Advanced Cell Biology. Lecture 6
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1 Advanced Cell Biology. Lecture 6 Alexey Shipunov Minot State University January 23, 2013 Shipunov (MSU) Advanced Cell Biology. Lecture 6 January 23, / 48
2 Outline Questions and answers Nucleic acids Structure and features Shipunov (MSU) Advanced Cell Biology. Lecture 6 January 23, / 48
3 Outline Questions and answers Nucleic acids Structure and features Shipunov (MSU) Advanced Cell Biology. Lecture 6 January 23, / 48
4 Outline Questions and answers Nucleic acids Structure and features Shipunov (MSU) Advanced Cell Biology. Lecture 6 January 23, / 48
5 Questions and answers Previous final question: the answer Which role in the cell lipids do NOT play? Shipunov (MSU) Advanced Cell Biology. Lecture 6 January 23, / 48
6 Questions and answers Previous final question: the answer Which role in the cell lipids do NOT play? Protein, DNA, RNA synthesis Transport Cellular respiration Making energy Exo- / endocytosis Shipunov (MSU) Advanced Cell Biology. Lecture 6 January 23, / 48
7 Shipunov (MSU) Advanced Cell Biology. Lecture 6 January 23, / 48
8 Peptide bonds may group together in peptides via peptide bonds This is reaction of condensation, it results also in one water molecule Shipunov (MSU) Advanced Cell Biology. Lecture 6 January 23, / 48
9 Reaction of condensation Shipunov (MSU) Advanced Cell Biology. Lecture 6 January 23, / 48
10 Reaction of condensation (3D) Shipunov (MSU) Advanced Cell Biology. Lecture 6 January 23, / 48
11 Roles Most important: components of peptides and proteins Many are intermediate stages of different biosynthetic processes, e.g.: Tryptophan is a precursor of the neurotransmitter serotonin Aspartate, glycine and glutamine are precursors of nucleotides Shipunov (MSU) Advanced Cell Biology. Lecture 6 January 23, / 48
12 Amino acid diversity by groups: glycine Simplest amino acid R is simply H in case of glycine Shipunov (MSU) Advanced Cell Biology. Lecture 6 January 23, / 48
13 Alkyls Have hydrocarbon groups as radicals Hydrophobic and therefore involving in protein shaping Shipunov (MSU) Advanced Cell Biology. Lecture 6 January 23, / 48
14 Alkyl amino acids Shipunov (MSU) Advanced Cell Biology. Lecture 6 January 23, / 48
15 Imines Not an amino acids in a strict sense because there are no α-carbon Molecule is rigid and influence protein folding Shipunov (MSU) Advanced Cell Biology. Lecture 6 January 23, / 48
16 Imines Shipunov (MSU) Advanced Cell Biology. Lecture 6 January 23, / 48
17 Aromatic Contain benzene groups May form hydrophobic bonds Shipunov (MSU) Advanced Cell Biology. Lecture 6 January 23, / 48
18 Aromatic amino acids Shipunov (MSU) Advanced Cell Biology. Lecture 6 January 23, / 48
19 Alcohols OH group is very weakly acidic May form active centers of some enzyme proteins Shipunov (MSU) Advanced Cell Biology. Lecture 6 January 23, / 48
20 Alcohol amino acids Shipunov (MSU) Advanced Cell Biology. Lecture 6 January 23, / 48
21 Acidic amino acids Weak acids Provide anionic ( ) groups on the surface of proteins Shipunov (MSU) Advanced Cell Biology. Lecture 6 January 23, / 48
22 Acidic amino acids Shipunov (MSU) Advanced Cell Biology. Lecture 6 January 23, / 48
23 Amidic Contain amide group CONH Not acidic, but polar and therefore participate in hydrogen bonding Shipunov (MSU) Advanced Cell Biology. Lecture 6 January 23, / 48
24 Amidic amino acids Shipunov (MSU) Advanced Cell Biology. Lecture 6 January 23, / 48
25 Sulfur-containing Two SH groups of cysteine may form disulfide bridge between different parts of protein molecule Disulfide bonds movie Shipunov (MSU) Advanced Cell Biology. Lecture 6 January 23, / 48
26 Sulfur-containing amino acids Shipunov (MSU) Advanced Cell Biology. Lecture 6 January 23, / 48
27 Basic amino acids Contain different nitrogen basic groups Could be strong bases and therefore binds other molecules to proteins Shipunov (MSU) Advanced Cell Biology. Lecture 6 January 23, / 48
28 Examples of basic amino acids Shipunov (MSU) Advanced Cell Biology. Lecture 6 January 23, / 48
29 Two extra amino acids Selenocysteine is similar to cysteine, but selenium instead of sulfur, forming a selenol group and selenoproteins Pyrrolysine is similar to lysine bu with additional pyrroline ring, it presents in many proteins of archebacteria (archaea) They both depend on modified stop codons in RNA (normally, these codons break protein synthesis) Shipunov (MSU) Advanced Cell Biology. Lecture 6 January 23, / 48
