The Study of Animal Behaviour
|
|
- Nicholas Newman
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 The Study of Animal Behaviour
2 The Study of Animal Behaviour FELICITY HUNTINGFORD Department oj Zoology University ojglasgotlj, UK LONDON NEW YORK Chapman and Hall
3 Firstpublished 1984 by Chapman and Hall Ltd 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Published in the USA by Chapman and Hall 733 ThirdAvenue, New YorkNY Felicity Huntingford Photoset by Enset Ltd. Midsomer Norton, Bath, Avon and printed in Great Britain by J. w. Arrowsmith Ltd., Bristol ISBN-13: e-isbn-13: DOl: / This title is available in both hardbound and paperback editions. The paperback edition is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, re-sold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without thepublisher's prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted, or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and rewrding, or in any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writingfrom the publisher. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Huntingford, Felicity A. The study of animal behaviour. 1. Animal behavior I. Title QL751 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Huntingford, Felicity A. (Felicity Ann) The study of animal behaviour. Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Animal behavior. I. Title. QL751.H
4 To Tim and Anne, without whom this book would not have been written, and to Joan and Jessica, without whom it might have been written sooner
5 Contents Preface Acknowledgements List of plates Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 The ethological approach to the study of behaviour 1.2 A brief outline of classical ethological theory 1.3 The modem study of animal behaviour 1.4 An outline of the book Chapter 2 The description and measurement of behaviour 2.1 Describing behaviour by its function 2.2 Describing behaviour by its form Behaviour described as a continuous process Behaviour described as a series of discrete events 2.3 Describing and measuring the relationship between an animal and its environment Describing the way a single animal uses space Describing the relationship between an animal and neighbouring conspecifics 2.4 "What is the point of all this sophisticated analysis? Chapter 3 The study of the causes of behavioural change 3.1 "What constitutes a causal explanation of behaviour? 3.2 The different kinds of causal explanation 3.3 Motivational models Descriptive and explanatory models General, theory-based and specific, data-based models Deterministic and probabilistic models Assessing models xiv xv xvi Contents vii
6 3.4 Studying external influences on behaviour Prey catching in toads; behavioural studies Attack in Haplochromis burtoni Incubation in herring gulls Prey catching in toads; physiological studies The role of external stimuli in the control of behaviour Studying internal influences on behaviour Identifyin.g groups of causally related acts The role of internal factors in the control of behaviour What is the nature of the mechanisms which cause behavioural change? A probabilistic model A deterministic model Modelling motivation as a hierarchy of decisions Control theory models of motivation Space-state models Studying the physiological bases of behavioural change Physiological explanations of complex behaviour Alteration in behavioural theory as a result of physiological research Identifying fruitful topics for physiological study by behavioural analysis Ethological concepts and techniques can improve the quality of physiological research Ethological ideas can help in the interpretation of physiological results 103 Chapter 4 The development of behaviour Problems with the instinct-learning dichotomy Instincts are defined by exclusion Interpreting deprivation experiments is not simple Learning is not the only way the environment influences development of behaviour The instinct -learning dichotomy confounds three distinct consequences of behavioural development Why is the term innate still used? Describing the ontogeny of behaviour The emergence of recognizable behaviour patterns in young animals The time of appearance of behaviour patterns during development 111 Vlll Contents
7 4.3.3 The development of motivational systems Physiological changes accompanying behavioural development Characterizing the factors which influence the development of behaviour Deductions from descriptive studies Experimental studies of behavioural development Experimental studies of the development of song in passerines A quantitative model of the development of social preferences in birds Classifying the factors which influence the development of behaviour Some general features of behavioural development Sensitive periods Constraints on learning Functional aspects of behavioural development 136 Chapter 5 The adaptive significance of behaviour Sources of evidence about the adaptive significance of behaviour Deduction from the theory of natural selection The context in which behaviour is shown The short-term consequences of behaviour Comparisons between species and populations Measuring the fitness of individuals which differ in their behaviour Experimental manipulation of the consequences of behaviour Deductions from the genetic architecture of behaviour Models of the adaptive significance of behaviour Difficulties in studying the adaptive significance of behaviour Multiple benefits Costs, benefits and optimality models Frequency dependent costs and benefits; games theory The state of the art The adaptive significance of the way animals pattern their behaviour in time Rhythms ofbella!iollr _ The adaptive significance of behavioural rhythmicity The adaptive significance of the way animals use space Dispersal patterns Deciding where to live What to do where; optimal foraging theory Problems with optimal foraging theory 180 Contents ix
