Prentice Hall Science Explorer: Life, Earth, and 2005 Oklahoma Priority Academic Student Skills for Science (Grade 8) NOTE: Asterisks (*) have been used to identify standards and objectives that must be assessed by the local school district. All other skills may be assessed by the Oklahoma School Testing Program (OSTP). Book icons ( ) identify Information Literacy skills. Students are best served when these are taught in collaboration and cooperation between the classroom teacher and the library media specialist. Priority Academic Student Skills: SCIENCE Grade 8 Standards for Inquiry, Physical, Life, and Earth/Space Science The Priority Academic Student Skills (PASS) should be taught by investigating content, concepts, and principles of major themes in Physical, Life, and Earth/Space Sciences. SCIENCE PROCESSES AND INQUIRY Grade 8 Process Standard 1: Observe and Measure - Observing is the first action taken by the learner to acquire new information about an object, organism, or event. Opportunities for observation are developed through the use of a variety of scientific tools. Measurement allows observations to be quantified. LAB: Lab Manual; Lab Manual; Lab Manual The student will accomplish these objectives to meet this process standard. 1. Identify qualitative and/or quantitative changes given conditions (e.g., temperature, mass, volume, time, position, length) before, during, and after an event. SE/TE: 6-7, 784 TECH: Transparency LS1;www.phschool.com: Audio CD TR: Lab Zone: 6; Guided Reading and Study Worksheet: 49-52 SE/TE: 786-787 SE/TE: 7, 778-779 1
Prentice Hall Science Explorer: Life, Earth, and 2005 2. Use appropriate tools (e.g., metric ruler, graduated cylinder, thermometer, balances, spring scales, stopwatches) when measuring objects, organisms, and/or events. SE/TE: 808-809 SE/TE: 786-787 SE/TE: 780-781 3. Use appropriate System International (SI) units (i.e., grams, meters, liters, degrees Celsius, and seconds); and SI prefixes (i.e., micro-, milli-, centi-, and kilo-) when measuring objects, organisms and/or events. SE/TE: 808-809 SE/TE: 786-787 SE/TE: 44-49, 780-781 Transparency: PS11-12; Video/DVD; www.phschool.com; TR: Guided Reading and Study Worksheet: 114-116; Section Summary: 113; Review and Reinforce: 117; Enrich; 118; Lab Zone: 44, 46, 48-49 LAB: Lab Manual: 6 Process Standard 2: Classify - Classifying establishes order. Objects, organisms, and events are classified based on similarities, differences, and interrelationships. LAB: Lab Manual; Lab Manual; Lab Manual The student will accomplish these objectives to meet this process standard. 1. Using observable properties, place an object, organism, and/or event into a classification system (e.g., dichotomous keys). SE/TE: 10, 807 SE/TE: 785 SE/TE: 779 2. Identify properties by which a set of objects, organisms, and/or events could be ordered. SE/TE: 10, 807 SE/TE: 785 SE/TE: 779 2
Prentice Hall Science Explorer: Life, Earth, and 2005 Process Standard 3: Experiment - Experimenting is a method of discovering information. It requires making observations and measurements to test ideas. LAB: Lab Manual; Lab Manual; Lab Manual The student will accomplish these objectives to meet this process standard. *1. Ask questions about the world and design investigations that lead to scientific inquiry. SE/TE: 15,812-813 TR: Guided Reading and Study worksheet: 49-52, Lab Zone: 14, Activity 813 SE/TE: 10-16, 22-27, 782-785 www.phschool.com; 2. Evaluate the design of a scientific investigation. SE/TE: 15,812-813 TR: Guided Reading and Study worksheet: 49-52, Lab Zone: 14, Activity 813 SE/TE: 10-16, 22-27, 782-785 www.phschool.com; 3
Prentice Hall Science Explorer: Life, Earth, and 2005 2. Evaluate the design of a scientific investigation. 3. Identify variables and/or controls in an experimental setup (i.e., tested, experimental, and measured variables). SE/TE:16, TR: Lab Zone: 16, 27; LAB: Lab Manual: 1 SE/TE: 10-16, 22-27, 782-785 www.phschool.com; *4. Identify a testable hypothesis for an experiment. SE/TE:15, 810-813 TR: Activity: 811,813; Lab Zone:27; LAB: Lab Manual: 1 SE/TE: 10-16, 22-27, 782-785 www.phschool.com; 4