30 Selenocysteine Shipunov (MSU) Advanced Cell Biology. Lecture 6 January 23, / 48
31 Pyrrolysine Shipunov (MSU) Advanced Cell Biology. Lecture 6 January 23, / 48
32 Non-protein amino acids Taurine abundant in muscular and brain tissues but its functions still not known γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is non-α amino acid; it is one of main neurotransmitters in mammalian nervous system Shipunov (MSU) Advanced Cell Biology. Lecture 6 January 23, / 48
33 GABA Shipunov (MSU) Advanced Cell Biology. Lecture 6 January 23, / 48
34 Nucleic acids Structure and features Nucleic acids Structure and features Shipunov (MSU) Advanced Cell Biology. Lecture 6 January 23, / 48
35 Nucleic acids Structure and features Composition of nucleic acids Nucleic bases heterocycles with nitrogen Pentose in cyclic form Phosphoric acid H 3 PO 4 Shipunov (MSU) Advanced Cell Biology. Lecture 6 January 23, / 48
36 Nucleic acids Structure and features Phosphate Simply H 3 PO 4 Normally, fully dissociated (lost 2 hydrogen ions) Shipunov (MSU) Advanced Cell Biology. Lecture 6 January 23, / 48
37 Nucleic acids Structure and features Pentose Deoxyribose (in DNA) OR Ribose (in RNA) Shipunov (MSU) Advanced Cell Biology. Lecture 6 January 23, / 48
38 Nucleic acids Structure and features Nucleic bases and nucleosides Pyrimidines (1-cyclic): uracil/thymine or cytosine Purines (2-cyclic + amines): adenine or guanine Nucleosides are nucleic bases + pentoses Shipunov (MSU) Advanced Cell Biology. Lecture 6 January 23, / 48
39 Nucleic acids Structure and features Purines and pyrimidines Shipunov (MSU) Advanced Cell Biology. Lecture 6 January 23, / 48
40 Nucleic acids Structure and features Nucleic bases Shipunov (MSU) Advanced Cell Biology. Lecture 6 January 23, / 48
41 Nucleic acids Structure and features Nucleotide synthesis Double condensation First OH groups from sugar and phosphoric acid used Shipunov (MSU) Advanced Cell Biology. Lecture 6 January 23, / 48
42 Nucleic acids Structure and features Formation of nucleotide Shipunov (MSU) Advanced Cell Biology. Lecture 6 January 23, / 48
43 Nucleic acids Structure and features Nucleic acid synthesis Condensation between second free OH groups of sugar and phosphoric acid Resulted polymer may have almost infinite length Shipunov (MSU) Advanced Cell Biology. Lecture 6 January 23, / 48
44 Nucleic acids Structure and features Formation of nucleic acid polymers Shipunov (MSU) Advanced Cell Biology. Lecture 6 January 23, / 48
45 Nucleic acids Structure and features DNA and RNA chemistry Deoxyribose vs. ribose Thymine vs. uracil Shipunov (MSU) Advanced Cell Biology. Lecture 6 January 23, / 48
46 Nucleic acids Structure and features Hydrogen bonds, complementarity and base pairs 2 hydrogen bonds (one in, one out ): adenine and thymine/uracil 3 hydrogen bonds (one in, two out in guanine): guanine and cytosine A T and G C are base pairs consist of complementary nucleotides Shipunov (MSU) Advanced Cell Biology. Lecture 6 January 23, / 48
47 Nucleic acids Structure and features Hydrogen bonds between nucleotides Shipunov (MSU) Advanced Cell Biology. Lecture 6 January 23, / 48
48 Nucleic acids Structure and features Hydrogen bonds in complementary strands Shipunov (MSU) Advanced Cell Biology. Lecture 6 January 23, / 48
49 Nucleic acids Structure and features Final question (3 points) Shipunov (MSU) Advanced Cell Biology. Lecture 6 January 23, / 48
50 Nucleic acids Structure and features Final question (3 points) Write a sequence complementary to ATTGGAAGC Is it from DNA or RNA? Shipunov (MSU) Advanced Cell Biology. Lecture 6 January 23, / 48
51 Nucleic acids Structure and features Summary There are 20 (+2) standard amino acids classifying in 9 groups Nucleic acids are composition of purin/pyrimidin base, ribose/deoxyribose and phosphoric acid Shipunov (MSU) Advanced Cell Biology. Lecture 6 January 23, / 48
52 Nucleic acids Structure and features For Further Reading A. Shipunov. Advanced Cell Biology [Electronic resource] onwards. Mode of access: B. Alberts et al. Essential Cell Biology. 3rd edition. Garland Science, Chapter 2: : Molecules in cells, Panels 2 6. Shipunov (MSU) Advanced Cell Biology. Lecture 6 January 23, / 48
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Advanced Cell Biology. Lecture 7 Alexey Shipunov Minot State University January 25, 2013 Shipunov (MSU) Advanced Cell Biology. Lecture 7 January 25, 2013 1 / 43 Outline Questions and answers Structure
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