8 5.5.5 Constraints on use of space resulting from the presence of conspecifics Territorial behaviour The adaptive significance of an animal's aggressive responses Games theory and the hawk-dove model Weaknesses of the hawk-dove model Games theory models in sexually reproducing species Conflicts between doves; the War of Attrition model Games with progressive escalation Games with asymmetries between opponents Games in which information is acquired during a fight Gamel> with non-random encounters The contribution of games theory to our understanding of the adaptive significance of the way animals fight The adaptive significance of an animal's breeding habits; mating systems Life history parameters Questions about sex Mating systems Adaptive significance of behaviour accompanying mating Identifying the correct species Preventing mating with conspecifics of the wrong sex Synchronizing the behaviour of potential mates The impact of intra-sexual competition for mates The impact of selectiveness in potential mates Alternative mating strategies Darwin, natural selection and sexual selection Conflicts of interest between the sexes The adaptive significance of parental care The adaptive significance of living in groups Studies of the adaptive significance of group life The benefits resulting from group life OJ The complex costs and benefits of group life; Caraco's model (1979) Behaviour which cannot be explained by classic natural selection theory An outline of the problem Animals may ultimately benefit from their 'altruistic' behaviour J Group selection 257 x Contents
9 Kin selection Parental manipulation Has altruism been explained? Overview; sociobiology and behavioural ecology Weaknesses in the sociobiological approach to behaviour Reasons why behavioural differences may not be adaptive 272 Chapter 6 The phylogeny of behaviour Sources of evidence about the phylogeny of behaviour The fossil record Ontogeny The behaviour of interspecific hybrids Comparative studies Some representative behavioural phylogenies Tongue movements in reptiles Predatory behaviour in gastropods Aggressive interactions in fish Hymenopteran social systems Deriving general principles of behavioural evolution Sound production in crickets Courtship in peacocks 288 Chapter 7 The role of behaviour in the evolutionary process The behaviour of other animals as a major selective force The behaviour of conspecifics The behaviour ofheterospecifics Behaviour dictates the selection pressures to which an animal is exposed The impact of behaviour on population structure Behavioural influences on gene flow between populations Behavioural influences on population size Behavioural influences on panmixis 299 Chapter 8 Behavioural genetics The objectives of research into the inheritance of behaviour Potential contributions of genetics to the study of animal behaviour As an additional research tool in the analysis of behaviour As a source of essential information about behaviour Quantitative genetics Techniques for identifying the genetic origin of a known behavioural difference 306 Contents xi
10 8.4.1 Crosses between behavioural variants Selective breeding from extremes of a behavioural continuum Screening known genetic variants for behavioural differences Known single gene mutations which influence behaviour Visible differences in chromosome structure with behavioural effects Comparing naturally occurring, isolated populations Correlating degree of relatedness and behavioural similarity Inbred strains Itecombinantstrains Characterizing the precise behavioural effects of genetic differences The mechanisms whereby genes influence behaviour Effects on the structures necessary for performing the behaviour Effects on muscles or neuromuscular junctions Effects on the sense organs Effects on the CNS Effects on the endocrine system Effects on some totally unknown mechanism Genetic mosaics Animal behaviour and behavioural genetics 333 Chapter 9 Applied ethology Clarification of terms; what is applied ethology? Ways in which ethological research can be applied to practical problems Direct application of the results of ethological research Using the ideas and concepts of ethology Using ethological techniques Pest control Increasing the productivity of commercially important species Identifying suitable species for exploitation Selection for desired behavioural attributes Controlling dispersal and movement Promoting survival Promoting growth Promoting successful reproduction Animal welfare Identifying suffering in animals Alleviating animal suffering Conservation 354 xii Contents
11 9.7 Human behaviour Applying ethological techniques to human behaviour Ethological concepts as a source of hypotheses about human behaviour Making direct use of the facts collected by ethologists Sociobiology and human behaviour 366 References Author index Species index Subject index Contents Xlll