Prentice Hall Science Explorer: Life, Earth, and 2005 *4. Identify a testable hypothesis for an experiment. *5. Design and conduct experiments. SE/TE: 16,812 TECH: www.phschool.com TR: Lab Zone:17,27; LAB: Lab Manual: 1 SE/TE: 10-16, 22-27 www.phschool.com; 6. Recognize potential hazards and practice safety procedures in all science activities. SE/TE: 23-26,826-827 TR: Lab Zone: 23; Guided Reading and Study Worksheet: 71-73; Section Summary: 70; Review and Reinforce: 74; Enrich: 75 TECH: Transparency: LS5, LS6, LS7; www.scilinks.org; ; Presentation EXPRESS CD-ROM; Video/DVD : SE/TE: 23-27, 804-805 Transparency: ES6-8; www.scilinks.org; TR: Guided Reading and Study Worksheet: 69-71; Section Summary: 68; Review and Reinforce: 72; Enrich: 73; Lab Zone: 23 5
Prentice Hall Science Explorer: Life, Earth, and 2005 6. Recognize potential hazards and practice safety procedures in all science activities. SE/TE: 10-16, 22-27, 798-799 www.phschool.com; Process Standard 4: Interpret and Communicate - Interpreting is the process of recognizing patterns in collected data by making inferences, predictions, or conclusions. Communicating is the process of describing, recording, and reporting experimental procedures and results to others. Communication may be oral, written, or mathematical and includes organizing ideas, using appropriate vocabulary, graphs, other visual representations, and mathematical equations. LAB: Lab Manual; Lab Manual; Lab Manual The student will accomplish these objectives to meet this process standard. *1. Report data in an appropriate method when given an experimental procedure or data. SE/TE: 814-817 TR: Activity 815; Lab Zone: 27; LAB: Lab Manual: 1 SE/TE: 10-11, 792-799 SE/TE: 786-793 2. Interpret data tables, line, bar, trend and/or circle graphs. SE/TE: 814-816, 824-825 TR: Lab Zone: 27; LAB: Lab Manual: 1 SE/TE: 10-11, 792-799 SE/TE: 786-793 6
Prentice Hall Science Explorer: Life, Earth, and 2005 3. Evaluate data to develop reasonable explanations, and/or predictions. SE/TE: 17 TECH: Transparency LS2 TR: Lab Zone: 16,27; LAB: Lab Manual: 1 SE/TE: 10-11, 792-799 SE/TE: 786-793 *4. Accept or reject hypotheses when given results of an investigation. SE/TE: 17 SE/TE: 10-11, 792-799 SE/TE: 786-793 *5. Communicate scientific procedures and explanations. SE/TE: 18 TR: Lab Zone: 27; LAB: Lab Manual: 1 SE/TE: 10-11, 792-799 SE/TE: 779, 786-793 Process Standard 5: Inquiry - Inquiry can be defined as the skills necessary to carry out the process of scientific or systemic thinking. In order for inquiry to occur, students must have the opportunity to ask a question, formulate a procedure, and observe phenomena. LAB: Lab Manual; Lab Manual; Lab Manual The student will accomplish these objectives to meet this process standard. *1. Use systematic observations, make accurate measurements, and identify and control variables. SE/TE: 16, 808-809 TR: Lab Zone: 27; LAB: Lab Manual: 1 7
Prentice Hall Science Explorer: Life, Earth, and 2005 *1. Use systematic observations, make accurate measurements, and identify and control variables. SE/TE: 10-16, 22-27, 781 www.phschool.com; *2. Use technology to gather data and analyze results of investigations. SE/TE: 19-22 TR: Lab Zone 19,20,22, 27; Guided Reading and Study worksheet: 65-66; Section Summary: 64 Review and Reinforce: 67; Enrich: 68; LAB: Lab Manual: 1 TECH: Transparency LS3, LS4; www.scilinks.org;, Presentation EXPRESS CD-ROM; Video/DVD SE/TE: 10-16, 22-27 www.phschool.com; 8
Prentice Hall Science Explorer: Life, Earth, and 2005 *3. Review data, summarize data, and form logical conclusions. SE/TE: 17 TR: Lab Zone: 27; LAB: Lab Manual: 1 SE/TE: 10-16, 22-27 www.phschool.com; *4. Formulate and evaluate explanations proposed by examining and comparing evidence, pointing out statements that go beyond evidence, and suggesting alternative explanations. SE/TE: 17 TR: Lab Zone: 27; LAB: Lab Manual: 1 SE/TE: 10-16, 22-27 www.phschool.com; 9
