, chan-xiang et.al (2015) the higher peak values shows the higher presence of calcite in the specimen editor@iaeme.com

8 Abhishek Thakur, Akshay Phogat and Khushpreet Singh Table 1 Compressive strength and water absorption results of different bacteria after 28 days of curing: S.No. Bacteria Authors Compressive strength results 28 days Water absorption results 28 days References 1. Bacillus Sphaericus W.De.muynck et.al (2008) 30-35% increase than 45-50% less than 34,58,7,59,60 W.De. muynck et.al (2010) V.Achal et.al (2011) Jagdeesha et.al (2012) Kumar jagdeesha et.al (2013) M. Manjunath et.al (2014) 2. Bacillus subtilis Reddy et.al (2013) Y.park et.al () R.pei et.al (2013) I.I. Muhammad et.al (2014) 12-17% increase than Nearly 50% less than 61,62,63,64 3. Bacillus magaterium Dhamia et.al (2012) 24.2% increase than 46% less than Bacillus pasteurii Ramachandran et.al (2001) S.S.Bang et.al (2001) Ramakrishanan et.al (2005) De. Muynck et.al (2008) C. Qian et.al (2009) Y.Park et.al (2010) 5. Bacillus cohnii Sierra beltron et.al (2014) 6. Baciillus flexus Kumar Jagdeesha et.al (2013) 2-4% increase than 15% increase than 10-18% increase than 50-70% less than Nearly 35% less than Nearly 40% less than 1,66,55,34,67, editor@iaeme.com

9 Bacterial Concrete and Effect of Different Bacteria on the Strength and Water Absorption Characteristics of Concrete: A Review 7. Bacillus cereus W.D. Muynck et.al (2010) Maheshwaran et.al (2014) 30-40% increase than 50% less than 58,70 8. S. Pasteurii B.Topc et.al (2004) Y.Park et.al (2010) V.Achal et.al (2011) Navneet chahal et.al (2012) 18% increase than 80-85% lesss than 71,62,7,72,73,63,74,75 Navneet chahal et.al (2012) R.Pei et.al (2013) R.Chidara et.al (2014) Pacheco et al., [18] (2013) 9. Shewanella species S.Ghoshh et.al (2009) Y.Park et.al (2010) V.Achal et.al (2011) N.R.Iyer et.l (2011) % increase than Nearly 50% 76,62,7,77 less than Figure 4 Shows the compressive strength comparison of different bacterial species after 28 days of curing %age increase in compressive strength Compressive strength Bacterial Species Bacillus Sphaericus Bacillus Subtilis Bacillus Magaterium Bacillus Pasteurii Bacillus Cohnii Baciillus Flexus 51 editor@iaeme.com

10 Abhishek Thakur, Akshay Phogat and Khushpreet Singh Figure 5 Shows the compressive strength comparison of different bacterial species after 28 days of curing %age decrease in water absorption Water absorption Bacterial Species Bacillus Sphaericus Bacillus Subtilis Bacillus Magaterium Bacillus Pasteurii Bacillus Cohnii Baciillus Flexus REFRENCES [1] S.K. Ramachandran, V. Ramakrishnan, S.S. Bang, Remediation of using microorganisms, ACI Mater. J. 98 (1) (2001) 3 9. [2] B. Lian, Q. Hu, J. Chen, J. Ji, H.H. Teng, Carbonate biomineralization induced by soil bacterium Bacillus megaterium, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 70 (2006) [3] N. Kaur Dhamia, M. Sudhakara Reddya, A. Mukherjeeb, Improvement in strength properties of ash bricks by bacterial calcite, Ecol. Eng. 39 (2012) [4] Gurbuz, Y. Dursun Sari, Z. Nur Yuksekdag, B. Cinar, Cementation in a matrix of loose sandy soil using biological treatment method, Afr. J. Biotechnol. 10 (38) (2011) [5] N. Chahal, A. Rajor, R. Siddique, (2011) Calcium carbonate precipitation by different bacterial strains, African Journal of Biotechnology, 10: [6] H. M. Jonkers, A. Thijssen, G. Muyzer, O. Copuroglu, and E. Schlangen, Application of bacteria as self-healing agent for the development of sustainable, Ecol. Eng., 36(2), , [7] Achal, V., Mukherjee, A. & Reddy, M.S., (2011a). "Effect of calcifying bacteria on permeation properties of structures", J Ind Microbial Biotechnology, Vol. 38, pp [8] P. Lopez-Garcia, J. Kazmierczak, K. Benzerara, S. Kempe, F. Guyot, D. Moreira, Bacterial diversity and carbonate precipitation in the giant microbialites from the highly alkaline Lake Van, Turkey, Extremophiles 9 (2005) [9] Y. Shen, R. Buick, D.E. CanWeld, Isotopic evidence for microbial sulphate reduction in the early Archaean era, Nature 410 (2001) [10] Achal V, Mukherjee A, Reddy MS. Microbial a way to enhance the durability of building structures. J Mater Civil Eng 2011;23: [11] S. K. Ghosh (Ed.), (2009) Self-Healing Materials: Fundamentals, Design Strategies, and Applications, Wiley WCH, GmbH. [12] K. van Breugel (2007) Is There a market for selfhealing cement-based materials. In: Proceedings of the first international conference on self-healing materials, Noordwijkaan zee, the Netherlands. [13] W. Zhong, W. Yao, (2008) Influence of damage degree on Self-healing of Concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 22: [14] A. C. Balazs, (2007) Modeling self-healing materials, Mater. Today 10: editor@iaeme.com

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