12 Preface The aim of this book is to identify the main areas of active discussion about, and research into, the biology of animal behaviour, to describe and assess ways in which these can be studied and using selected examples, to illustrate the kinds of results which are emerging. It is not intended to provide an exhaustive review of all we know about animal behaviour, although the examples have been chosen to cover as many as possible of the things that animals do. XlV Preface
13 Acknowledgements I would like to thank C. Swann, M.L.N. Murthy and the Superbrain for typing the manuscript; Linda Partridge, Pat Monaghan, Douglas Fraser and Richard Wilson for constructive criticism of earlier drafts; Alan Crowden for help in planning and producing the book and, particularly, Tim Huntingford for help and encouragement at all stages of its production. Acknowledgements are gratefully made to Jim Tulley fot producing plates 1, 2, 3, 7 and 12 and to Michael Hansell for the remainder. Acknowledgements xv
14 List of plates Plate 1 Non-random spacing in animals; a colony of breeding gannets 30 Plate 2 Behaviour of gulls at the nest; relief of an incubating kittiwake by its partner 58 Plate 3 Development of behavioural sequences; certain elements of play in cats become incorporated into predatory sequences 113 Plate 4 Foraging bees 175 Plate 5 Sexual advertisement? A male frog calling at a breeding pond 222 Plate 6 Parental investment by the female; a mother spider monkey carrying her infant 238 Plate 7 Group living and vigilance; a flock of grazing pink-footed geese 246 Plate 8 Living in groups can improve feeding efficiency; social facilitation in pink-footed geese 248 Plate 9 Sterile castes (of termites), a problem for the conventional theory of natural selection 266 Plate 10 Factors other than kinship may favour communal nesting in hymenoptera; a hornet (Vespa tropica) destroying a larva of the wasp Parischnogaster mellyi 269 Plate 11 Possible stages in the evolution of complex social organization in the hymenoptera. (a) A single female Parischnogaster jacobsoni at her nest; (b) a small group of Liostenogastervaripiaa at a communal nest 286 Plate 12 Differential choice of habitat by closely related species; the voles Clethrionomys brittanicus (a) and Microtus agrestis (b) in their natural environments 297 xvi List of plates
... "1, '",.. r.",. r ",~ Illustrated by Leslie M. Downie Department of Zoology, University of Glasgow
ANIMAL CONFLICT Illustrated by Leslie M. Downie Department of Zoology, University of Glasgow "1,... '",.. r.",. r ",~ ANIMAL CONFLICT Felicity A. Huntingford and Angela K. Turner Department of Zoology,
More informationChapter 44. Table of Contents. Section 1 Development of Behavior. Section 2 Types of Animal Behavior. Animal Behavior
Animal Behavior Table of Contents Section 1 Development of Behavior Section 2 Types of Animal Behavior Section 1 Development of Behavior Objectives Identify four questions asked by biologists who study
More informationEnvironmental Science Methods
Environmental Science Methods Environmental Science Methods Edited by Robin Haynes School of Environmental Sciences University of East Ang/ia LONDON NEW YORK CHAPMAN AND HALL First published 1982 by Chapman
More information4 Questions relating to Behavior
Chapter 51: Animal Behavior 1. Stimulus & Response 2. Learned Behavior 3. Connecting Behavior to Survival & Reproduction 4 Questions relating to Behavior The Dutch behavioral scientist Niko Tinbergen proposed
More informationShallow Refraction Seismics
Shallow Refraction Seismics Series Editor D. S. Parasnis Professor of Applied Geophysics, University of Lulea, Sweden Fellow of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences Shallow Refraction Seismics
More informationChapter 14 The Evolution of Social Behavior (1 st lecture)
Chapter 14 The Evolution of Social Behavior (1 st lecture) Society A group of individuals of the same species that is organized in a cooperative manner, extending beyond sexual and parental care Colonial
More informationPrinciples of Applied Geophysics
Principles of Applied Geophysics 'This is called practice, but remember to first set forth the theory.' Leonardo da Vinci Codex Madrid I (1493-1497) Principles of Applied Geophysics D.S. PARASNIS Professor
More informationCharacteristics of Animals
Animal Adaptations Notes Characteristics of Animals Animals are in Kingdom a. b. eukaryotic c. cells lack. do not have a backbone. Ex. do have a backbone. Ex. Animals survive by doing the following essential
More informationInvertebrate Biology A FUNCTIONAL APPROACH P. CALOW CROOM HELM LONDON A HALSTED PRESS BOOK JOHN WI LEY & SONS NEW YORK - TORONTO
INVERTEBRATE BIOLOGY Invertebrate Biology A FUNCTIONAL APPROACH P. CALOW CROOM HELM LONDON A HALSTED PRESS BOOK JOHN WI LEY & SONS NEW YORK - TORONTO 1981 P. Calow Croom Helm Ltd, 2-10 St John's Road,
More informationFINITE MIXTURE DISTRIBUTIONS
MONOGRAPHS ON APPLl~[) PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS FINITE MIXTURE DISTRIBUTIONS MONOGRAPHS ON APPLIED PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS General Editor D.R. COX, FRS Also available in the series Probability, Statistics
More informationPrinciples of Animal Behavior
Animals and Humans! Lee Alan Dugatkin Principles of Animal Behavior THIRD EDITION Chapter 1 Principles of Animal Behavior We are surrounded by animals and many humans like to know them" Early human art
