LONGMAN STUDY GUIDES Science Di Barton SUB Q6ttlngen 206 451 652 97B1842 LONGMAN
CONTENTS Editors' Preface vii Acknowledgements vii Information about this book viii 1 Revision, examinations and coursework I Revision 2 Coursework 3 Final examination papers 6 Module tests 7 Words of instruction 8 Diagrams 8 Spelling, punctuation and grammar 9 Language and literacy skills 9 Mathematical skills 9 2 The GCSE Key Stage 4 Syllabuses II The National Curriculum for Science 12 GCSE Key Stage 4 Syllabuses 12 Aims 12 Assessment objectives 12 Tiers of entry 13 The written examination papers 14 Your final certificate 14 London EDEXCEL Foundation 14 Midland Examining Group (MEG) 16 Northern Examinations and Assessment Board (NEAB) 17 Northern Ireland Council for Curriculum, Examinations and Assessment (NICCEA) 19 Southern Examining Group (SEG) 20 Welsh Joint Education Committee (WJEC) 23 Addresses of the examination boards 25 Appendix: Details of the four study programmes Scl-Sc4 26 Life Processes and Living Things Sc2 3 Humans as organisms 33 Life processes 34 Levels of organisation 34 Organ systems 34 Cell structure and function 35 Movement of substances 36 Nutrition 36 Circulation 38 Respiration 41 Breathing 42 Nervous system 44 Hormones 47 Excretion 49 Homeostasis 50 Health 52 The skeleton 54 4 Green plants as organisms 70 Photosynthesis 71
iv Contents Adaptation of the leaf 73 Mineral nutrition 73 Uses of the products of photosynthesis 74 Respiration and photosynthesis 74 Transport of materials 75 Transpiration 77 Osmosis 77 Mineral salts 78 Plant hormones 78 Sexual reproduction in plants 80 5 Variation, inheritance and evolution 89 Human sexual reproduction 90 The human reproductive system 90 Meiosis and mitosis 91 Fertilisation 92 Development of the foetus 92 Twins 93 The menstrual cycle 93 Contraception 94 Chromosomes and genes 94 The mechanism of monohybrid inheritance 94 Sex determination 95 Sex linkage 95 Mutations 95 Inherited diseases 96 Variation 96 Asexual reproduction 97 Selective breeding 97 Evolution and the fossil record 98 Natural selection 98 6 Living things and their environment 111 Populations 112 Adaptation 112 Growth of populations I 13 Sampling populations 114 Food chains and food webs I 14 Pyramids of numbers and mass I 16 Energy transfer I 16 Nutrient cycles 117 Food production I 19 Pest control I 19 Human influence on the environment 120 Deforestation 120 Desertification 120 Materials and Their Properties Sc3 7 Atomic structure and bonding 131 Solids, liquids and gases 132 Diffusion 133 Expansion 134 Atoms, molecules and ions 134 Elements, compounds and mixtures 135 Fractional distillation 137 Atomic structure 138 Ionic and covalent bonding 141 Giant structures 144 Macromolecules 145
Contents 8 Useful products from oil and metal ores 154 Useful products from oil 155 Combustion 155 Alkanes and alkenes 156 Addition polymers 156 Extraction of metals 157 Useful substances from rocks 161 9 The Periodic Table 169 The Periodic Table 170 Periods 170 Groups 172 Valency and writing formulae 172 Properties and reactions of the alkali metals 174 Properties, reactions and uses of the halogens 175 Compounds of the alkali metals and the halogens 176 Properties and uses of noble gases 177 Metals and non-metals 177 Transition elements 178 10 Chemical reactions 186 Representing reactions 187 Rates of reactions 191 Catalysts 191 Reactions involving enzymes 192 Reversible reactions 193 Energy changes 194 Quantitative chemistry 195 I I The reactivity series and acidity 205 The reactivity series 206 Reactions of metals 206 Alkalis 210 Detecting acids and alkalis 210 Neutralisation 211 Patterns of acid reactions 212 Acids in action 214 Salts 215 Physical Processes Sc4 12 Electricity 229 Current 230 Voltage 231 Current and charge 231 Resistance 232 Ohm's Law 233 Current and voltage 233 Mains electricity 234 Wiring a plug 234 Fuses 234 Power 235 Paying for electricity 235 Electric charge 235 Electrolysis 236 Electrical symbols 236 Some useful definitions 236
vi Contents 13 Electromagnetism 246 Magnets and magnetic fields 247 Electromagnets 247 Electric motors 249 Induced voltage 251 Generators and alternators 251 Transformers 252 Generation and transmission of electricity 253 14 Force and motion 262 Speed and velocity 263 Acceleration 265 Balanced and unbalanced forces 266 Friction 266 Vehicle stopping distances 266 Forces acting on falling objects 267 Force and pressure on solids, liquids and gases 268 Moments 270 15 Waves 279 Characteristics of waves 280 The electromagnetic spectrum 281 Reflection 282 Refraction 283 Total internal reflection: critical angle 283 The spectrum 284 Lenses 285 Sound and ultrasound 286 The ear 287 Interference, diffraction and polarisation 288 16 The Earth and geology 299 The solar system and wider universe 300 The Earth 301 The Moon 302 Artificial satellites 303 Stars 304 Evolution of the Universe 305 Structure of the Earth 305 Plate tectonics 306 Geological changes 308 Changes to the atmosphere 310 17 Energy resources and energy transfer 322 Energy transfer and efficiency 323 Conduction, convection, evaporation and radiation 323 Energy losses and insulation 324 Energy resources 325 Alternative energy sources 326 Greenhouse effect 329 Work, power and energy 330 Kinetic energy 331 Specific heat capacity 332 18 Radioactivity 341 Background radioactivity 342 Radioactive emissions 342 Half-life 343 Beneficial and harmful effects of radiation on organisms 343 Uses of radioactivity 343 Index 352