Prentice Hall Science Explorer: Life, Earth, and 2005 PHYSICAL SCIENCE Grade 8 Standard 1: Properties and Chemical Changes in Matter - Physical characteristics of objects can be described using shape, size, and mass. The materials from which objects are made can be described using color, texture, and hardness. These properties can be used to distinguish and separate one substance from another. The student will engage in investigations that integrate the process standards and lead to the discovery of the following objectives: 1. Substances react chemically with other substances to form new substances with different characteristics (e.g., rusting, burning, reaction between baking soda and vinegar). 2. Matter has physical properties that can be measured (i.e., mass, volume, temperature, color, texture, density, and hardness). In chemical reactions and physical changes, matter is conserved (e.g., compare and contrast physical and chemical changes). SE/TE: 102-117, 148-181 ; www.phschool.com; www.scilinks.org; Discovery School: Elements and Periodic Table, Atoms and Bonding; Transparency: PS29-36, PS44-55; Video/DVD TR: Guided Reading and Study Worksheet: 223-235, 240-242, 307-309, 317-320, 329-331, 336-337; Section Summary: 232, 239, 306, 316, 328, 335; Review and Reinforce: 236, 243, 310, 321, 332, 338 ; Enrich: 237-244, 311, 322, 333, 339; Lab Zone: 102, 105-109, 111, 113-115, 117, 148, 150, 152, 154, 156-158, 160-162, 164-166, 170-172, 174, 176-178, 180 LAB: Lab Manual: 33, 36 SE/TE: 34-40, 44-49, 52-53, 182-211 TECH: Transparency: PS10-12, PS 57-66, ; Presentation EXPRESS CD-ROM; www.scilinks.org; Discovery School: Introduction to Matter, Chemical Reactions; www.phschool.com; Video/DVD TR: Guided Reading and Study Worksheet: 107-109, 114-116, 373-373, 384-388, 393-396; Section Summary: 113, 372, 383, 392, ; Review and Reinforce: 117, 376, 389, 397; Enrich: 118, 377, 390, 398; Lab Zone: 34, 36, 39, 44, 46, 48-49, 52, 182-184, 186, 189, 191, 192-194, 196, 201, 204, 206-211 LAB: Lab Manual: 6, 44, 48, 51 10
Prentice Hall Science Explorer: Life, Earth, and 2005 Standard 2: Motions and Forces - The motion of an object can be described by its position, direction of motion, and speed. The student will engage in investigations that integrate the process standards and lead to the discovery of the following objectives: 1. The motion of an object can be measured. The position of an object, its speed and direction can be represented on a graph. SE/TE: 306-331 ; Discovery School: Motion; www.phschool.com; www.scilinks.org TR: Guided Reading and Study Worksheet: 47-49, 54-56, 64-66; Section Summary: 46, 53, 63; Review and Reinforce: 50, 57, 67; Enrich: 51, 58, 58; Lab Zone: 306-308, 311-312, 314, 316-320, 323, 325-326, 330 LAB: Lab Manual: 77, 80, 84 SE/TE:666-667 TECH: ES210-211; Presentation EXPRESS CD- ROM; ; www.scilinks.org TR: Guided Reading and Study Worksheet: 40-41; Section Summary: 39; Review and Reinforce: 42; Enrich: 43 2. An object that is not being subjected to a net force will continue to move at a constant velocity (in a straight line and a constant speed). SE/TE: 332-361 Video/DVD; ; www.scilinks.org; www.phschool.com; Transparency: PS108-116; Discovery School: Forces TR: Guided Reading and Study Worksheet: 105-106, 115-116, 123-124, 129-130; Section Summary: 104, 114, 122, 128; Review and Reinforce: 107, 119, 125, 131; Enrich: 108, 120, 126, 132; Lab Zone: 332-334, 337-340, 342-345, 346-353, 355, 357-361 LAB: Lab Manual: 88, 92, 95 TE/SE: 668-669 TECH: ES210-211; Presentation EXPRESS CD- ROM; ; www.scilinks.org TR: Guided Reading and Study Worksheet: 40-41; Section Summary: 39; Review and Reinforce: 42; Enrich: 43 11