More informationAnimal Behaviour. Mark Elgar. Eusociality II
Animal Behaviour Mark Elgar Eusociality II Outline Evolution of sociality in insects How much care to give Conflicts of interest re-visited Social doesn t always mean complex These social insects have
More information5/7/2009. Copyright The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
36 1 CHAPTER 36 Animal Behavior Ethology 36 2 Science of Animal Behavior Study of animal behavior as a science had its roots in the 1872 work of Charles Darwin Ethology Science of animal behavior in its
More information8 Alternative reproductive tactics in insects 177 H. JANE BROCKMANN. 9 The expression of crustacean mating strategies 224
Contents List of contributors Preface page vii ix 1 The evolution of alternative reproductive tactics: concepts and questions 1 MICHAEL TABORSKY, RUI F. OLIVEIRA, PART I AND H. JANE BROCKMANN ULTIMATE
More informationSociobiological Approaches. What We Will Cover in This Section. Overview. Overview Evolutionary Theory Sociobiology Summary
Sociobiological Approaches What We Will Cover in This Section Overview Evolutionary Theory Sociobiology Summary 7/22/2007 Sociobiological Approaches.ppt 2 Overview Total focus on internal aspects of personality
More informationAnimal Behavior (Ch. 51)
Animal Behavior (Ch. 51) Behavioral Ecology Two types of questions: Proximate questions: Focus on environmental stimuli that trigger behavior and physiology behind response How? Ultimate questions: Focus
More informationChapter 53 Animal Behavior
Chapter 53 Animal Behavior meerkats What is behavior? Why study it? Behavior everything an animal does & how it does it response to stimuli in its environment innate = inherited or developmentally fixed
More informationQuestions About Social Behavior
April 17: Altruism: Questions Questions About Social Behavior 1. Why live in groups? Costs: disease, competition, cannibalism, visibility to predators Benefits: more efficient foraging; defenses against
More informationEnvironmental signals
Environmental signals Why are environmental signals rare? Pp 632-635 Resource recruitment signals Costs and benefits Vertebrates and social insects Predator detection signals Types Patterns of usage Intertrophic
More informationWhat is behavior? What questions can we ask? Why study behavior? Evolutionary perspective. Innate behaviors 4/8/2016.
What is behavior? Animal Behavior Behavior everything an animal does & how it does it response to stimuli in its environment Innate (instinct) inherited automatic & consistent learned ability to learn
More informationEvolution of Social Behavior: Kin Selection & Sociobiology. Goal: Why does altruism exist in nature?
"One lifetime, nine lifetimes are not long enough for the task of blocking every cranny through which calamity may enter A life spent, however victoriously, in securing the necessities of life is no more
More informationChetek-Weyerhaeuser Middle School
Chetek-Weyerhaeuser Middle School Science 7 Units and s Science 7A Unit 1 Nature of Science Scientific Explanations (12 days) s 1. I can make an informed decision using a scientific decision-making model
More informationPowder Surface Area and Porosity
Powder Surface Area and Porosity Powder Technology Series Edited by B. Scarlett Department of Chemical Engineering University of Technology Loughborough Powder Surface Area and Porosity S. Lowell PhD Quantachrome
More informationChapter 35. Behavioral Adaptations to the Environment. Lecture by Brian R. Shmaefky
Chapter 35 Behavioral Adaptations to the Environment PowerPoint Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections, Sixth Edition Campbell, Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey Copyright 2009 Pearson Education,
More informationWhat is altruism? Benefit another at a cost to yourself. Fitness is lost!
Altruism What is altruism? Benefit another at a cost to yourself. Fitness is lost! Does altruism exist? Best examples come from eusocial insects Bees, termites, ants Suicide in bees, etc. Non-breeding
More information9.916 Ingroups and Outgroups
9.916 Ingroups and Outgroups Today s Lecture One mind thinking about another: - stable - universal Social relationships: - dynamic - co-dependent - context-bound Social relationships depend on a continuous
More informationEusocial species. Eusociality. Phylogeny showing only eusociality Eusocial insects. Eusociality: Cooperation to the extreme
Eusociality: Cooperation to the extreme Groups form colonies with reproductive and worker castes. Eusociality has evolved most often in insects: Ants Eusocial species Honeybees Termites Wasps Phylogeny
More informationCooperation. Main points for today. How can altruism evolve? Group living vs. cooperation. Sociality-nocooperation. and cooperationno-sociality
Cooperation Why is it surprising and how does it evolve Cooperation Main points for today Sociality, cooperation, mutualism, altruism - definitions Kin selection Hamilton s rule, how to calculate r Group
More informationAssessment Schedule 2016 Biology: Demonstrate understanding of the responses of plants and animals to their external environment (91603)
NCEA Level 3 Biology (91603) 2016 page 1 of 6 Assessment Schedule 2016 Biology: Demonstrate understanding of the responses of plants and animals to their external environment (91603) Evidence Statement
More informationReproduction and Evolution Practice Exam
