TUTORIAL LIST 2017/18 ATOMIC STRUCTURE & MOLE CALCULATIONS BONDING & INORGANIC CHEMISTRY PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY ORGANIC CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY PAST PAPER WALKTHROUGHS
ATOMIC STRUCTURE & MOLE CALCULATIONS ATOMIC STRUCTURE Basic Atomic Structure & Isotopes Ar & Mr Deflection Mass Spectrometer Time of Flight Mass Spectrometer Analysing Mass Spectra Electron Orbitals Electron Configuration Electrons in Boxes IONISATION ENERGIES 1st Ionisation Energies Trend Down a Group Trend Across a Period Successive Ionisation Energies RADIOACTIVITY Radioactive Decay Half-Life EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY Emission Spectroscopy Emission Spectroscopy & 1st Ionisation Energies Planck s Constant REDOX Oxidation Numbers REDOX Equations Ion Half-Equations Combining Half Equations MOLE CALCULATIONS Ar & Mr Formulae Equations The Mole & Mass Calculations Calculating Mass By Equation The Mole & Solutions (Conc.) The Mole & Gas Calculations The Ideal Gas Law (pv=nrt) PRACTICAL CALCULATIONS Empirical Formulae % Composition % Yield Atom Economy Calculating Concentration by Titration Calculating Mr by Titration Calculating % Purity by Titration Gravimetric Analysis
BONDING & INORGANIC CHEMISTRY BONDING Metallic Bonding Ionic Bonding The Covalent Bond Diamond Graphite V.S.E.P.R. Theory Water Iodine INTERMOLECULAR FORCES Electronegativity Van der Waal s Forces Dipoles Hydrogen Bonding GROUP 2 General Trends Reactions with Water General Knowledge GROUPS 3 & 4 Boron & Aluminium Boron Nitride Group 4 Oxidation States Amphoterism GROUP 7 General Trends Group 7 REDOX Displacement / Competition Reactions Halides & c.h2so4 The Reactions of Chlorine PERIOD 3 General Trends Reactions with Water Reactions with Oxygen Period 3 Oxides: Physical Properties Period 3 Oxides: Reactions with Water Period 3 Oxides: Neutralisation TRANSITION METALS Characteristics of Transition Metals Complex Ions & Ligands Monodentate Ligands & Their Shapes Bidentate & Multidentate Ligands Ligand Exchange Isomerism in Complex Ions Acidity of Hexa-Aqua Ions The Origin of Colour in Complexes Colours & Energy Changes TRENDS & TESTS Trends in Reactivity Trends in Melting / Boiling Point Testing for Ions Using NaOH(aq) Using NH3(aq) Using Na2CO3(aq) Amphoterism
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY ACIDS & BASES Acid Definitions Base Definitions Calculating ph of Strong Acids Ka - The Acid Dissociation Constant Calculating ph of Weak Acids pka Kw Calculating ph of Strong Bases Buffers Calculating ph of an Acidic Buffer ph Curves Using Appropriate Indicators Finding Ka (Where ph = pka) ENERGETICS Enthalpy Changes Enthalpy Calculations (Q=mc T) Hess Law Using Hess - Enthalpy of Formation Using Hess - Enthalpy of Combustion Mean Bond Enthalpies Born-Haber Cycles Born-Haber Vs Perfect Ionic Model Enthalpy of Solution Entropy of Reactions Gibbs Free Energy Gibbs & The Equilibrium Constant EQUILIBRIA Le Chatelier s Principle Equilibria & Concentration Equilibria & Temperature Equilibria & Pressure The Haber Process Calculating Kc Calculating Kp KINETICS Kinetics, Collisions & Maxwell- Boltzmann Kinetics & Concentration Kinetics & Temperature Kinetics & Catalysts Kinetics & Pressure Kinetics & Surface Area Orders of Reaction Determining Orders - Data Method Determining Orders - Graphical Method The Rate Equation The Rate Determining Step The Arrhenius Equation ELECTROCHEMISTRY Electrochemistry - The Equations Combining Half-Equations Building Half-Cells (& The Standard Hydrogen Electrode) Electrochemical Cells How Electrochemical Cells Work Calculating Electromotive Force The Lithium Ion Cell The Hydrogen Fuel Cell
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY ORGANIC INTRODUCTION & ALKANES Organic Introduction (Bonding & Formulae) General Organic Terms Naming Organic Molecules Organic Mechanisms Introduction to Alkanes Fractional Distillation Cracking & Reforming Combustion of Alkanes (Pollution) Free Radical Substitution ALKENES Introduction to Alkenes Geometrical Isomerism Electrophilic Addition Asymmetrical Alkenes Addition Polymerisation ALCOHOLS Introduction to Alcohols Production of Alcohols Oxidation of Alcohols Oxidation Equations Oxidation Mechanism Dehydration of Alcohols Dehydration Mechanism HALOALKANES Introduction to Haloalkanes Nucleophile Substitution Relative Ease of Substitution Elimination to Form Alkenes Mechanism of Elimination Haloalkanes & Ozone CARBONYLS Introduction to Carbonyls Oxidation of Carbonyls Reduction of Carbonyls Nucleophilic Substitution (KCN) Tests for Carbonyls CARBOXYLIC ACIDS Introduction to Carboxylic Acids Acyl Chlorides Acid Anhydrides Esters Esterification & Hydrolysis Polyesters ORGANO-NITROGEN COMPOUNDS Introduction to Amines Basic Strength of Amines Producing Aliphatic Amines Producing Phenylamine Amides Polyamides The Nitronium Ion The Coupling Reaction (Azo Compounds) PROTEINS & DNA Amino Acid Structure Zwitterions Protein Structure Enzymes as Catalysts DNA Structure Cisplatin BENZENE Benzene structure (Historical) True Benzene Structure Nitration of Benzene Alkylation of Benzene Acylation of Benzene Halogenation of Benzene Substituted Benzene Rings (Activation & Deactivation) Phenol ISOMERISM Structural Isomerism Positional Isomerism Geometrical Isomerism Functional Group Isomerism Optical Isomerism ORGANIC ANALYSIS Tests of Organic Groups Organic Mass Spectroscopy Infra-Red Spectroscopy 1 H-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy Low Resolution 1 H-NMR High Resolution 1 H-NMR 1 H-NMR Examples 13 C-NMR 13 C-NMR Examples
PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY TITRATIONS ETC Titrations - Best Practice Finding an Unknown Concentration Finding an Unknown Mr Finding % Purity Back Titrations Double Titrations Titration using a ph probe REDOX Titration Gravimetric Analysis Testing for Ions PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY Finding Enthalpy of Combustion Indirect Determination of Enthalpy Determining Equilibrium Constant Initial Rate Method Continuous Rate Method Iodine Clock Determining Order of Reaction ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Refluxing Distillation Producing an Ester Producing Aspirin (Recrystallisation) Determining Melting Point Testing for Functional Groups CHROMATOGRAPHY Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) gas-liquid Chromatography (GLC) Column Chromatography TLC of Aspirin TLC of Amino Acids TLC of Transition Metal Ions
AS PAST PAPER WALKTHROUGHS AQA A-LEVEL Specimen Paper 1 (7404/1) Specimen Paper 1 (7405/1) Specimen Paper 2 (7404/2) Specimen Paper 2 (7405/2) June 2016 Paper 1 (7404/1) Specimen Paper 2 (7405/3) June 2016 Paper 2 (7404/2) AS Specimen Paper 1 (8CHO/1) Specimen Paper 2 (8CHO/2) June 2016 Paper 1 (8CHO/1) June 2016 Paper 2 (8CHO/2) EDEXCEL A-LEVEL Specimen Paper 1 (9CHO/1) Specimen Paper 2 (9CHO/2) Specimen Paper 2 (9CHO/3) AS Specimen Paper 1 (H032/01) Specimen Paper 2 (H032/2) June 2016 Paper 1 (H032/1) June 2016 Paper 2 (H032/2) OCR A-LEVEL Specimen Paper 1 (H432/01) Specimen Paper 2 (H432/02) Specimen Paper 2 (H432/03) AS WJEC A2 Specimen Paper 1 (Unit 1) Specimen Paper 1 (Unit 3) Specimen Paper 2 (Unit 2) Specimen Paper 2 (Unit 4) June 2016 Paper 1 (Unit 1) Specimen Paper 2 (Unit 5) June 2016 Paper 2 (Unit 2) ***Disclaimer*** 1. Past paper walkthroughs can only be produced and released once the exam board has released them into the public domain. As papers are released, more will be added to the list above. This list is correct at the time of publishing (September 2017) 2. Due to copyright, SEAB H1 & H2 papers are unavailable for me to use on this website. 3. Cambridge past paper walkthroughs are planned for completion and will be released during the academic year 2017/18.