Name: Date: Hour: Honors Biology Midterm Exam Study Guide 2018 Midterm Exam Date = An entire semester is just about done. So, what did you learn? What did you struggle with? No one has unlimited time, so knowing the answer to these questions is necessary to study efficiently and be successful. To organize studying for the midterm exam, key things to know are listed according to the units we studied. YOUR GOAL IS TO MAKE A STUDY PACKET, INSTEAD OF TRYING TO USE ALL 100+ PAGES FROM THIS SEMESTER. Look for notes, reviews, flashcards, or whatever you find helpful in reviewing biology material. It is better to practice a few terms or concepts for a few nights than try to cram everything in one night. You CANNOT simply look at or read this over a few times and assume you will remember it and do OK. REMEMBER, your time should be spent studying the things on that you struggled with. If you don t understand some of those things; it is up to YOU to ask questions and get the help you need. We have made many flashcards this semester. You should find all of these, and use them to complete review sheets and to learn/review key concepts and terms. Your unit test reviews will be helpful in completing this review. 1. Nature of Science Interpreting charts and graphs Recognizing a dependent/independent variable in an experiment Controlling variables in an experiment so it is a fair test Characteristics of Life Lab Safety Scientific Equipment Scientific Measurement Claim, Evidence, Reasoning 2. Biochemistry Key characteristics of carbon Hydrolysis & dehydration synthesis which builds, which takes apart; which makes water, which requires water Four biomolecules: proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. You need to know the monomer, structure, examples/types, and functions of each. 3. Cells Endosymbiosis What does it explain? What is it?? Organelles and their function Cell theory Recognize key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Recognize key differences between plant and animal cells Function/Structure of the cell membrane Osmosis determine and explain the direction of water flow ( beaker problems ) Difference between active & passive transport Structure and characteristics of viruses and bacteria Microscopes FINALLY, SOME ENCOURAGING WORDS You will have 1.5 hours to complete the exam, but most people will finish with time left over. NONE of the questions are designed to be tricky! The biology teachers have read and re-read the questions to try to make sure the exam is fair and understandable. Now it is time for YOU to put in the time to study effectively. If you know and understand the topics listed on this sheet, as well as well as the practice on the review, you WILL be successful on the exam.
Answer the following questions to help you prepare for your midterm exam. Unit 1: Nature of Biology 1. In crickets, the rate of chirping is related to the temperature of the air because crickets chirp more in warmer weather, until it is extremely warm. The rate of chirping can be used to describe their metabolic activity. Which of these graphs most likely shows how temperature affects metabolic activity in crickets? a. b. c. d. 2. The breathing rate of a goldfish can be measured by the number of times the goldfish opens its mouth. In an experiment, students placed a goldfish in a container of water at 26 C and counted the number of times the fish opened its mouth. They gradually lowered the water temperature and counted the number of times the fish opened its mouth at 20 C, 14 C, 8 C, and 2 C. a. What is the independent variable in the experiment? b. What is the dependent variable in the experiment? c. Name 3 factors that should be controlled in this experiment so it is a fair test. d. Name 2 things that would improve this experiment: 3. Scientists wanted to study the effect of water temperature on the swimming speed of goldfish. They set up an experiment in which they raised populations of goldfish in two different aquariums. Population 1 was raised at 5 C. Population 2 was raised at 25 C. a. What is the independent variable in the experiment? b. What is the dependent variable in the experiment? c. Name 3 factors that should be controlled in this experiment so it is a fair test: 4. How many variables can be changed in an experiment at the same time? Explain.
5. List and describe the seven characteristics of Life. 6. How would you describe if an object is living or not. 7. What is the following measurement? 8. Review your lab safety contract and be familiar with lab safety rules. Unit 2: Biochemistry 1. What is the most important element in biochemistry? 2. What are the six elements found in biomolecules? 3. Define dehydration synthesis. Does it build or break down molecules? Are bonds made or broken? Is water added or removed?