Reproduction and Evolution Practice Exam Topics: Genetic concepts from the lecture notes including; o Mitosis and Meiosis, Homologous Chromosomes, Haploid vs Diploid cells Reproductive Strategies Heaviest
More informationLocal resource competition. Sex allocation Is the differential allocation of investment in sons vs. daughters to increase RS. Local mate competition
Sex allocation Is the differential allocation of investment in sons vs. daughters to increase RS Local resource competition Biased against the competing sex Fisher: Genetic model predicts 1:1 sex ratio
More informationImprinting and kin recognition
Imprinting and kin recognition Imprinting Konrad Lorenz Filial imprinting Critical period Sensitive period Experimental approaches Hours after hatching precocial altricial Filial imprinting Multiple cues
More informationFoundations of Social Evolution
Foundations of Social Evolution MONOGRAPHS IN BEHAVIOR AND ECOLOGY Edited by John R. Krebs and Tim Clutton Brock Five New World Primates: A Study in Comparative Ecology, by John Terborgh Reproductive Decisions:
More informationMathematics for Chemists
Mathematics for Chemists Mathematics for Chemists P. G. Francis Department of Chemistry, University of Hull LONDON NEW YORK Chapman and Hall First p u b l 1984 i s ~ d by Clulpmml and Hall LId I I New
More informationChemistry by Computer. An Overview of the Applications of Computers in Chemistry
Chemistry by Computer An Overview of the Applications of Computers in Chemistry Chemistry by Computer An Overview of the Applications of Computers in Chemistry Stephen Wilson Theoretical Chemistry Department
More informationRemote Sensing. Ice and Snow
Remote Sensing of Ice and Snow Remote Sensing of Ice and Snow DOROTHY K. HALL JAROSLAV MARTINEC London N ew York CHAPMAN AND HALL First published in 1985 by Chapman and Hall Ltd 11 New Fetter Lane, London
More informationSocial Insects. Social Insects. Subsocial. Social Insects 4/9/15. Insect Ecology
Social Insects Social Insects Insect Ecology Sociality evolved multiple times in insects Much of Earth s fauna consists of social insects They play major roles in entire ecosystems Proliferation of ants
More informationSocial Insects. Insect Ecology
Social Insects Insect Ecology Social Insects Sociality evolved multiple times in insects Much of Earth s fauna consists of social insects They play major roles in entire ecosystems Proliferation of ants
More informationLiving in groups 1. What are three costs and three benefits of living in groups?
Study questions Living in groups 1. What are three costs and three benefits of living in groups? 2. What is the dilution effect? What is a key assumption of the dilution effect hypothesis? What is a biological
More informationProbability and Statistics
Probability and Statistics Probability and Statistics A.M. Mathai Associate Professor of Mathematics and Statistics McGill University, A-fontreal, Canada P. N. Rathie Professor of Statistics, Instituto
More informationPrinciples of Turbomachinery
Principles of Turbomachinery To J. M. T. Principles of Turbomachinery R. K. Turton Lecturer in Mechanical Engineering Loughborough University of Technology London New York E. & F. N. Spon ISBN 978-94-010-9691-1
More informationThursday, September 26, 13
Helpful behaviors Alarm calls (e.g., Belding ground squirrel) Sentinel behavior (e.g., meerkats) Nest helping Eusocial behavior Actor performs some action that benefits another (the recipient). How do
More informationThe Problem of Where to Live
April 5: Habitat Selection: Intro The Problem of Where to Live Physical and biotic environment critically affects fitness An animal's needs may be met only in certain habitats, which should select for
More information9.20 MIT 2013 Lecture #2 Ethology
9.20 MIT 2013 Lecture #2 Ethology 1) Questions on Class 1 2) Video on the three-spined stickleback fish 3) Tinbergen on the study of gulls (Kittiwakes) 1 Review: Questions on Class 1 1. What two species
More informationAdaptation, natural selection and evolution
Adaptation, natural selection and evolution Learning Intentions Give the meaning of the term mutation. State that mutations may be neutral, confer an advantage or a disadvantage. State that mutations are
More informationENERGY METHODS OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
ENERGY METHODS OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS By the same author ESSENTIAL SOLID MECHANICS Theory, Worked Examples and Problems ENERGY METHODS OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS Theory, worked examples and problems B. W.
More information4. Identify one bird that would most likely compete for food with the large tree finch. Support your answer. [1]
Name: Topic 5B 1. A hawk has a genetic trait that gives it much better eyesight than other hawks of the same species in the same area. Explain how this could lead to evolutionary change within this species
More informationTypes of Consumers. herbivores
no energy = no life Types of Consumers herbivores herbivore us vegetation to swallow or devour Types of Consumers herbivores the organisms that eat plants carnivores carnivore us flesh to swallow or devour
More informationThe Goal of Evolutionary Psychology
The Goal of Evolutionary Psychology Understanding the Human Mind/Brain in terms of Evolution. Four Basic Questions: 1. Why is the Human Mind the way it is? 2. How is the Human Mind Designed/Organized?
More informationSocial interaction. Kin and Group selection. Social interaction. Social interaction. Social interaction. Social interaction
Kin and Group selection Social interaction Social interactions between organisms present the opportunity for conflict and cooperation Interaction between individuals can have 4 possible outcomes on the
More informationFIRST-YEAR TECHNICIAN MATHEMATICS
FIRST-YEAR TECHNICIAN MATHEMATICS FIRST-YEAR TECHNICIAN MATHEMATICS for Electrical, Electronics and Telecommunications Students RHYS LEWIS B.Sc. Tech., C.Eng., M.I.E.E. Senior Lecturer, Openshaw Technical
More informationAnimal Behavior. What is behavior? Studying Animal Behavior. Why study behavior? Chapter 51
What is behavior? Behavior = an action carried out by muscles or glands under the control of the nervous system in response to a stimulus It is a response to external and internal stimuli in an organism
More informationLight and Vacuum Downloaded from by on 11/22/17. For personal use only.
This page intentionally left blank World Scientific Published by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. 5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224 USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ
More informationIndex. Causality concept of, 128 selection and, 139, 298. Adaptation, 6, 7. See also Biotic adaptation. defining, 55, 133, 301
Index Adaptation, 6, 7. See also Biotic adaptation altruistic, 60-61 defining, 55, 133, 301 group, 136-137 group -related, 52, 53 at level of multicellular vehicle, 172 meaning of, 238 at organismallevel,
More informationEvolution Common Assessment 1
Evolution Common Assessment 1 1. The field of biology that includes the study of the origin of new species through time is known as 5. A. biochemistry B. evolution C. ecology D. embryology 2. Evidence
More information12. Social insects. Is it better to be social? Is it better to be social? What is social? Some costs of being social
Is it better to be social? 12. Social insects Cost and benefit viewpoint Social behavior is not always adaptive (costs exceed benefits) What are some costs of being social? What are some benefits of being
More informationBASIC ENGINEERING MECHANICS
BASIC ENGINEERING MECHANICS Other titles of interest to engineers An Introduction to Engineering Fluid Mechanics J. A. Fox Principles of Engineering Thermodynamics E. M. Goodger Analysis and Presentation
More informationALTRUISM OR JUST SHOWING OFF?
ALTRUISM OR JUST SHOWING OFF? Soha Sabeti ISCI 330 April 12/07 Altruism or Just Showing Off? Among the many debates regarding the evolution of altruism are suggested theories such as group selection, kin
More information1. Referring to the cladogram on page 1 and with regard to mono- / polyphyly, vertebrates are a monophyletic group; invertebrates are parayphyletc.
Answers III.4. Animals-I. 1. Referring to the cladogram on page 1 and with regard to mono- / polyphyly, vertebrates are a monophyletic group; invertebrates are parayphyletc. 2. Referring to the cladogram
More informationUnit 8: Ecology Guided Reading Questions (60 pts total)
AP Biology Biology, Campbell and Reece, 10th Edition Adapted from chapter reading guides originally created by Lynn Miriello Name: Unit 8: Ecology Guided Reading Questions (60 pts total) Chapter 51 Animal
More informationBiology 182: Study Guide PART IV. ECOLOGY, BEHAVIOR & CONSERVATION: Ch
Biology 182: Study Guide PART IV. ECOLOGY, BEHAVIOR & CONSERVATION: Ch. 51-56 The field of ecology has expanded dramatically over the last few decades, with an ever greater focus on the effects of humans
More informationMichigan Curriculum Framework
Elementary Reference Content Standards Wetlands (with teacher Rainforest (with teacher 1. All students will apply an understanding of cells to the functioning of multicellular organisms; and explain how
More informationCOMPARATIVE STATICS ANALYSIS in ECONOMICS
COMPARATIVE STATICS ANALYSIS in ECONOMICS This page is intentionally left blank COMPARATIVE STATICS ANALYSIS in ECONOMICS Kevin M. Currier Department of Economics Oklahoma State University \ > World Scientific
More informationA FUNCTIONAL BIOLOGY OF FREE-LIVING PROTOZOA
A FUNCTIONAL BIOLOGY OF FREE-LIVING PROTOZOA A Futletiotull Biology ojfree-living Protozoa JOHANNA LAYBOURN-PARRY, BSe, MSc, PhD Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lancaster, Lancaster, UK
More informationSECOND-YEAR TECHNICIAN MATHEMATICS
SECOND-YEAR TECHNICIAN MATHEMATICS Other books in this series First-year Technician Mathematics: Rhys Lewis Third-year Technician Mathematics and Applications: Rhys Lewis Books by the same author Electronic
More informationAdaptation and Change
Adaptation and Change An adaptation is any structure or behavioral trait that improves an organism's success at reproducing and surviving. Most adaptations serve one of three purposes: 1. help an organism
More informationBIO 111: Biological Diversity and Evolution
BIO 111: Biological Diversity and Evolution Varsha 2017 Ullasa Kodandaramaiah & Hema Somanathan School of Biology Ullasa Kodandaramaiah Assistant Professor, School of Biology, IISER- Thiruvananthapuram
More informationEvolutionary Biology VOLUME 31
Evolutionary Biology VOLUME 31 A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only
More informationPopulation Ecology. Study of populations in relation to the environment. Increase population size= endangered species
Population Basics Population Ecology Study of populations in relation to the environment Purpose: Increase population size= endangered species Decrease population size = pests, invasive species Maintain
More informationEarth Life System. An Introduction to the
An Introduction to the Earth Life System This undergraduate textbook brings together Earth and biological sciences to explore the co-evolution of the Earth and life over geological time. It examines the
More informationSTUDY GUIDE SECTION 16-1 Genetic Equilibrium
STUDY GUIDE SECTION 16-1 Genetic Equilibrium Name Period Date Multiple Choice-Write the correct letter in the blank. 1. The smallest unit in which evolution occurs is a. an individual organism. c. a species
More informationPractical Statistics for Geographers and Earth Scientists
Practical Statistics for Geographers and Earth Scientists Nigel Walford A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication Practical Statistics for Geographers and Earth Scientists Practical Statistics for Geographers
More informationThe Origin of the Social Impulse: E.O. Wilson s Recent and Controversial Rejection of Kin Selection in Historical Context
The Origin of the Social Impulse: E.O. Wilson s Recent and Controversial Rejection of Kin Selection in Historical Context Abraham H. Gibson Department of History Virginia Tech Outline 1. Wilson s intellectual
More informationHONORS PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW QUESTIONS
HONORS PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW QUESTIONS The purpose of these review questions is to help you assess your grasp of the facts and definitions covered in your textbook. Knowing facts and definitions is necessary
More informationIntracolonial nepotism during colony fissioning in honey bees?
Intracolonial nepotism during colony fissioning in honey bees? Juliana Rangel Co-authors: Heather Mattila, Thomas Seeley Department of Neurobiology and Behavior Cornell University Apimondia Conference,
More informationCourse Name: Biology Level: A Points: 5 Teacher Name: Claire E. Boudreau
Course Name: Biology Level: A Points: 5 Teacher Name: Claire E. Boudreau Texts/Instructional Materials: Biology : Concepts and Connections 5 th edition Campbell, Reece, Taylor and Simon Pearson Syllabus:
More information1. Most people have an easier time understanding a hockey game than an algebra equation because has made us better at understanding things
1. Most people have an easier time understanding a hockey game than an algebra equation because has made us better at understanding things than things. A. Genetic drift; simple; complex B. Genetic drift;
More information19. In the figure below, which group is not a clade?
1. Which pair of statements is logically equivalent? A. All cows can fly; all flies can cow B. All cows can fly; all flying things are cows C. All cows can fly; no non-cows can fly D. No cows can fly;
More informationAre individuals in a population of a species the same?
LEARNING OUTCOMES Define the term variation. Discuss the fact that variation occurs within, as well as between, species. Describe the differences between continuous and discontinuous variation, using examples
More informationScience Unit Learning Summary
Learning Summary Inheritance, variation and evolution Content Sexual and asexual reproduction. Meiosis leads to non-identical cells being formed while mitosis leads to identical cells being formed. In
More informationGroup selection, individual selection. Group selection (GS) concept. Can behaviors ever arise that benefit the group and not the individual?
Group selection, individual selection Can behaviors ever arise that benefit the group and not the individual? Group selection (GS) concept GS scenarios can be constructed, but they are not helpful in real
More informationA FIRST COURSE IN INTEGRAL EQUATIONS
A FIRST COURSE IN INTEGRAL EQUATIONS This page is intentionally left blank A FIRST COURSE IN INTEGRAL EQUATIONS Abdul-M ajid Wazwaz Saint Xavier University, USA lib World Scientific 1M^ Singapore New Jersey
More informationBiology 213 Summer 2004 Midterm III Choose the most correct answer and mark it on the scantron sheet. (2 pts each)
Biology 213 Summer 2004 Midterm III Choose the most correct answer and mark it on the scantron sheet. (2 pts each) 1. Evolution is a. a change in allele frequency in a population b. occurred in the past
More information9/6/2012. Point #1. Natural selection is purposeless and not acting for the good of anything.
Sample statements in exams and term papers... territoriality evolved for the good of the species. warning coloration helps to perpetuate the species. without echolocation, the bat species would die out.
