INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY

Transcription

1 1 INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY Conceptual Curriculum Concrete concepts More abstract concepts or math/problem-solving Standard Curriculum Core content Extension topics Honors Curriculum Core honors content Options to accelerate SECTION 1.1 CHEMISTRY (pages 3 6) This section defines chemistry and differentiates among its traditional divisions. It also provides several reasons to study chemistry. What Is Chemistry? (pages 3 4) 1. What is chemistry? Chemistry is the study of the composition of matter and the changes matter undergoes. 2. What are some applications of chemistry that affect your everyday life? Students answers will vary but should include some practical aspect of applied chemistry. 3. What are the five major subdivisions of chemistry? a. organic chemistry b. inorganic chemistry c. analytical chemistry d. physical chemistry e. biochemistry 4. Is the following sentence true or false? The subdivisions of chemistry often overlap. true 5. Complete the table by filling in the appropriate subdivision of chemistry. physical chemistry Investigating a way to make stronger plastic grocery bags biochemistry analytical chemistry inorganic chemistry organic chemistry Developing a better insulin-delivery system for diabetics Determining the minerals present in a soil sample Using an acid to etch metal Creating a cleaner burning heating fuel Guided Reading and Study Workbook 1

2 CHAPTER 1, Introduction to Chemistry (continued) Why Study Chemistry? (pages 5 6) 6. Why is the study of chemistry important? The study of chemistry is important because all people and objects are made up of chemicals. 7. Circle the letter of each sentence that describes a job that a professional chemist can perform. a. A professional chemist can develop new products such as cosmetics. b. A professional chemist can help to protect the environment by reducing pollution. c. A professional chemist can perform life-saving medical procedures. d. A professional chemist can perform quality control in manufacturing. 8. Applied chemistry has specific goals for using scientific knowledge; pure chemistry seeks knowledge for its own sake. Reading Skill Practice Outlining can help you understand and remember what you have read. Write an outline for Section 1.1, Chemistry. Begin your outline by copying the headings in the textbook. Under each heading, write the main idea. Then list the details that support the main idea. Do your work on a separate sheet of paper. Students outlines should have two major topics, matching the two headings of the section. Details should include all the highlighted key terms, as well as the important concepts discussed under each heading. SECTION 1.2 CHEMISTRY FAR AND WIDE (pages 7 14) This section summarizes ways in which chemistry affects your daily life. It also describes the impact of chemistry on various fields. Materials (pages 7 8) 1. One of the most important types of materials in use today is plastics, which are also called polymers. 2. One of the most important properties of these polymers is their high strength-to-weight ratio. 2 Guided Reading and Study Workbook

3 3. Circle the letter of each fabric that is made from a polymer. a. cotton b. wool c. nylon d. polyester Energy (pages 8 10) 4. List the two ways to meet the ever-growing demand for energy. a. conserving energy b. producing more energy 5. Because they are a nonrenewable resource, the supply of fossil fuels is limited. 6. What inexhaustible source of energy are chemists trying to find new ways to capture? sunlight 7. Circle the letter of the word that identifies what devices chemists have developed to store energy more efficiently. a. windmills b. new batteries c. electric automobiles d. new internal-combustion engines 8. Is the following sentence true or false? Nuclear power plants currently use the process of nuclear fusion to produce energy. false Medicine and Biotechnology (pages 10 11) 9. What is the role of chemistry in the development of medicines? Chemists have helped to discover ways to make medicines more effective by increasing understanding of drug structure and specificity. 10. List three new materials chemists have developed that have medical applications. a. Dacron TM tubing b. artificial hipbones c. synthetic blood and skin Guided Reading and Study Workbook 3

4 CHAPTER 1, Introduction to Chemistry (continued) 11. Complete the concept map about genes. Genes are composed of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) mapped by used to treat used to create Human Genome Project genetic disease clones Agriculture (pages 11 12) 12. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about the role of chemistry in agriculture. a. Chemists have helped to increase the world s food supply by developing hardier and more productive plants. b. Chemists do not study photosynthesis or nitrogen fixation. c. Chemists study plant hormones so they can develop better pesticides. 13. How has the discovery of chemicals called pheromones helped to protect plants from insects? Pheromones are used to attract and trap specific plant pests such as gypsy moths and boll weevils. 14. Is the following sentence true or false? Insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides used on plants are less specific for the condition they are designed to treat than those developed in the past. false The Environment (pages 12 13) 15. What are three ways that chemists work to protect the environment? a. identify pollutants b. prevent or minimize environmental pollution c. clean up toxic waste 4 Guided Reading and Study Workbook

