Effects of Cypermethrin on Chromatophores of Freshwater Fish Channa Punctatus

Transcription

1 Sengupta, M. and Dalwani, R. (Editors) Proceedings of Taal2007: The 12 th World Lake Conference: Effects of Cypermethrin on Chromatophores of Freshwater Fish Channa Punctatus S.R, Kapil A.H. Pawar, K.M. Kulkarni and V.T. Tantarpale P.G.Department of Zoology, VidyaBharati Mahavidyalaya, Amravati Maharashtra. Director of Higher Education Maharashtra State, Pune, Abida Inamdar Girls College, Pune. ABSTRACTS In laboratory evaluation was made to assess the effects of synthetic pyrethroids cypermethrin against the non target freshwater fish Channa punctatus. The effects of sublethal concentration of the cypermethrin u/liter on the number and the dispersing behaviour. The number of Chromatophore significantly decreased during exposure periods. Key words: Chromtophores, cypermethrin, Channa punctatus. INTRODUCTION Now in recent years moderate uses of insecticides in modern agriculture for protection of pests, Cypermethrin is one of the Synthetic pyrethroid commonly used to control pest (Elliott 1977). Bradbury et al, 1984 Coal and Donnell In the fishes the process of pigmentation is adaptive in nature and It can under hormonal and neuronal activation. The present paper deals with the toxic effects on the dorsal, ventral area of chromatophore in the freshwater fish Channa punctatus. MATERIAL AND METHODS The freshwater disease free Channa punctatus (average length 12.5 cm weighed gm) was collected from local resource wadali lake of Amravati Dist. Maharashtra. First washed with KMnO4 solution to prevent it from microbes and kept in clean large sized aquarium for acclimatization in the laboratory condition for 15 days. During Laboratory condition fishes were fed with dry prawn and artificial food. Water was renewed on alternate days to maintain water quality. The excess amount of food and fecal matter was removed from the water and was provided the healthy environment before experimentation. The physiochemical characters of water were analysed (APHA 1998) to find out its suitability for fish rearing. The Lc 50 concentration of cypermethrin was noted at 96 hrs. Fishes were exposed in batches of 10 for varying exposure period. After 24 hrs. watrer was renewed to maintain the pesticide concentration. Group I - Control fishes in normal water. Group II Fish exposed to Lc50 for 24 hrs. Group III- Fish exposed to cypermethrin for 48 hrs. Group IV - 72 hrs. Group V - 96 hrs. Chromatophoric alteration that was the number and structural change observed at every respective exposure period. The scales are washed and kept into normal water and observed and count under microscope. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Fishes Channa punctatus exposed to sublethal conceutration of cypermethrin showed that decrease in the number and structural change also observed. Table 1: Alternation in the population of chromatophore mid dorsal region of the freshwater fish Channa punctatus exposed to sublethal concentration of cypermethrin ( u/ml) at different hours. Changes in mid dorsal region was also observed in table (Table 1; fig 1). At the mid dorsal region the fishes were exposed to sublethal conc. of cypermethrin for 24 hrs. to 96 hrs. the number of chromatophores showed decrease. The punctate chromatophore which showed decrease as compare to control to 39.66; punctostellate to for stellate to for Reticulostellate ti and for Reticulate to The number of chromatophore gradually increased in longer exposure period. Punctate chromatophore significantly decreased at 48 hours exposure of the sublethal concentration similarly, observed in stellate form, punctate form completely absent at 48 hrs. but in punctostellate and reticulate forms both increased tremendously at 48 hrs. of exposure period ( ) and ( ) (Table 1.)

2 Table 1. Chromatophores Exposure period Days/Hrs. Control Puctate punctostellate Stelate Reticulo Stelate , Reticulate The mid dorsal region chromatophores showed condensed and disturb forms. The circuli lining were disturbed, at the center of stellate forms observed vacuole, irregular shaped, expanded but in thicker some forms showed flowering flask like appearance (Fig 1) changes in mid lateral region (Table 2) Fishes were exposed to (fig 2) sublethal concentrations of cypermethrin for 24 hrs. to 96 hrs. The number of chromatophores generally showed decreased trend as compared to control or normal. In the punctate chromatophore forms the number were , , ; from 24 hrs to 96 hrs. of exposure period. For punctostellate form , , for stellate to ; Also for Reticulostellate to and Reticulate form to observed respectively (Table 2) The number of punctate chromatophore significantly increased at 48 hrs. of exposure 23.33,62.01, also similar trend observed for punctostellate form of chromatophore. Chromatophores showed treatment with cypermethrin for 24 hrs. Exposure for longer duration showed increased and then decreased trend in the number of chromatophores with disturb arrangement (Table 2 & fig2) At the mid lateral region (fig2) observed that the arrangement of chromatophores were disturb, aggregation disturb aggregation with floating form significantly observed in Reticulostellate and retuculate form at 24 hrs the melanocytes aggregation were observed in which luminiscent white dots like iridophore observed (fig.3) Changes in mid ventral region (Table 3, Fig.3) In control fishes, the punctate, punctostellate, stellate, Reticulostellate and Reticulate were ; ; ; and respectively. Table 2: Alteration in the population of chromatophore at Mid lateral region of the freshwater fish Channa punctatus exposed to sublethal concentration of cypermethrin( u/ml) at different hours. Chromatophores Exposure period Days/Hrs. Punctate punctostellate Stellate Reticulo Stelate Reticulate Control

