ARCHAEOLOGICAL PLANNING STUDY FOR THE LAKESHORE MUNICIPAL GOLF COURSE, CITY OF OSHKOSH, WINNEBAGO COUNTY, WISCONSIN

ARCHAEOLOGICAL PLANNING STUDY FOR THE LAKESHORE MUNICIPAL GOLF COURSE, CITY OF OSHKOSH, WINNEBAGO COUNTY, WISCONSIN By: Jennifer R. Haas, Seth A. Schneider, and Rachael A. Schultz University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Cultural Resource Management Archaeological Research Laboratory Report of Investigations No. 467

This page deliberately left blank. Cover photographs, clockwise from upper left: Upper Left: UWM-CRM personnel shovel testing within the Robbins Site (47WN0844), view east (P1030974.jpg). Upper Right: Soil profile of a positive shovel testing within the Golf Course (47WN0049) site (P1030984. jpg). Lower Right: UWM-CRM personnel shovel testing within 47WN0049, view west (P1030999.jpg). Lower Left: Overview of the Golf Course (47WN0049) site, view east (P1030991.jpg).

ARCHAEOLOGICAL PLANNING STUDY FOR THE LAKESHORE MUNICIPAL GOLF COURSE, CITY OF OSHKOSH, WINNEBAGO COUNTY, WISCONSIN Prepared by: Jennifer R. Haas, M.A., Seth A. Schneider, Ph. D., and Rachael A. Schultz Jennifer Haas, M.A. Principal Investigator Report Prepared For: City of Oshkosh 215 Church Avenue Oshkosh, WI 54903 University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Cultural Resource Management Services University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Archaeological Research Laboratory Report of Investigations No. 467 UWM-CRM Project 2017-563 Milwaukee, Wisconsin December 2017

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Report of Investigations No. 467 i MANAGEMENT SUMMARY In November 2017, Cultural Resource Management at the University of Wisconsin- Milwaukee (Department of Anthropology) conducted archaeological investigations in support of a planning study for the Lakeshore Municipal Golf Course within the City of Oshkosh, Winnebago County, Wisconsin. The Lakeshore Municipal Golf Course is situated along the south shore of Lake Butte des Mortes near its outlet with the Fox River. The City of Oshkosh is considering future development of the golf course that would require compliance with Wisconsin Statute 44.40. The archaeological investigations consisted of an archival and literature review and Phase I archaeological field investigations. The archival review identified three previously recorded archaeological sites coincident with the project area: 47WN0049 (Golf Course), 47WN0549 (Knagg s Ferry), and 47WN0844 (Robbins Site). The Phase I archaeological field investigations consisted of shovel testing within the previously documented sites to determine if any evidence of the sites were present within the golf course. The field investigations yielded no evidence of either 47WN0549 or 47WN0844 coincident with the golf course property. No further work is recommended relative to these two sites. Shovel testing identified site 47WN0049 as a 13 acre campsite/village with a Late Woodland cultural affiliation. The site retains integrity of location, setting, materials, and association and can address important research themes relative to the regional prehistory. As such, it is recommended that site 47WN0049 meets the criteria for listing in the NRHP under Criterion D. The proposed project plans would result in an adverse effect to 9.8 acres of site 47WN0049. The remaining 3.2 acres would be preserved in situ. A mitigation plan should developed to offset the adverse effect from the future development as per Wis State 44.40 (3). The mitigation plan must be approved by the Wisconsin Historical Society and the permitting agency.

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Report of Investigations No. 467 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Management Summary... i Chapter 1: Introduction and Project Background...1 Introduction...1 Project Location...1 Chapter 2: Methods...3 Introduction...3 Literature Research...3 Field Methods...3 Phase I Survey...4 Visual Inspection...4 Surface Survey...4 Shovel Probe Testing...4 Field Data Management...4 Laboratory Procedures, Data Interpretation and Organization...5 Chapter 3: Results of the Archaeological Investigations...7 Introduction...7 Archival and Literature Research...7 Previously Reported Archaeological Sites...7 47WN0049 Golf Course...7 47WN0549 Knagg s Ferry...7 47WN0844 Robbins Site...7 Field Investigations...7 Archaeological Sites...7 47WN0049 Golf Course...11 47WN0549 Knagg s Ferry...16 47WN0844 Robbins Site...16 Summary and Recommendations...17 Chapter 4: Summary & Recommendations...27 Summary...27 Recommendations...27 References Cited...29 Appendices Appendix A. Previously Reported Archaeological and Burial Sites within One Mile of the Project Area.31 Appendix B. Public Land Permit...33 Appendix C. ASI Updates...37 Appendix D. ARI...43

iv Phase I Archaeological Investigations for Lakeshore Development, City of Oshkosh LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1. Previously Reported Archaeological and Burial Sites Coincident with the Project Area....10 Table 3.2. Survey Coverage within Previously Reported Archaeological Sites...10 Table 3.3 Prehistoric Cultural Material Recovered from the Golf Course (47WN0049) site....16