More informationFoundations of animal behaviour. Niaux caves, France. Roz Dakin. roslyndakin.com/biol321. Lecture notes posted here
Foundations of animal behaviour Niaux caves, France Roz Dakin 2rd@queensu.ca Montgomerie Lab Room 4325 Biosciences (moving to 3520) 10-15,000 years ago people travelled 5 km deep into tunnels... We ve
More informationNonlinear Parabolic and Elliptic Equations
Nonlinear Parabolic and Elliptic Equations Nonlinear Parabolic and Elliptic Equations c. V. Pao North Carolina State University Raleigh, North Carolina Plenum Press New York and London Library of Congress
More informationBio 130: Animal Behavior Robinson 253, Tu, Th, F, 8:30-9:20AM
Bio 130: Animal Behavior Robinson 253, Tu, Th, F, 8:30-9:20AM I. Instructor: Name: Phil Starks Email: philip.starks@tufts Office Hours: Fri, 2:00-4:00, Robinson 356 II. Graduate Assistant: Name: Genevieve
More informationThese next few slides correspond with 23.4 in your book. Specifically follow along on page Use your book and it will help you!
These next few slides correspond with 23.4 in your book. Specifically follow along on page 462-468. Use your book and it will help you! How does natural selection actually work? Natural selection acts
More informationIndependence Theory in Com bina torics
Independence Theory in Com bina torics CHAPMAN AND HALL MA THEMA TICS SERIES Edited by Professor R. Brown Head of the Department of Pure Mathematies, University College of North Wales, Hangor and Dr M.
More informationARTiFiCiAL intelligence
PRiNCiPLES OF QUANTUM ARTiFiCiAL intelligence This page intentionally left blank PRiNCiPLES OF QUANTUM ARTiFiCiAL intelligence Andreas Wichert Instituto Superior Técnico - Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
More informationThe Evolution of Sex Chromosomes through the. Baldwin Effect
The Evolution of Sex Chromosomes through the Baldwin Effect Larry Bull Computer Science Research Centre Department of Computer Science & Creative Technologies University of the West of England, Bristol
More informationGouzoules - Animal Behavior: Psychology / Biology Fall Incorporating Sustainability Issues into the Teaching of Animal Behavior
Incorporating Sustainability Issues into the Teaching of Animal Behavior Harold Gouzoules Department of Psychology Emory University 2010 Harold Gouzoules. All rights reserved. The course Animal Behavior
More informationBrief history of The Prisoner s Dilemma (From Harman s The Price of Altruism)
Brief history of The Prisoner s Dilemma (From Harman s The Price of Altruism) 1948 The RAND Corporation. a civilian nonprofit think tank of an elite cadre of physicists, mathematicians, economists, and
More informationGrowth & Development. Characteristics of Living Things. What is development? Movement. What is a cell?
Characteristics of Living Things made of cells growth acquire and use energy reproduction movement adaptation respond to stimuli/homeostasis interdependence organization What is development? What are some
More informationSelection Methods in Plant Breeding
Selection Methods in Plant Breeding PLANT BREEDING SERIES Edited by Professor P.D.S. Caligari Head of the Department of Agricultural Botany The University of Reading, UK Modem plant breeders need to have
More informationReproduction in primitively eusocial wasps
SOCIAL INSECTS Advanced eusocial: - morphologically sterile helpers Lecture Reproductive queueing in primitively eusocial species: predictions and tests PRIMITIVELY EUSOCIAL Polistes paper wasp hover wasp
More informationChapter Chemical Uniqueness 1/23/2009. The Uses of Principles. Zoology: the Study of Animal Life. Fig. 1.1
Fig. 1.1 Chapter 1 Life: Biological Principles and the Science of Zoology BIO 2402 General Zoology Copyright The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. The Uses of
More informationHEREDITY AND EVOLUTION
HEREDITY AND EVOLUTION 1. What is a gene? Answer. Gene is the unit of inheritance. Gene is the part of a chromosome which controls the appearance of a set of hereditary characteristics. 2. What is meant
More informationSYSTEMATIC ERRORS IN ENGINEERING EXPERIMENTS
SYSTEMATIC ERRORS IN ENGINEERING EXPERIMENTS By the same author A Background to Engineering Design SYSTEMATIC ERRORS IN ENGINEERING EXPERIMENTS PETER POLAK Department of Mechanical Engineering, University
More informationANIMAL ECOLOGY (A ECL)
Animal Ecology (A ECL) 1 ANIMAL ECOLOGY (A ECL) Courses primarily for undergraduates: A ECL 312: Ecology (Cross-listed with BIOL, ENSCI). (3-3) Cr. 4. SS. Prereq: BIOL 211, BIOL 211L, BIOL 212, and BIOL
More information