Our Planet Earth. How can you describe Earth?

Name Our Planet Earth How can you describe Earth? Date Before You Read Before you read the chapter, think about what you know about the planet Earth Record three things that you already know about Earth in the first column Then write three things that you would like to learn abo ut in the second column Complete the final column of the chart when you have finished the chapter K What I Know W What I Want to Learn L What I Learned Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Vocabulary Lesson 1 Lesson 2 NEW biosphere atmosphere hydrosphere groundwater geosphere mineral rock REVIEW freshwater NEW water cycle evaporation transpiration condensation precipitation weather climate rock cycle uplift ACADEMIC process A Lesson Content Vocabulary page for each lesson is provided in the Chapter Resources Files Our Planet Earth 21

Lesson 1 Earth Systems Scan Lesson 1 Read the lesson titles and bold words Look at the pictures Identify three facts you discovered about Earth systems Record your facts in your Science Journal What is Earth? 75 Differentiate materials that make up Earth s 4 systems air water Contents of Earth Systems the solid Earth living things 76 Describe the composition of the biosphere the system that contains all the living things on Earth The Atmosphere 77 Characterize the composition of the atmosphere Part of the Atmosphere Details (in dry air) 78% 21% nitrogen oxygen 78 Sample details are shown 1% Other contents water vapor solid particles Detail the layers of the atmosphere Provide one detail for each bullet in the table below Layer Exosphere Thermosphere Mesosphere Stratosphere Troposphere other (trace) gases Description lowest density of gas molecules next to outer space temperatures increase temperatures decrease flat layers of stable gases contains the ozone layer bottom layer, at Earth s surface most of the atmosphere s mass where weather occurs Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc 22 Our Planet Earth

Lesson 1 Earth Systems (continued) The Hydrosphere 79 Organize information about the hydrosphere Location: on the surface in atmosphere in biosphere below the surface Hydrosphere Total amount: 13 billion km 3 State (form): solid liquid gas 79 Characterize the world ocean Percent of Earth s water: 97 How water flows: freely throughout World Ocean Type of reservoir: largest on Earth Type of water: salty Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc 79 Diagram the distribution of Earth s water throughout the hydrosphere Earth s Water 97% ocean salt water 3% freshwater 30% groundwater 87% in lakes 11% in swamps 69% ice caps and glaciers 1% fresh surface water 2% in rivers Our Planet Earth 23

Lesson 1 Earth Systems (continued) 80 Relate how Earth s surface reservoirs are supplied with water rain and snow help to supply rivers and lakes 80 State how people can get freshwater where there is no accessible surface water They can drill wells down into layers of rock that contain groundwater The Geosphere 81 Characterize the geosphere Definition: the solid part of Earth Location: on land and beneath oceans 81 Layers: soil and broken rock material underlying rock Geosphere Restate the 5 characteristics of minerals 1 2 3 naturally occurring inorganic solid Materials: soil rock metal Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc 4 crystal structure 5 definite chemical composition 24 Our Planet Earth

Lesson 1 Earth Systems (continued) 81 82 Record five physical properties used to identify minerals 1 color 4 streak 2 hardness 5 luster 3 crystal shape Describe the formation of 3 types of rocks Igneous Rocks Formation: Molten material cools and hardens Sedimentary Rocks Formation: Layers of sediment are compressed and then cemented together Metamorphic Rocks Formation: Extreme temperatures and pressure change existing rock into new rock 83 Elaborate on the structure of E arth s geosphere Layer Description Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Crust Oceanic Continental Mantle Core Inner Outer brittle outer layer thinner, denser, only igneous rock under soil; made of all kinds of rock middle, largest layer; hotter and denser than crust; flows in some places center; iron with some nickel solid iron liquid Synthesize It Explain one way that you interact with each of the four Earth systems discussed in Lesson 1 Accept all reasonable responses Sample answer: I am living, so I am part of the biosphere I live on land and use materials from Earth s geosphere I need freshwater to stay alive; I also carry part of Earth s hydrosphere in my body The air I breathe comes from Earth s atmosphere Our Planet Earth 25

Lesson 2 Interactions of Earth Systems Predict three facts that will be discussed in Lesson 2 after reading the headings Write your facts in your Science Journal The Water Cycle 87 Order the relationship between thermal energy and the physical state of water Condensation water vapor Evaporation water vapor thermal energy released thermal energy absorbed liquid water liquid water 88 Interpret the illustration of the water cycle Use the terms to the right of the picture in your explanations Sample answers are shown 4 2 3 1 hydrosphere atmosphere geosphere biosphere Description of Water Cycle Processes 1 Liquid water in the hydrosphere evaporates into the atmosphere and condenses to form clouds 2 Precipitation falls from the atmosphere to the surface of the geosphere 3 Transpiration and respiration from organisms in the biosphere release water vapor into th e atmosphere Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc 4 Water flows over the surface of the geosphere and flows into lakes and oceans; some soaks into the ground 26 Our Planet Earth