4. Define hydrolysis. Does it build or break down molecules? Are bonds made or broken? Is water added or removed? 5. The structure of a protein is 3 dimensional. Because of this, the chain of monomers called must and before the protein is functional. 6. What is an enzyme? What does it do in chemical reactions? 7. Fill in the following chart: Organic Molecule Carbohydrate Monomer Function Examples Structure Lipid Protein Nucleic Acid
8. Define: Glycogen- Starch- Cellulose- 9. What is defining element in a: Protein- Nucleic Acid- 10. What is the difference between a monosaccharide, a disaccharide and a polysaccharide? 11. List 4 characteristics of a saturated fat. 12. List 4 characteristics of an unsaturated fat. 13. What type of bond stores energy? Why are there more of these bonds in a saturated fat? 14. Think back to the murder mystery lab. What types of foods would be high in carbohydrates? Which would be high in proteins? Which would be high in fats? 15. Describe the following types of bonds: Ester- Peptide- Glycosidic- Unit 3: Cells 1. List the three parts of the cell theory. A) B) C)
2. Match each organelle with the correct function. There are more on the next page! a. Nucleus A. The site of protein synthesis (where proteins are made) b. Cell Wall B. Packages and distributes proteins c. Ribosome C. Provides structure and support for the cell d. Chloroplast D. Hold all organelles in place, chemical reactions occur here e. Vacuole E. Converts solar energy into chemical energy f. Mitochondria F. Produces ATP from glucose g. Golgi Apparatus G. Contains DNA, control center of the cell h. Cell Membrane H. Stores materials in the cell, especially water in plants i. Cytoplasm I. Aids in the movement of chromosomes during cell division j. Centriole J. Controls what enters and exits the cell k. Smooth ER K. Aids in cellular digestion l. Rough ER L. Makes lipids for the cell. m. Cytoskeleton M. Provides structure and support for all cells. n. Lysosome N. Shapes and modifies newly made proteins. o. Nucleolus O. Sounds the nucleus and keeps it intact. p. Nucleoplasm P. Makes up the cytoskeleton. q. Nuclear Membrane Q. Makes ribosomal subunits.
r. Chromoplast R. Contains all pigments except green. s. Leucoplast S. The main storage area in a plant cell. t. Central Vacuole T. The fluid interior of the nucleus. u. Microtubules and Microfiliments U. Starch storage 3. What are the five features shared by all cells? 4. What are the major differences between plant cells and animal cells? What organelles are present in each that may not be present in the other? 5. Fill in the chart below Characteristic Bacteria Virus Type of genetic material Description of Structure Is it alive? Explain How does it reproduce? 6. What is the difference between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell? Complete the table below to help your thinking. TYPE OF CELL EUKARYOTE HAS A NUCLEUS? YES OR NO HAS ORGANELLES? YES OR NO HAS DNA? YES OR NO LOCATION? HAS A CELL MEMBRANE & CYTOPLASM? EXAMPLES PROKARYOTE 7. The origin of what two organelles is explained by the theory of endosymbiosis?
8. Summarize the theory of endosymbiosis using your own words. 9. List the four pieces of evidence supporting the theory of endosymbiosis. 10. Answer the following using the diagrams. Figure 1 above is a cell because Figure 2 above is a cell because Figure 1 is also a/an cell because Figure 2 is also a/an cell because Figure 3 below is a which is a cell because it Figure 4 below is a. It is not a cell; in fact it is not alive because
11. Be able to label a diagram of a virus and a bacteria. 12. Explain the difference between the lytic and lysogenic cycle. 13. List three types of bacterial shapes. 14. List three ways in which bacteria are grouped. 15. Fill in the following chart: Type of Transport Passive High to low? Or low to high? Energy needed? Examples Active XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 16. Describe how substances are moved in diffusion. How does this relate to osmosis? 17. Do the following beaker problems. For each fill in the % water, draw arrows to show water movement, and tell what will happen to the cell (shrink, swell, stay the same). What type of solution is the cell in (Isotonic, hypertonic or hypotonic)? Will the cell undergo cytolysis, plasmolysis or neither? Be able to show all your work. 50 % S 50 % S 50 % S 50 % S 30% S 70 % S
18. Complete the chart: More H 20 in cell than outside cell Direction of water movement Effect on cell Less H 20 in cell than outside cell Equal amount of H 20 in cell and outside cell 19. Describe the structure of a phopsolipid. 20. Describe the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis. Are these active or passive transport? 21. List and describe the two types of endocytosis. 22. Define facilitated diffusion. Is this passive or active transport? 23. Explain the contributions of the following scientists: A) VanLeeuvenhoek B) Hooke C) Brown D) Detrochet E) Schleiden F) Schwann G) Virchow 24. Review your microscope test review.