Report of Investigations No. 467 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Project Location for the proposed Lakeshore Development...2 Figure 3.1 Previously reported archaeological and burial sites within one mile of the project area...8 Figure 3.2 Previously reported archaeological sites coincident with the project area...9 Figure 3.3 Aerial imagery from 1937 showing the northern extent of the Golf Course (47WN0049) site within the waters of the Fox River...12 Figure 3.4 Survey coverage and shovel test results within the Golf Course (47WN0049) site relative to the project area...13 Figure 3.5 Overview of the Golf Course (47WN0049) site from the eastern boundary. View southwest.(p1030979.jpg)...14 Figure 3.6 Overview of the Golf Course (47WN0049) site, from the new western boundary showing the northern slope of the sand ridge. View east. (P1000009.jpg)...14 Figure 3.7 Overview of the Golf Course (47WN0049) site, from the new eastern boundary. View west. (P1000018.jpg)...15 Figure 3.8 Shovel test profile exhibiting intact soil horizons and positive for cultural material, from the eastern portion of the Golf Course (47WN0049) site. (P1030984.jpg)...15 Figure 3.9 Overlay of the proposed development relative to the Golf Course (47WN0049) site...18 Figure 3.10 Survey coverage within the Knagg s Ferry (47WN0549) site relative to the project area..19 Figure 3.11 Overview of the Knagg s Ferry (47WN0549) site, south of Punhoqua Lane. View southeast. (P1040001.jpg)...20 Figure 3.12 Overview of the Knagg s Ferry (47WN0549) site, showing the modified embankment along the south shore of the Fox River. View south. (P1040002.jpg)...20 Figure 3.13 Overview of the Knagg s Ferry (47WN0549) site from the southern end, showing the extant structure and driveways. View northwest. (P1040003.jpg)...21 Figure 3.14 Shovel test profile in the northern portion of the Knagg s Ferry (47WN0549) site, near the utility pole, showing mottled and disturbed soils. (P1040004.jpg)...21 Figure 3.15 Survey coverage within the Robbins (47WN0844) site relative to the project area...22 Figure 3.16 UWM-CRM personnel shovel testing within the northern portion of the Robbins site (47WN0844). View east, along north side of Rath Lane. (P1030974.jpg)...23 Figure 3.17 Overview of the western portion of the Robbins site (47WN0844). An artificial berm for golf tee is visible in lefthand side of photo. View west. (P1030975.jpg)...23 Figure 3.18 Shovel test profile exhibiting an Ap horizon overlaying intact B horizon soils from the northeastern corner of the Robbins site (47WN0844). (P1030977.jpg)...24 Figure 3.19 Shovel test profile exhibiting heavily mottled soils, indicating prior disturbance, near the western end of the shovel tested portion of the Robbins site. (P1030978.jpg)...24 Figure 3.20 Site 47WN0049 (Golf Course) relative to the location of the parcel to be sold and developed within the Lakeshore Golf Course...25

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Report of Investigations No. 467 1 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND PROJECT BACKGROUND Introduction In November 2017, Cultural Resource Management at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee (Department of Anthropology) conducted archaeological investigations in support of a planning study for the Lakeshore Municipal Golf Course within the City of Oshkosh, Winnebago County, Wisconsin. The Lakeshore Municipal Golf Course is situated along the south shore of Lake Butte des Mortes near its outlet with the Fox River. The City of Oshkosh is considering future development of the golf course that would require compliance with Wisconsin Statute 44.40. The proposed project plans would result in an adverse effect to 9.8 acres of site 47WN0049. The remaining 3.2 acres would be preserved in place. A mitigation plan should developed to offset the adverse effect from the future development as per Wis State 44.40 (3). The mitigation plan must be approved by the Wisconsin Historical Society, and the permitting agency (DNR). Project Location The study corridor is located in portions of Township 18 North, Range 16 East, Sections 10 and 15. The archaeological investigations consisted of an archival and literature review and Phase I archaeological field investigations. The archival review identified three previously recorded archaeological sites coincident with the project area: 47WN0049 (Golf Course), 47WN0549 (Knagg s Ferry), and 47WN0844 (Robbins Site). The Phase I archaeological field investigations consisted of shovel testing within the previously documented sites to determine if any evidence of the sites were present within the golf course. Phase I archaeological investigations did not encounter any cultural material or features within sites 47WN0549 and 47WN0844. Shovel tests within 47WN0049 (Golf Course) yielded a high density of prehistoric materials occurring within a 13 acre area along a natural sand ridge. Based on the Phase I data, site 47WN0049 defines an extensive Woodland campsite/village that retains a high degree of integrity that is recommended as eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places under Criterion D.

2 Phase I Archaeological Investigations for Lakeshore Development, City of Oshkosh Service Layer Credits: Sources: Esri, HERE, DeLorme, Intermap, increment P Corp., GEBCO, USGS, FAO, NPS, NRCAN, GeoBase, IGN, Kadaster NL, Ordnance Survey, Esri Japan, METI, Esri China (Hong Kong), swisstopo, MapmyIndia, OpenStreetMap contributors, and the GIS User Community Copyright: 2013 National Geographic Society, i-cubed Legend Archaeological Survey Areas Project Location Map Details: UWM-CRM 2017-563 Coordinate System: NAD 1983 HARN Transverse Mercator Projection: Transverse Mercator Datum: North American 1983 HARN Created by: UWM-CRM 11/13/2017 I 0 Project Location Golf Course (WN-0049), Knagg's Ferry (WN-0549), and Robbins Site (WN-0844) Winnebago County, Wisconsin 0.5 1 Miles 0 0.75 1.5 Kilometers 1:24,000 Figure 1.1 Project Location for the proposed Lakeshore Development.

Report of Investigations No. 467 3 CHAPTER 2: METHODS Introduction The methods and techniques employed during the archaeological survey detailed in this document are consistent with current professional standards relating to historic and archaeological conservation and preservation. Furthermore, standards promulgated in the Secretary of the Interior s Standards and Guidelines for Archeology and Historic Preservation (1983) and the Guide for Public Archaeology in Wisconsin, as Revised (Dudzik et al. 2012), jointly endorsed by the Historic Preservation Division, Wisconsin Historical Society and the Wisconsin Archaeological Survey, Inc., a statewide professional organization, were utilized during archaeological survey. Literature Research Archival and literature research entails a comprehensive review of the data housed at the University of Wisconsin Archaeological Research Laboratory, the Wisconsin Historical Society s Historic Preservation Database (WHPD), along with an array of published and unpublished sources. Published literature sources consulted include: The Wisconsin Archeologist, a quarterly journal of the Wisconsin Archeological Society published since 1901; The Wisconsin Magazine of History, the journal of the Wisconsin Historical Society; The Wisconsin Historical Collections consisting of 20 volumes published between the years 1903 and 1920; and the Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee, several of which detail archaeological investigations conducted in various Wisconsin localities. Consulted unpublished sources consist of serial entry files available through the Wisconsin Archaeological Site Inventory (ASI), available online through the WHPD. This file consists of an inventory of previously reported archaeological sites and provides information relating to site locations, cultural affiliation, artifacts, and literature sources. Several map files were reviewed. They include: The Charles E. Brown Archaeological Atlas, the General Land Office survey records, and local plat and deed maps. The Charles E. Brown Archeological Atlas provides the locations of sites on county plat maps. The sites include camps, villages, mounds, springs, rock art, workshops, quarries, cemeteries, trails, and various other types of archaeological manifestations reported to Brown during his long tenure as editor of The Wisconsin Archeologist and as the curator of the Wisconsin Historical Society Museum. The General Land Office (GLO) records consist of plats and survey notes that may provide information regarding presettlement vegetation, topography, and aquatic features, all important variables in determining potential site locations. In addition, dependent on the interests of individual land surveyors, cultural information such as the locations of Indian trails, camps and villages, maple sugar processing stations ( sugar bushes ), pioneer settlements, and early industrial improvements such as mills, roads, and early homes and farmsteads are frequently noted on these maps. Both map files are available on-line as well as at the Archives Division, Wisconsin Historical Society. Finally, early plats and topographic maps were reviewed to assess historical settlement and development of the project environs. Field Methods Different methods of archaeological survey and data collection, reflecting the different goals of successive phases of archaeological site documentation, were utilized during the course of the archaeological investigations described in this document. The

