Name: AP Biology Biology, Campbell and Reece, 7th Edition Adapted from chapter reading guides originally created by Lynn Miriello Chapter 6 A Tour of the Cell Unit 2: Cells Guided Reading Questions (55 pts total) 1. What is resolving power? Why is it important in biology? 2. Briefly describe the function of an electron microscope. What is the difference between a scanning and transmission electron microscope? 3. Describe the process and purpose of cell fractionation. 4. Label the prokaryotic cell below. List the structure (what it s made of and how it s put together) and function (what it does) of each cell part you labeled. Cell Part Structure Function Page 1 of 10
5. Why is surface area to volume such an important concept in biology as it applies to the size of a cell? For each of the structures listed in 6-18, note the specific structure and the function of the organelle or part of the organelle. The objective of this exercise is to note how the specific structure allows for the specific function to be accomplished by the organelle or part of the organelle. 6. Nucleus a. nuclear envelope - b. nuclear lamina - c. chromosomes - d. chromatin - e. nucleolus - 7. Ribosome 8. Endoplasmic reticulum a. smooth ER - b. rough ER - 9. Golgi Apparatus 10. Lysosomes 11. Vacuoles a. contractile - b. central w/tonoplast - 12. Endomembrane system Page 2 of 10
13. Mitochondria a. mitochondrial matrix - b. cristae - 14. Plastids a. amyloplast - b. chromoplast - c. chloroplast - i. thylakoids - ii. stroma - 15. Peroxisomes a. glyoxysomes - 16. Cytoskeleton Pay careful attention to the details in this section. a. Microtubules - i. centrosomes and centrioles - ii. cilia and flagella (include basal body) - iii. dynein walking - b. Microfilaments - i. actin - ii. myosin - iii. pseudopodia - iv. cytoplasmic streaming c. Intermediate filaments - 17. Cell walls a. primary cell wall - b. middle lamella - c. secondary cell wall - Page 3 of 10
18. Extracellular matrix a. collagen - b. proteoglycans - c. fibronectin - d. integrins - 19. Compare and contrast plasmodesmata, tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions. AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: 20. Which of these cell junctions form a barrier that can prevent the passage of fluids? A. desmosomes B. gap junctions C. tight junctions D. plasmodesmata Chapter 7 Membrane Structure and Function 1. What is selective permeability? 2. Why is selective permeability important to cells? 3. What is an amphipathic molecule? Page 4 of 10
4. How is the fluidity of the cell membrane maintained? 5. Label the diagram below. For each structure, briefly list its function in the space beside the diagram. Structure / Function 6. List the six broad functions of membrane proteins. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. How do glycolipids and glycoproteins help in cell-to-cell recognition? 8. Why is membrane sidedness an important concept in cell biology? Page 5 of 10
9. How has our understanding of membrane permeability changed since the discovery of aquaporins? 10. What is diffusion? How does a concentration gradient relate to passive transport? 11. Why is free water concentration the driving force in osmosis? 12. Why is water balance different for cells that have walls as compared to cells without walls? 13. Label the diagram below: 14. What is the relationship between ion channels, gated channels and facilitated diffusion. Write 1-2 sentences using these terms correctly. Page 6 of 10
15. How is ATP specifically used in active transport? 16. Define and contrast the following terms: a. membrane potential - b. electrochemical gradient c. electrogenic pump d. proton pump - 17. What is cotransport? Why is it an advantage in living systems? 18. What is a ligand? 19. Contrast the following terms: phagocytosis, pinocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis. Draw diagrams to support your explanations. Page 7 of 10
AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: 20. You know that the cell in the diagram above is in a(n) solution because the cell. A. hypotonic... shrunk B. hypotonic... swelled C. hypertonic... lost water D. hypertonic... gained water Chapter 11 Cell Communication This chapter will probably be difficult as you have not covered this information in your previous biology course. Do your best to focus on the major concepts and avoid getting bogged down in the terminology. 1. What is a signal transduction pathway? 2. How do yeast cells communicate while mating? 3. How do intercellular connections function in cell-to-cell communication? Page 8 of 10
4. Explain the two types of local signaling. a. paracrine signaling b. synaptic signaling - 5. How are long distance signals sent? 6. Define the three stages of cell communication: a. reception b. transduction c. response 7. Label the diagram of a steroid interacting with an intracellular receptor and answer the question that follows. Question: What is special about intracellular signal molecules? (Hint: think of the structure of the cell membrane and how this relates) Page 9 of 10
8. Where would you expect most water soluble messengers to bind? Why? 9. What is a G-protein-linked receptor? How does it work? 10. What is a protein kinase? What is a receptor tyrosine kinase? What do these two things have in common? 11. What is an ion gated channel? How does it work? 12. What does conformation mean? 13. What are protein phosphatases? Why are they so important? 14. What are second messengers? How do they differ from first messengers? AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: 15. The general name for an enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein is A. DAG. B. ligand. C. α protein. D. protein kinase. Page 10 of 10