Lesson 2 Interactions of Earth Systems (continued) Explain five processes that occur within the water cycle 88 Process Evaporation Explanation Liquid water changes into gas 89 Transpiration Respiration Condensation Plants release water vapor through their pores Animals release water vapor from their lungs when they breathe Water vapor changes to liquid water Precipitation Moisture falls from clouds to Earth s surface Changes in the Atmosphere 90 Describe factors that influence weather Factor Description Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc 90 Air temperature Air pressure Wind Humidity average amount of energy produced by the motion of air molecules the force exerted by air molecules in all directions the movement of air caused by differences in air pressure the amount of water vapor in a given volume of air Relate how weather is influenced by conditions in the geosphere and the hydrosphere Accept all reasonable responses Sample answer: Air masses take on the characteristics of the areas over which they form Therefore, weather is determined by an air mass s formation over land or water and the warmth or coolness of that land or water Our Planet Earth 27

Lesson 2 Interactions of Earth Systems (continued) 91 Differentiate weather from climate Weather the state of the atmosphere at a certain place and time Climate the average weather pattern for a region over a long period of time 91 Sequence cause and effect in the formation of a rain shadow Windward side of a mountain: Warm, wet air rises and cools Result: clouds and precipitation Climate: wet Result: Air that crosses to the leeward side is dry Leeward side climate: dry The Rock Cycle 92 Organize information about the rock cycle Definition: series of processes that transport and continually change rocks into different forms Rock Cycle Takes place in: the geosphere ; Is affected by: Earth s other systems Material in the cycle: igneous rock sedimentary rock metamorphic rock sediment magma Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc 28 Our Planet Earth

Lesson 2 Interactions of Earth Systems (continued) Explain the processes in the rock cycle Use these terms in your explanations hydrosphere atmosphere geosphere biosphere 92 92 92 93 93 93 Process Cooling Crystallization Uplift Weathering Erosion Deposition Explanation Magma inside the geosphere erupts as lava and cools at Earth s surface Mineral crystals form as liquid rock cools Large bodies of Earth material are moved to higher elevations Factors in the atmosphere, the hydrosphere and the biosphere break rock into sediment Wind, water, and glaciers carry sediment to new locations Eroded sediments are deposited in new places Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc 93 93 94 Compaction Cementation The weight of layers of sediment presses down on layers below Minerals from groundwater crystallize between grains of compressed sediment and cement them together Infer why the atmosphere, the biosphere, and the hydrosphere do not influence metamorphic rock formation Metamorphic rock forms deep beneath Earth s surface Analyze It Suppose you are walking to school in the rain You notice muddy water running down a hill into an animal s burrow Explain the interactions in this example between each of the Earth systems Accept all reasonable responses Sample answer: Weather, which occurs in the atmosphere, is causing rain to fall The water, part of the hydrosphere, is carrying sediment down the hill; the sediment and hill are both part of the geosphere The sediment and water in the animal s burrow will cause the animal, part of the biosphere, to have to repair its home As it digs, the animal is changing geosphere Our Planet Earth 29

Review Chapter Wrap-Up Our Planet Earth Now that you have read the chapter, think about what you have learned Complete the final column in the chart on the first page of this chapter Use this checklist to help you study Complete your Foldables Chapter Project Study your Science Notebook on this chapter Study the definitions of vocabulary words Reread the chapter, and review the charts, graphs, and illustrations Review the Understanding Key Concepts at the end of each lesson Look over the Chapter Review at the end of the chapter Summarize It Reread the chapter Big Idea and the lesson Key Concepts Give one short example of how each of the four systems discussed in the chapter affects each other system Accept all rea sonable responses Sample answers are shown Atmosphere Geosphere: Atmosphere Biosphere: Atmosphere Hydrosphere: Hydrosphere Biosphere: Hydrosphere Atmosphere: Hydrosphere Geosphere: Geosphere Biosphere: Geosphere Atmosphere: Geosphere Hydrosphere: Biosphere Hydrosphere: Biosphere Atmosphere: Biosphere Geosphere: weathering and erosion of rock Plants and animals need gases for survival water vapor and precipitation Plants and animals need water for survival Humidity drives weather cementation of sedimentary rock Minerals are necessary to support life Land masses affect weather formation Land masses determine runoff patterns respiration and transpiration of water vapor exhalation of gases shaping of land and building of structures Challenge Hypothesize what would happen if any of Earth s systems stopped working What would be the effect on the other systems? Write a science fiction story about such a scenario Share your story with your class Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc 30 Our Planet Earth