4 Phase I Archaeological Investigations for Lakeshore Development, City of Oshkosh specific methods and techniques utilized for each stage of the research are detailed in the following section. Phase I Survey The methods and techniques of Phase I archaeological inventory are determined primarily by ground cover conditions and the surface geology of a particular project area. Three different survey techniques were employed during the course of the archaeological investigations of the project area: (1) visual inspection; (2) pedestrian survey (surface collection); and (3) systematic shovel probe testing. These techniques are briefly described below. Visual Inspection Visual inspection is a technique that is commonly employed to provide an initial assessment of a project area. Attempts are made to identify those portions of the project area not surveyable by conventional means. Such areas may include massively disturbed construction sites, heavily developed commercial or residential zones, paved or massively graveled or filled surfaces, inundated locales, and deeply ditched roadsides. Visual inspection is also used to identify areas suitable for other survey techniques, such as pedestrian survey or shovel probe testing. Surface Survey Surface survey is a technique that is employed in areas where the ground surface is neither disturbed nor obscured by vegetation (where more than 20 percent of the surface is exposed). When conducting surface survey, field crews traverse survey areas along predetermined transects, generally spaced at 5 meter intervals, and inspect the ground surface for cultural materials. When identified, find-spots are marked in the field by the placement of pin-flags and added to project mapping. Shovel Probe Testing Shovel probe testing is a pedestrian survey technique utilized to sample areas where the earth s surface is masked by vegetation (less than 20 percent surface visibility), fill, natural sediments, or other materials. It is a labor-intensive technique that results in only a small fraction of the project area being sampled for cultural remains but that often provides a more representative sample of subsurface archaeological deposits than surface survey (Jeske and Hart 1988). The technique entails excavating a series of small units placed along predetermined transects or in grid form with specified intervals between units. These intervals do not exceed 15 meters (50 feet) and, dependent on the specific purposes or data needs, intervals between probes may be reduced to 10 meters, 5 meters, or less. Pits approximately 35-45 centimeters in diameter are dug and the spoil is screened through 1/4 hardware cloth to determine the presence or absence of cultural debris. Upon examination of the stratigraphy and inspection of the screen contents, shovel probe pits are immediately back-filled. Depths of excavation of shovel probes will vary; ranging from a few centimeters to as much as 50-80 centimeters dependent on local soil conditions. However, units typically penetrate the A (top soil) horizon and are carried into the B (sub soil) horizon. Field Data Management A variety of records are generated and maintained as part of the Phase I archaeological documentation process. This documentation comprises daily field notes describing field conditions, research activities, and cultural resources. General and detailed maps of parcels and sites are drafted or adapted to show associated natural and cultural features, as well as to record field coverage techniques. Additional documentation may include shovel probe forms, sketch maps, photographs, and various logs. Cultural materials collected during field investigations are recorded with their provenience data and a unique identifying number, both of which are marked on the bag into which the artifacts are placed for

Report of Investigations No. 467 5 storage. Upon completion of field research, all field documentation and artifacts are temporarily accessioned into the collections of the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Archaeological Research Laboratory (ARL) for processing, analysis, and interpretation. Laboratory Procedures, Data Interpretation and Organization Following the completion of the fieldwork portion of a project, a variety of project related activities are carried out at the ARL. In the laboratory, artifacts are inventoried, sorted, washed, labeled, analyzed, and interpreted. Analyses of prehistoric ceramic and lithic materials follow conventional typologies, while historical items are identified using standard references and hardware catalogues. Analysis based upon widely cited typologies and references insures that materials are described in terms comparable with existing data, and will be understood by other researchers. In addition to artifact analysis, postfield work tasks include film processing, verifying photographic logs, reviewing notes and maps, and preparing a final report of investigation. All artifacts, samples, maps, records, notes, and other project documentation generated during the field investigations were transported to the UWM- CRM laboratory in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