3 Table 3: Alteration in the population of chromatophores at mid ventral region of the freshwater fish Channa punctatus exposed to sublethal concentration of cypermethrin ( u/ml) at different hours. Chromatophores Exposure period Days/Hrs. Punctate punctostellate Stellate Reticulo Stelate Reticulate Control

4 574

5 575

6 DISCUSSION The above study showed that sublethal concentration of cypermethrin have dispersive action on the chromatophores of the fishes at early hours of exposure while aggregation and disturbing structure at longer exposure period. Such type of movement of the pigment granules of chromatophores involves nervous system as well as endocrine system. Chemical messenger or neurotransmitters are released from the neuron terminals to control this dispersion and aggregation phenomenon. (Sinha et. al, 1999). According to Parker (1943), considerable variations among fishes in the normal mechanism of control similar behaviour observed by Fujii 1959 watanable et al 1965, Iga 1977, Praveen etal 1993 studied the effects of alkali and alkanie ions in several fish species. These ions directly affects the 576

7 sympathetic post ganglionic nerve terminals release the neurotransmitters which induces the aggegation of melanophores within the cells several studies showed effects of hormones chemicals & drugs on Chromatophore have reviewed by Fujii and Oshima 1986, yamada etal 1984 Melanophores are effectively used as indicators of pesticides pollution. However the effects of pesticide on fish Chromatophore have focus little attempt taken by some investigators Kaur and Toor 1978 have reported the effects of different concentration of diazinon, feritrothion, corbaryl, melathion and phosphamidon on the development of melanophores in young fry of cyprinus carpio, Pandey et al 1981 has reported significant reduction in mean area of melanophores on exposure to melathion Mankar and Kulkarni 2000, focused on Endocel impact on chromatophores populations of fresehwater fish Channa, Orientalis (Sch).Observed that Aggregation dispersion and reduction in the surface area and population of melanophores was studies by Kulshrestha and Arora Observed that fish exposed to DDT showed dull ness melanophores aggregation. In the present investigation the fish exposed synthetic pyrethroid cypermethrin on the chromatophores showed that disperation and aggregation reduce the chromatophores number. So concluded that very little concentration of cypermethrine affect the external surface area and also nervous systems so chromatophores indicates the stress of pollution. Kaur, K and H.S Toor (1978): Toxicity of pesticide to embryonic stages of cyperinus carpiocommunis. Ind. J Expl.Bio 15: Mankar C.K and K.M.Kulkarni (2000) : Endocel impact on chromatophores of freshwater fish Channa orientalis (Sch) J.Aqua, Bio, Vol 15 (1&2) Pandey A.K; L Shukala, R, Fujii and Y.Miyashita (1981) : Effect of sublethal malathion exposure on melanophores of cichilid saretherodon mossambicus J. Lib. Arts Sci. Sappro Med Coll 22:77-81 Parker, G.H.: Vertebrates colour change review, quart, rev,biol., 18, (1943) Parveen, S.A. Gaur and M.Ovais: effects of potassium and alkaline earth ions on the isolated scale melanophores of a major carp Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham) J.Freshwater Biol. 5(3), (1993) Sinha M.K, A.K Sinha and Soma Adhikari (1999): Waring H.(1942) Vertebrate colour change Bio Rev.17, Watanabe, M;T: Naitoh and K Tsuchiya (1965) : Reversal of action of electrolytes to the melanophores of cucian carp Bio J. Okayama univ II Yamada,K.I S. Miyata and H. Katayama (1984): Autoradiographic demonstration of adrenergic in nervation to scale melanophores of a teleost fish J.Expt, Zoo 22(9) Watanabe, M.T Naitoh and K.Tsuchya : Reversal of action of electrolytes to the melanophores of cucian carp Biol J.Okayama Univ, 11, (1965). Yamada,K.I. S. Miyata and H. Katayama: Autoradiorgraphic demonstration of adrenergic innervation to scale melanophores of a teleost fish J. Expt. Zool, 22 (9), (1984). REFERENCES APHA/AWWA/WPCF (1998) : Standard method for the examination of water and waste water 20 th edition American Public Health Association New York (USA) Bradbury, S.P, Jole, R.Coats, James M.mekim (1984); Differential toxicity and uptake of two fenvalerate formulation in fat head minnows (Pemples promlas) Envison, Toxicol, Chem,4, Coats J.R, and N.L.O Donnell Jafery (1979) toxicity of four synthetic pyrethroid insecticides to rainbow trout. Bull environ, Contam, Toxicol 23, Fujii, R, (1969) : Chromatophores and pigments in Fish Physiology (Hoar W.S and Randall D.J.Eds) Vol.III Academic press NY, London PP Iga,T. : Potassium induced melanophore dispersion in Oryzias latipes independent of adrenergic mechanisms. Annot zool Japan, 50, (1977). Kulshrestha, S.K and Neelam Arora (1988): Effect of sublethal DDT and cabofuran exposure on the trunk melanophores of the fish Rasbora daniconius Environ. And E col 6: