What is a population?
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1 What is a population? Combining demographic and genetic data to describe (meta)population functioning Case study: Common frog in humandominated landscape Claude Miaud Samuel Decout Tony Safner Stéphanie Blanc-Manel
2 What is a population? population = one (several) set(s) of individuals of the same species living together at one time during their developmetal cycle, thus interacting on reproductive mechanisms D. Debouzie & J-M. Legay (1985). 1) Systématic criteria : «.of the same species.» 2) Biological criteria : «living together at one time during their developmetal cycle, thus interacting on reproductive mechanisms» = individuals of the same population share genetic identity.
3 What is an amphibian population? 1) «.living together» 2) «.interacting on reproductive mechanisms»
4 What is an amphibian population? «one breeding place = one population» Theoritical Population «closed» = - no genes exchanges with other populations - population turn over depend only of its internal dynamics
5 Real situation? - Open populations: emigration & immigration (= global gene pool) - Set of open population = metapopulation
6 Métapopulation : set of local populations spatially defined, and connected by some level of migration Levins (1969) Concept A Space is discrete and there is a distinction between favourable patches and the remaining lanscape (matrix) Concept B Migration can affect local population dynamics (e.g. retablishment of extinct population) = structural and functional connectivity...
7 Case study Cluse de Chambéry, 135 km² Well structured landscape (lake, city, mountains)
8 Concept A landscape with favourable and unfavourable patches 78 aquatic places sampled during 5 years = habitat patches 20 sites with Common frog presence = occuped habitat patches with 11 sites where reproduction occurs each year = breeding patches
9 Concept B - migration between patches 1. Individus : radiotracking - 24 adults - 2 successive years - Migration from breeding patch 7 (distance max = 1,5 km)
10 2. Friction map - Habitat preference analysis (compositionnel analysis) - Estimation of friction coefficient (= cost of moving in each habitat)
11 3. Simulation of dispersal areas - Dispersion model based on additive moving costs in the landscape (stop in case of impassable habitat or distance > 1500 m : Fonction «Costdistance» of ArcGIS Result : - 6 habitat patches identified
12 4. Genes = genetic structure - 9 microsatellites, individuals per breeding patch - without a priori on individual location in breeding patches with STRUCTURE (Pritchard et al. 2000). -STRUCTURE did not give a reliable estimation of the number of clusters (K = group of breeding patches). - There was no clear correspondence between the breeding patches and the clusters identified by STRUCTURE
13 4. Genes = genetic structure - with predefined groups of individuals i.e. individuals belonged to breeding patches with BAPS5 (Corander et al., 2008) -BAPS5 detected a clear genetic structure with 5 clusters of breeding patches
14 B - migration can affect local population dynamics (e.g. following extinction) Condition C2 : local population have independent dynamics (no synchronism) Condition C3 : Exchange between local populations are very low (i.e. migration do not influence local dynamics) Nb of spawn years 2 migrants pour 3000 marqués
15 Conclusion: - 5 local populations connected by low exchanges - Each local population with its own dynamics metapopulation
16 Conclusion: - Clusters of local populations differ with the individual or gene approaches.
17 Conclusion: - because fragmentation is a dynamic process, and in progress in this landscape.. 1,0 0,8 proba to be killed 0,6 0,4 0,2 0, nb vehicules per hour Hels and Buchwald (2001) The effect of road kills on amphibian populations. Biological Conservation, 99,
![Conclusions Some particularities : -Fonding effect? - metapopulation limit? [A] 1 2 [D] 11 10 futur? - fragmentation isolation risque d extinction de pop locales Quelles actions?](/docs-images/92/111013890/images/18-0.jpg "3 5 4 [B] [F] 8 9 [E] - entretenir la qualité des patches pour maintenir les pop locales - Assurer la colonisation des patches favorables dont la population locale aurait disparu par stochasticité")
18 Conclusions Some particularities : -Fonding effect? - metapopulation limit? [A] 1 2 [D] futur? - fragmentation isolation risque d extinction de pop locales Quelles actions? [B] [F] 8 9 [E] - entretenir la qualité des patches pour maintenir les pop locales - Assurer la colonisation des patches favorables dont la population locale aurait disparu par stochasticité démographique 6 [C] 7
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