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Report of Investigations No. 467 7 CHAPTER 3: RESULTS OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS Introduction The Phase I archaeological investigations consisted of archival research and field survey. The archival research identified the previously reported archaeological sites coincident with the project area and also examined whether any portions of the project area were previously surveyed. The field investigations consisted of a Phase I survey (shovel testing and visual inspection) within those portions of the project area coincident with previously reported archaeological sites. Archival and Literature Research An archival and literature review was conducted to identify all previously recorded archaeological and burial sites coincident with the project area. A total of 16 sites were identified within one mile of the project area (Figure 3.1); Appendix A). These consist of eight historic sites, seven prehistoric sites, and one site of unknown cultural affiliation. Five of the sites are cemetery/burial sites. Of the 16 sites, three are coincident with the project area, including one historic site, one prehistoric site, and one site of unknown affiliation (Figure 3.2), (Table 3.1). Previously Reported Archaeological Sites 47WN0049 Golf Course The Golf Course site was reported in 1925 as shell heaps near the Fox River in T18N R16E Section 10 (Brown 1925). Additional artifacts reported in 1993 include an iron pipe tomahawk fragment (WHPD 2017a). The site is currently located within the Lakeshore Municipal Golf Course (Figure 3.2). 47WN0549 Knagg s Ferry Knagg s Ferry is a historic Euroamerican transportation site located on the southwest bank of the Fox River in Section 10, T18N R16E (Figure 3.2). The site consists of the lower landing for Knagg s Ferry, also known as Lower Ferry, documented in the original land survey conducted in 1834-35 (WHPD 2017b). 47WN0844 Robbins Site Robbins Site consists of a lithic scatter and redeposited artifacts identified in the road grade cut for the Rath Lane cul-de-sac in Section 15, T18N R16E (Figure 3.2). Artifacts recovered include secondary and tertiary flakes, shatter, fire-cracked rock, and grit-tempered body sherds. One flake was recovered from intact soils of a shovel test placed east of the road construction area (WHPD 2017c). Field Investigations Archaeological Sites A total of 19.45 acres were subjected to Phase I testing in portions of the project area coincident with the three previously recorded archaeological sites: Golf Course (47WN0049), Knagg s Ferry (47WN0549), and Robbins (47WN0844). Additional shovel testing was conducted outside the previously recorded boundaries of site 47WN0049 to better define the spatial extent of the site. The survey methods, summarized in (Table 3.2), included shovel testing at 10, 15, 50, and 100 meter intervals and visual inspection. No evidence of Knagg s Ferry or the Robbins site was encountered during the field

8 Phase I Archaeological Investigations for Lakeshore Development, City of Oshkosh BWN-0038 WN-0554 BWN-0039 BWN-0040 WN-0674 WN-0191 WN-0049 WN-0678 WN-0506 BWN-0198 WN-0549 BWN-0177 WN-0238 WN-0844 WN-0247 WN-0492 WN-0865 Legend Archaeological Survey Areas Service Layer Credits: Sources: Esri, HERE, DeLorme, Intermap, increment P Corp., GEBCO, USGS, FAO, NPS, NRCAN, GeoBase, IGN, Kadaster NL, Ordnance Survey, Esri Japan, METI, Esri China (Hong Kong), swisstopo, MapmyIndia, OpenStreetMap contributors, and the GIS User Community Copyright: 2013 National Geographic Society, i-cubed Project Location Project Location One Mile Buffer Archaeological Sites Map Details: UWM-CRM 2017-563 Coordinate System: NAD 1983 HARN Transverse Mercator Projection: Transverse Mercator Datum: North American 1983 HARN Created by: UWM-CRM 11/13/2017 I 0 Previously Recorded Archaeological Sites within One Mile of the Project Location Golf Course (WN-0049), Knagg's Ferry (WN-0549), and Robbins Site (WN-0844) Winnebago County, Wisconsin 0.5 1 Miles 0 0.75 1.5 Kilometers 1:24,000 Figure 3.1 Previously reported archaeological and burial sites within one mile of the project area.

Report of Investigations No. 467 9 WN-0049 WN-0549 WN-0844 Service Layer Credits: Sources: Esri, HERE, DeLorme, Intermap, increment P Corp., GEBCO, USGS, FAO, NPS, NRCAN, GeoBase, IGN, Kadaster NL, Ordnance Survey, Esri Japan, METI, Esri China (Hong Kong), swisstopo, MapmyIndia, OpenStreetMap contributors, and the GIS User Community Wisconsin DNR, Wisconsin Regional Orthophoto Consortium (WROC) 2015 & 2010, Southeast WI Regional Planning Commission (SEWRPC), Brown County, Calumet County, Douglas County, City & County of Eau Claire, Green Lake County, Outagamie County, Pepin County, City of Superior. Esri, HERE, DeLorme, MapmyIndia, OpenStreetMap contributors Legend Archaeological Survey Areas Project Location Archaeological Sites Map Details: UWM-CRM 2017-563 Coordinate System: NAD 1983 HARN Transverse Mercator Projection: Transverse Mercator Datum: North American 1983 HARN Created by: UWM-CRM 11/13/2017 I 0 Project Location Golf Course (WN-0049), Knagg's Ferry (WN-0549), and Robbins Site (WN-0844) Winnebago County, Wisconsin 250 500 1,000 Feet 0 60 120 240 Meters 1:5,000 Figure 3.2 Previously reported archaeological sites coincident with the project area.

10 Phase I Archaeological Investigations for Lakeshore Development, City of Oshkosh Table 3.1. Previously Reported Archaeological and Burial Sites Coincident with the Project Area. Smithsonian Code Burial Site Number Site Name Site Type Cultural Affiliation(s) NRHP Status 47WN0049 Golf Course Shell Midden Unknown N/A 47WN0549 Knagg s Ferry Transportation Site 47WN0844 Robbins Site Lithic Scatter, Redeposited Artifacts Historic Euroamerican Late Woodland, Unknown Prehistoric N/A N/A Table 3.2. Survey Coverage within Previously Reported Archaeological Sites Site Number Survey Method Area (m²) Area (acres) Percentage 47WN0049 Shovel Tested 72783.22 17.98 92.4% 47WN0549 47WN0844 Impervious 2858.92 0.71 3.6% Surface Visual Inspection 790.39 0.20 1.0% Shovel Tested 517.98 0.13 1.6% Visual Inspection 400.60 0.10 0.5% Water Feature 113.54 0.03 0.5% Shovel Tested 822.37 0.20 1.0% Visual Inspection 412.08 0.10 0.5% Total 78699.01 19.45 100%

Report of Investigations No. 467 11 investigations, but prehistoric cultural material was recovered from throughout the Golf Course site. 47WN0049 Golf Course The Golf Course site is situated in the Lakeshore Municipal Golf Course on a sandy ridge overlooking the Fox River to the north and east and what used to be marshlands to the south. The entirety of the previously recorded boundaries of the site fall within the proposed project area for the Lakeshore Development (Figure 3.2). The 1937 aerial photo shows that approximately 40 meters of fill was added to the shoreline to create the current parking area for the golf course (Figure 3.3). The original shoreline is approximately five to ten meters south of the asphalt parking area. On November 14 and 15, 2017, UWM-CRM personnel excavated a total of 34 shovel test probes within and adjacent to site 47WN0049. The shovel test probes on the eastern and central portions of the site were excavated at 10-meter intervals. The shovel test interval was shifted to 15 meters in the western part of the site (Figure 3.4) and(figure 3.5). A full shovel test grid was not employed across the entire site at the time because of the high density of positive shovel tests in each area tested. Twenty-six of the shovel test probes contained cultural material. Based on the positive shovel tests, the site extends outside the previously recorded boundaries to the east, south, and west. On November 30, 2017, additional shovel testing was conducted to define the boundaries for the site. Based on the localized topography, shovel tests were placed at 50 meter and 100 meter intervals along the outer extent of the sandy ridge. The revised boundaries, based upon the distribution of positive shovel tests, are seen in (Figure 3.4). The new site boundaries extend 253 meters to the west, 36 meters to the south, and 70 meters to the east of the previously recorded site boundary (Figure 3.6) and(figure 3.7). The new dimensions of the are 448 m northeast to southwest and 131 meters northwest to southeast, covering 13 acres. The soil profiles in the probes indicate an intact A/ Ap horizon of a 10YR2/2 sandy silt loam ranging in depth between 27 cm to 65 cm below the surface. A 10 to 15 cm thick 10YR3/3 sandy silt loam A/B transition was present over a 7.5YR4/4 silty sandy loam and sandy loam B horizon (Figure 3.7). The thick Ap horizon might represent areas leveled off with topsoil fill. In the western portion, the profiles show a 15 cm to 30 cm fill episode with a five to ten centimeter thick clay cap over the intact soils. The soil profile of shovel tests extending off the sandy ridge exhibited a 10YR2/1 clay loam Ap horizon between 20 to 30 cm thick over a 5YR4/4 clay B horizon. The cultural material from the shovel test probes consists of lithic material, pottery, faunal fragments (calcined and unmodified), and fire-cracked rock. Lithic chipped stone tools (scrapers) and debitage are made from local cherts and non-local silicified sandstone. The pottery is decorated and undecorated grit-tempered body sherds with cordmarked exterior surface. Cord-impressed decorations are present. The cord-impression and wall thickness suggests that some of the pottery is Late Woodland (AD 900 to 1400). The cultural material is summarized in (Table 3.3). Site 47WN0049 defines an extensive open-air, prehistoric Native American habitation/village harboring a Late Woodland (AD 900 to 1400) occupation. Based on similar sites around Lake Butte des Mortes, earlier occupations may also be present. Based on the shovel testing, the artifact bearing deposits occur between 0 to 80 cmbs within the Ap and underlying undisturbed soils. The presence of fire-cracked rock and calcined faunal material, coupled with the overall artifact density, indicates that fire-related cultural features are likely present within the site area. Although the site has been impacted by agricultural activities (that occurred prior to 1898), the site has been effectively preserved over the years as encapsulated within a City-owned golf course, escaping destruction from recurrent plowing and urban development. Site 47WN0049 retains integrity of location and setting as well as material integrity of the cultural deposits. The

12 Phase I Archaeological Investigations for Lakeshore Development, City of Oshkosh Service Layer Credits: Sources: Esri, HERE, DeLorme, Intermap, increment P Corp., GEBCO, USGS, FAO, NPS, NRCAN, GeoBase, IGN, Kadaster NL, Ordnance Survey, Esri Japan, METI, Esri China (Hong Kong), swisstopo, MapmyIndia, OpenStreetMap contributors, and the GIS User Community Wisconsin DNR, Wisconsin Regional Orthophoto Consortium (WROC) 2015 & 2010, Southeast WI Regional Planning Commission (SEWRPC), Brown County, Calumet County, Douglas County, City & County of Eau Claire, Green Lake County, Outagamie County, Pepin County, City of Superior. Esri, HERE, DeLorme, MapmyIndia, OpenStreetMap contributors Legend Archaeological Survey Areas Project Location Map Details: UWM-CRM 2017-563 Coordinate System: NAD 1983 HARN Transverse Mercator Projection: Transverse Mercator Datum: North American 1983 HARN Created by: UWM-CRM 11/13/2017 I 0 Project Location with 1937 Aerial Imagery Golf Course (WN-0049), Knagg's Ferry (WN-0549), and Robbins Site (WN-0844) Winnebago County, Wisconsin 250 500 1,000 Feet 0 60 120 240 Meters 1:5,000 Figure 3.3 Aerial imagery from 1937 showing the northern extent of the Golf Course (47WN0049) site within the waters of the Fox River.

Report of Investigations No. 467 13 Legend Type Positive Shovel Test Service Layer Credits: Sources: Esri, HERE, DeLorme, Intermap, increment P Corp., GEBCO, USGS, FAO, NPS, NRCAN, GeoBase, IGN, Kadaster NL, Ordnance Survey, Esri Japan, METI, Esri China (Hong Kong), swisstopo, MapmyIndia, OpenStreetMap contributors, and the GIS User Community Wisconsin DNR, Wisconsin Regional Orthophoto Consortium (WROC) 2015 & 2010, Southeast WI Regional Planning Commission (SEWRPC), Brown County, Calumet County, Douglas County, City & County of Eau Claire, Green Lake County, Outagamie County, Pepin County, City of Superior. Esri, HERE, DeLorme, MapmyIndia, OpenStreetMap contributors Negative Shovel Test Skipped Shovel Test WN-0049 New Site Boundary WN-0049 Former Site Boundary Project Location Survey Method Shovel Tested Visual Inspection Disturbed Impervious Surface Map Details: UWM-CRM 2017-563 Coordinate System: NAD 1983 HARN Transverse Mercator Projection: Transverse Mercator Datum: North American 1983 HARN Created by: UWM-CRM 12/4/2017 I 0 Archaeological Survey Coverage with Shovel Testing Results Golf Course (WN-0049) Winnebago County, Wisconsin 125 250 500 750 Feet 0 15 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 Meters 1:3,000 Figure 3.4 Survey coverage and shovel test results within the Golf Course (47WN0049) site relative to the project area.

14 Phase I Archaeological Investigations for Lakeshore Development, City of Oshkosh Figure 3.5 Overview of the Golf Course (47WN0049) site from the eastern boundary. View southwest. (P1030979.jpg) Figure 3.6 Overview of the Golf Course (47WN0049) site, from the new western boundary showing the northern slope of the sand ridge. View east. (P1000009.jpg)

Report of Investigations No. 467 15 Figure 3.7 Overview of the Golf Course (47WN0049) site, from the new eastern boundary. View west. (P1000018.jpg) Figure 3.8 Shovel test profile exhibiting intact soil horizons and positive for cultural material, from the eastern portion of the Golf Course (47WN0049) site. (P1030984.jpg)

16 Phase I Archaeological Investigations for Lakeshore Development, City of Oshkosh presence of cord-impressed grit tempered pottery establishes the integrity of association as the site is able to address important research questions relative to the Late Woodland period. These research themes include: 1) cultural dynamics, chronology, and temporal relationships; 2) diagnostic artifacts and material culture; 3) settlement patterns and subsistence patterns; 4) lithic raw material use and lithic technology; and 5) regional interaction and trade. Site 47WN0049 retains integrity and has the potential to provide important information relative to the prehistoric period in the region. As such, it is recommended that site 47WN0049 meets the criteria for listing in the NRHP under Criterion D. 47WN0549 Knagg s Ferry Three discretionally placed shovel tests were excavated southwest of Punhoqua Street (Figure 3.10),(Figure 3.11), and(figure 3.12). All three shovel tests exhibited heavy mottling of soils and gravel from 0 30 cmbs (Figure 3.14). No shovel tests were excavated in the area northeast of Punhoqua Street. The 1937 aerial image indicates that this portion of the project area was under water and later filled in for road construction (Figure 3.3). No cultural material or evidence of the site was identified during the field investigations. No further work is recommended within 47WN0549. 47WN0844 Robbins Site Shovel test survey in the Robbins Site was concentrated north of Rath Lane (Figure 3.15), (Figure 3.16), and (Figure 3.17). A large push pile berm is present in the northwest corner of the site and was not tested. Five shovel tests were excavated in the project area. Four of the shovel tests on the east end of the project area exhibited soil profiles of a 10YR2/2 silty clay loam Ap horizon from 0 17 cmbs, overlaying a 7.5YR4/6 clay loam B horizon (Figure 3.18). A shovel test was excavated between Rath Lane and the berm, which exhibited heavily mottled soils indicating disturbance (Figure 3.19). Table 3.3 Prehistoric Cultural Material Recovered from the Golf Course (47WN0049) site. Material Count Percentage Lithic flake 162 51.3% tool 2 0.6% fire-cracked rock 24 7.6% Pottery 101 32.2% Faunal calcined 11 3.5% non-calcined 13 4.1% Shell 3 0.9% Total 316 100%

Report of Investigations No. 467 17 No cultural material or evidence of the site was identified during the field investigations. No further work is recommended within 47WN0844. Summary and Recommendations Phase I archaeological investigations were conducted within the Lakeshore Golf Course. These investigations consisted of an archival/literature review and field survey of those portions of the golf course coincident with previously recorded archaeological sites. A total of three previously recorded sites were identified as coincident with the project area, including one historic Euroamerican site (47WN0549), one prehistoric site (47WN0844), and one site of unknown cultural affiliation (47WN0049). All three archaeological sites were subjected to visual inspection and subsurface testing. The field investigations yielded no evidence of either 47WN0549 or 47WN0844, and no further work is recommended relative to these two sites. The proposed project plans consist of the sale and commercial development of a parcel within the golf course (Figure 3.20). The future development would physically impact, and thus have an adverse effect on, approximately 9.8 acres of the 13 acre site. The remaining 3.2 acres would be preserved in place and remain within City of Oshkosh ownership. As the future development will require compliance with Wis Stat 44.40, pertaining to WisDNR permits, it is recommended that a mitigation plan be developed to offset the adverse effect from the future development of the Lakeshore golf course, as per Wis State 44.40 (3). The mitigation plan should involve further excavation of the seven acre portion of site 47WN0049 that will be impacted by the future development. Given the presence of a plowzone throughout the site, the techniques of excavation can include mechanical removal of the plowzone to expose, map, and excavate in situ cultural features. The mitigation plan must be approved by the Wisconsin Historical Society, and the permitting agency (DNR), as per Wis Stat 44.40 (3) and (4). Site 47WN0049 defines a 13 acre campsite/village with a Late Woodland cultural affiliation. Based on the shovel tests data, the site retains integrity of location, setting, materials, and association and can address important research themes relative to the regional prehistory. As such, it is recommended that site 47WN0049 meets the criteria for listing in the NRHP under Criterion D.

18 Phase I Archaeological Investigations for Lakeshore Development, City of Oshkosh WN-0049 Service Layer Credits: Sources: Esri, HERE, DeLorme, Intermap, increment P Corp., GEBCO, USGS, FAO, NPS, NRCAN, GeoBase, IGN, Kadaster NL, Ordnance Survey, Esri Japan, METI, Esri China (Hong Kong), swisstopo, MapmyIndia, OpenStreetMap contributors, and the GIS User Community Wisconsin DNR, Wisconsin Regional Orthophoto Consortium (WROC) 2015 & 2010, Southeast WI Regional Planning Commission (SEWRPC), Brown County, Calumet County, Douglas County, City & County of Eau Claire, Green Lake County, Outagamie County, Pepin County, City of Superior. Legend Proposed Parcel Boundaries 47WN0049 New Site Boundaries Project Location Map Details: UWM-CRM 2017-563 Coordinate System: NAD 1983 HARN Transverse Mercator Projection: Transverse Mercator Datum: North American 1983 HARN Created by: UWM-CRM 1/2/2018 I 0 250 500 1,000 Feet 47WN0049 with Client Plan Overlay Winnebago County, Wisconsin 0 125 250 Meters 1:5,000 Figure 3.9 Overlay of the proposed development relative to the Golf Course (47WN0049) site.