5 Match the pollutant with the environmental hazard it creates. Pollutant c 16. nitrogen oxides a 17. sulfur compounds d 18. carbon dioxide b 19. chlorofluorocarbons Environmental Hazard a. acid rain b. ozone depletion c. smog d. global warming Astronomy and Space Exploration (page 14) 20. Scientists can learn about the chemical composition of stars by analyzing their light. 21. Why has it been more difficult to discover the chemical composition of the moon and planets? Because the moon and planets do not generate their own light, samples must be collected for analysis. 22. What can scientists learn from analyzing the chemical composition of the rocks from other planets? They can learn more about how Earth and the other planets formed and whether life could exist elsewhere in the solar system. 23. Look at Figures 1.16 and 1.17 on page 14. What was the key difference in the methods scientists used to analyze rocks from Mars and Earth s moon? Astronauts collected rock samples from Earth s moon. Rocks on Mars were analyzed by remote control. SECTION 1.3 THINKING LIKE A SCIENTIST (pages 15 17) This section describes the steps involved in the scientific method. It also distinguishes between theories and scientific laws. The Scientific Method (pages 15 16) 1. What is the scientific method? It is a logical approach to the solution of a scientific problem. Guided Reading and Study Workbook 5

6 CHAPTER 1, Introduction to Chemistry (continued) 2. Complete the flowchart about the scientific method. A scientific problem is often discovered when an observation is made, which leads to a question. A hypothesis is formed when a reason or explanation is proposed for an observation. Testing a proposed explanation requires designing an experiment. For the results of the test to be accepted, the test must produce the same results when repeated. An explanation may become a theory if the same results are found after many tests. 3. Circle the letter of the activity that involves using the senses to gather information directly. a. forming a hypothesis b. making an observation c. planning an experiment d. analyzing data 4. What do scientists do if the results of an experiment do not support the hypothesis? They develop a new hypothesis and perform experiments to test the new hypothesis. 6 Guided Reading and Study Workbook

7 5. Is the following sentence true or false? Once a theory has been proven, no experiment will ever disprove it. false Scientific Laws (page 17) 6. What is a scientific law? A scientific law is a statement that summarizes the results of many experiments. It describes a natural phenomenon without attempting to explain it. 7. Scientific laws can often be expressed by mathematical relationships. 8. Circle the letter of each statement that expresses a scientific law. a. As the temperature in a cold automobile tire increases, the tire pressure increases. b. Increased gas pressure in a sealed container might cause an explosion. c. At constant volume, gas pressure is directly proportional to the Kelvin temperature. d. The pressure increases when a sealed gas is heated because the energy of the gas particles increases. SECTION 1.4 HOW TO STUDY CHEMISTRY (pages 20 22) This section explains why learning chemistry requires daily effort. It also describes the importance of writing in the study of chemistry. Understanding and Applying Concepts (page 20) 1. What are some skills necessary for learning? Learning requires effort such as reading carefully, taking notes, and studying often. 2. Why is it important to learn information that others have discovered? Discovering information takes a great deal of time and effort. Scientists and students must rely on information that others have discovered. 3. Is the following sentence true or false? An important part of learning is connecting what is learned in the classroom with what happens in the world outside the classroom. true Using Your Textbook (page 21) 4. Reading your textbook once helps you get an idea of the overall content, but a second, detailed reading, combined with note-taking, is essential for information retention. Guided Reading and Study Workbook 7

8 CHAPTER 1, Introduction to Chemistry (continued) 5. List three ways you can test your knowledge using your textbook. a. solve practice problems as they appear b. write definitions for key terms c. answer chapter review problems On Your Own (page 22) 6. What are two strategies you can adopt to enhance your study of chemistry? a. You can draw your own diagrams, make flashcards, or quiz yourself. b. You can form a study group to discuss complex concepts and problems. Tests and Quizzes (page 22) 7. Is the following sentence true or false? The best way to study for a test is to cram at the last minute. false 8. Complete the flowchart on test-taking skills. Get enough sleep the night before. Read the test over quickly when you first get it. Complete the parts of the test that you can answer immediately or work out rapidly. Skip/Leave problems that are difficult until the end. Show all of your work when solving numerical problems and evaluate your answers to be certain they make sense. 8 Guided Reading and Study Workbook