Report of Investigations No. 467 19 WN-0549 Legend Service Layer Credits: Sources: Esri, HERE, DeLorme, Intermap, increment P Corp., GEBCO, USGS, FAO, NPS, NRCAN, GeoBase, IGN, Kadaster NL, Ordnance Survey, Esri Japan, METI, Esri China (Hong Kong), swisstopo, MapmyIndia, OpenStreetMap contributors, and the GIS User Community Wisconsin DNR, Wisconsin Regional Orthophoto Consortium (WROC) 2015 & 2010, Southeast WI Regional Planning Commission (SEWRPC), Brown County, Calumet County, Douglas County, City & County of Eau Claire, Green Lake County, Outagamie County, Pepin County, City of Superior. Esri, HERE, DeLorme, MapmyIndia, OpenStreetMap contributors Archaeological Survey Area - WN-0549 Project Location WN-0549 Site Boundary Survey Method Shovel Tested Visual Inspection Disturbed Water Feature Map Details: UWM-CRM 2017-563 Coordinate System: NAD 1983 HARN Transverse Mercator Projection: Transverse Mercator Datum: North American 1983 HARN Created by: UWM-CRM 11/16/2017 I 0 Archaeological Survey Coverage Knagg's Ferry (WN-0549) Winnebago County, Wisconsin 60 120 Feet 0 15 30 Meters 1:500 Figure 3.10 Survey coverage within the Knagg s Ferry (47WN0549) site relative to the project area.

20 Phase I Archaeological Investigations for Lakeshore Development, City of Oshkosh Figure 3.11 Overview of the Knagg s Ferry (47WN0549) site, south of Punhoqua Lane. View southeast. (P1040001.jpg) Figure 3.12 Overview of the Knagg s Ferry (47WN0549) site, showing the modified embankment along the south shore of the Fox River. View south. (P1040002.jpg)

Report of Investigations No. 467 21 Figure 3.13 Overview of the Knagg s Ferry (47WN0549) site from the southern end, showing the extant structure and driveways. View northwest. (P1040003.jpg) Figure 3.14 Shovel test profile in the northern portion of the Knagg s Ferry (47WN0549) site, near the utility pole, showing mottled and disturbed soils. (P1040004.jpg)

22 Phase I Archaeological Investigations for Lakeshore Development, City of Oshkosh WN-0844 Legend Service Layer Credits: Sources: Esri, HERE, DeLorme, Intermap, increment P Corp., GEBCO, USGS, FAO, NPS, NRCAN, GeoBase, IGN, Kadaster NL, Ordnance Survey, Esri Japan, METI, Esri China (Hong Kong), swisstopo, MapmyIndia, OpenStreetMap contributors, and the GIS User Community Wisconsin DNR, Wisconsin Regional Orthophoto Consortium (WROC) 2015 & 2010, Southeast WI Regional Planning Commission (SEWRPC), Brown County, Calumet County, Douglas County, City & County of Eau Claire, Green Lake County, Outagamie County, Pepin County, City of Superior. Esri, HERE, DeLorme, MapmyIndia, OpenStreetMap contributors Archaeological Survey Area - WN-0844 Project Location WN-0844 Site Boundary Survey Method Shovel Tested Visual Inspection Disturbed Map Details: UWM-CRM 2017-563 Coordinate System: NAD 1983 HARN Transverse Mercator Projection: Transverse Mercator Datum: North American 1983 HARN Created by: UWM-CRM 11/16/2017 I 0 60 120 Feet Archaeological Survey Coverage Robbins Site (WN-0844) Winnebago County, Wisconsin 0 15 30 Meters 1:750 Figure 3.15 Survey coverage within the Robbins (47WN0844) site relative to the project area.

Report of Investigations No. 467 23 Figure 3.16 UWM-CRM personnel shovel testing within the northern portion of the Robbins site (47WN0844). View east, along north side of Rath Lane. (P1030974.jpg) Figure 3.17 Overview of the western portion of the Robbins site (47WN0844). An artificial berm for golf tee is visible in lefthand side of photo. View west. (P1030975.jpg)

24 Phase I Archaeological Investigations for Lakeshore Development, City of Oshkosh Figure 3.18 Shovel test profile exhibiting an Ap horizon overlaying intact B horizon soils from the northeastern corner of the Robbins site (47WN0844). (P1030977.jpg) Figure 3.19 Shovel test profile exhibiting heavily mottled soils, indicating prior disturbance, near the western end of the shovel tested portion of the Robbins site. (P1030978.jpg)

Report of Investigations No. 467 25 WN-0049 Service Layer Credits: Sources: Esri, HERE, DeLorme, Intermap, increment P Corp., GEBCO, USGS, FAO, NPS, NRCAN, GeoBase, IGN, Kadaster NL, Ordnance Survey, Esri Japan, METI, Esri China (Hong Kong), swisstopo, MapmyIndia, OpenStreetMap contributors, and the GIS User Community Wisconsin DNR, Wisconsin Regional Orthophoto Consortium (WROC) 2015 & 2010, Southeast WI Regional Planning Commission (SEWRPC), Brown County, Calumet County, Douglas County, City & County of Eau Claire, Green Lake County, Outagamie County, Pepin County, City of Superior. Esri, HERE, DeLorme, MapmyIndia, OpenStreetMap contributors Legend WN-0049 New Site Boundary Proposed Parcel Boundaries Map Details: UWM-CRM 2017-563 Coordinate System: NAD 1983 HARN WISCRS Winnebago County Feet Projection: Transverse Mercator Datum: North American 1983 HARN Created by: UWM-CRM 1/2/2018 I 0 Lot 2 and WN-0049 Overlay Golf Course (WN-0049) Winnebago County, Wisconsin 125 250 500 750 Feet 0 30 60 120 180 240 Meters 1:3,000 Figure 3.20 Site 47WN0049 (Golf Course) relative to the location of the parcel to be sold and developed within the Lakeshore Golf Course.

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Report of Investigations No. 467 27 CHAPTER 4: SUMMARY & RECOMMENDATIONS Summary In November 2017, Cultural Resource Management at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee (Department of Anthropology) conducted archaeological investigations in support of a planning study for the Lakeshore Municipal Golf Course within the City of Oshkosh, Winnebago County, Wisconsin. The Lakeshore Municipal Golf Course is situated along the south shore of Lake Butte des Mortes near its outlet with the Fox River. The City of Oshkosh is considering future development of the golf course that would likely require compliance with Wisconsin Statute 44.40. It is unclear if future projects would eventually qualify as an undertaking per Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (PL 91-190; 83 Stat 852; 42 USC 4321). The archaeological investigations consisted of an archival and literature review and Phase I archaeological field investigations. The archival review identified three previously recorded archaeological sites coincident with the project area: 47WN0049 (Golf Course), 47WN0549 (Knagg s Ferry), and 47WN0844 (Robbins Site). The Phase I archaeological field investigations consisted of shovel testing within the previously documented sites to determine if any evidence of the sites were present within the golf course. Recommendations The field investigations yielded no evidence of either 47WN0549 or 47WN0844, and no further work is recommended relative to these two sites. Site 47WN0049 defines a 13 acre campsite/village with a Late Woodland cultural affiliation. The site retains integrity of location, setting, materials, and association and can address important research themes relative to the regional prehistory. As such, it is recommended that site 47WN0049 meets the criteria for listing in the NRHP under Criterion D. The proposed project plans would result in an adverse effect to 9.8 acres of site 47WN0049. The remaining 3.2 acres would be preserved in situ. A mitigation plan should developed to offset the adverse effect from the future development as per Wis State 44.40 (3). The mitigation plan must be approved by the Wisconsin Historical Society, and the permitting agency (DNR). Phase I archaeological investigations did not encounter any cultural material or features within sites 47WN0549 and 47WN0844. Shovel tests within 47WN0049 (Golf Course) yielded a high density of prehistoric materials occurring within a 13 acre area along a natural sand ridge. Based on the Phase I data, site 47WN0049 defines an extensive Woodland campsite/village that retains a high degree of integrity that is recommended as eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places

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Report of Investigations No. 467 29 REFERENCES CITED Brown, Charles E. 1925 Fifth Addition to a Record of Wisconsin Antiquities--Part II. Wisconsin Archeologist (NS) 4(2): 142. Dudzik, Mark, Joseph Tiffany, and Katherine Stevenson 2012 Guidelines for Public Archaeology In Wisconsin, as Revised. Wisconsin Archaeological Survey, Madison. Jeske, Robert J. and John A. Hart 1988 Report of Test Excavations at Four Sites in the Illinois and Michigan Canal National Heritage Corridor, La Salle and Grundy Counties, Illinois. Contributions 6. Northwest Archaeological Center, Evanston, Illinois. Lurie, Rochelle and Robert J. Jeske 1990 Appendix 1 - Lithic Recording Scheme. In At the Edge of Prehistory: Huber Phase Archaeology in the Chicago Area, edited by James A. Brown and P. J. O Brien, pp. 284-290. Center for American Archaeology Press, Kampsville. Winkler, Daniel M., Dustin Blodgett and Robert J. Jeske 2004 The Lithic Resources of Wisconsin: A Guide to Lithic Materials that are Located in Wisconsin. Document on file at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Archaeological Research Laboratory (UWM-ARL), Milwaukee, WI. Wisconsin Board of Commissioners of Public Lands 1835 Interior Field Notes (John Brink) and Plat Map. Electronic document, http:// digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/surveynotes/ SurveyNotes-idx?type=article&byte=6164768, accessed November 27, 2017. Wisconsin Historic Preservation Database (WHPD) 2017a Electronic document, http://wisahrd.org/ ASI/Sites/Primary.aspx?id=7275, accessed November 27, 2017. 2017b Electronic document, http://wisahrd.org/ ASI/Sites/Primary.aspx?id=22389, accessed November 27, 2017. 2017c Electronic document, http://wisahrd.org/ ASI/Sites/Primary.aspx?id=81524, accessed November 27, 2017.

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Report of Investigations No. 467 31 Appendix A. Previously Reported Archaeological and Burial Sites within One Mile of the Project Area Smithsonian Code Burial Site Number BWN-0038 Site Name Site Type Cultural Affiliation(s) Lake View Memorial Park Cemetery/Burial Historic Euro- American BWN-0039 Calvary Cemetery Cemetery/Burial Historic Euro- American BWN-0040 Riverside Cemetery Cemetery/Burial Historic Euro- American BWN-0177 Riverside Cemetery (Catholic Section) Cemetery/Burial Historic Euro- American NRHP Status N/A N/A NRHP Listed NRHP Listed 47WN0049 Golf Course Shell Midden Unknown N/A N/A 47WN0191 Zelhofer Campsite/Village 47WN0238 Steinhilber Campsite/Village 47WN0247 Felcher Campsite/Village Early Woodland N/A N/A Unknown Prehistoric Unknown Prehistoric 47WN0492 Felker Isolated Finds Early Woodland N/A N/A N/A N/A Burial Catalogue Status Catalogued Catalogued Catalogued Catalogued N/A N/A 47WN0506 BWN-0198 Riverside Burials and Shell Heap Campsite/Village, Cemetery/ Burial 47WN0549 Knagg s Ferry Transportation Site 47WN0554 Rogers Campsite/Village 47WN0674 Harold s Site Campsite/Village 47WN0678 Knagg s Ferry North Transportation Site, Trading/ Fur Post 47WN0844 Robbins Site Lithic Scatter, Redeposited Artifacts Historic Indian, Oneota Historic Euro- American Unknown Prehistoric Unknown Prehistoric, Woodland Historic Euro- American Late Woodland, Unknown Prehistoric 47WN0865 Fox River Wreck 2 Shipwreck Historic Euro- American N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Unevaluated Not Catalogued N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A