Prentice Hall Science Explorer: Life, Earth, and 2005 LIFE SCIENCE Grade 8 Standard 3: Diversity and Adaptations of Organisms - Millions of species of animals, plants, and microorganisms are alive today. Although different species might look dissimilar, the unity among organisms becomes apparent from an analysis of internal and external structures. Adaptation involves the selection of naturally occurring variations in populations. The student will engage in investigations that integrate the process standards and lead to the discovery of the following objectives: 1. By classifying organisms, biologists consider details of internal and external structure. 2. Organisms have a great variety of internal and external structures that enable them to survive in a specific habitat such as echolocation of bats and seed dispersal methods. SE/TE: 42-49 TR: Lab Zone: 42,47,48,49; Guided Reading and Study worksheets: 121-124; Section Summaries: 120; Review and Reinforcement: 125; Enrich: 126; Lab Worksheet: Living Mysteries TECH: www.scilinks.org; Transparency: LS12, LS13; Presentation EXPRESS CD-ROM; LAB: Lab Manual: 11-13 SE/TE: 424-427 TECH: www.scilinks.org EARTH/SPACE SCIENCE Grade 8 Standard 4: Structures and Forces of the Earth and Solar System - The earth is mostly rock, three-fourths of its surface is covered by a relatively thin layer of water, and the entire planet is surrounded by a relatively thin blanket of air, and is able to support life. The student will engage in investigations that integrate the process standards and lead to the discovery of the following objectives: 1. Landforms result from constructive forces such as crustal deformation, volcanic eruption, and deposition of sediment and destructive forces such as weathering and erosion. SE/TE: 122-159, 160-197, 198-229, 264-307 ; www.scilinks.org; www.phschool.com; Video/DVD Transparency: ES38-49, ES52-59, ES61-67, ES80-92; Discovery School: Plate Tectonics, Earthquakes, Volcanoes, Erosion and Deposition 12
Prentice Hall Science Explorer: Life, Earth, and 2005 1. Landforms result from constructive forces such as crustal deformation, volcanic eruption, and deposition of sediment and destructive forces such as weathering and erosion. TR: Guided Reading and Study Worksheet: 305-308,313-315, 320-321, 326-328, 337-339, 379-382, 387-389, 397-399, 406-408, 443-445, 453-455, 460-464, 469-472, 89-90, 97-100, 108-110, 115-117, 122-123, 128-129; Section Summary: 304, 312, 319, 325, 336, 378, 386, 396, 405, 442, 452, 459, 468, 88, 96, 107, 114, 121, 127 ; Review and Reinforce: 309, 316, 322, 329, 340, 383, 390, 400, 409, 446, 456, 465, 473, 91, 101, 111, 118, 124, 130: Enrich: 310, 317, 323, 330, 341, 384, 391, 401, 410, 447, 457, 466, 474, 92, 102, 112, 119, 125, 131: Lab Zone: 122-124, 126, 128-129, 131-133, 135-136,138-141, 145, 147-151, 153-155, 158, 160-162, 165-169, 171, 173, 175-178, 181-182, 184-186, 188, 190-191, 196, 198-200, 202-205, 208-210, 212-214, 216-217, 219-220, 223-225, 228, 264-272, 274, 276, 278-283, 286-287, 289-291, 293-294, 296, 298-301, 303, 306 LAB: Lab Manual: 35, 39, 41, 47, 50, 52, 56, 59, 61, 74, 76, 79 SE/TE: 530-533 TECH: Presentation EXPRESS CD-ROM, ; www.scilinks.org; Discovery School: Characteristics of Waves; Transparency: PS170 TR: Guided Reading and Study Worksheet: 74-76; Section Summary: 73; Review and Reinforce: 77; Enrich: 78; Lab Zone: 530, 533 2. The formation, weathering, sedimentation, and reformation of rock constitute a continuing "rock cycle" in which the total amount of material stays the same as its form changes. SE/TE: 92-121, 238-247 TECH: Presentation Express CD-ROM; Discovery School: Rocks; ; Transparency: ES27-36, ES72-74; www.phschool.com; www.scilinks.org TR: Guided Reading and Study Worksheet: 223-226, 231-234, 239-243, 248-250, 255-257, 265-266, 33-36; Section Summary: 222, 230, 238, 247, 254, 264, 32: Review and Reinforce: 227, 235, 244, 251, 258, 267, 37; Enrich: 228, 236, 245, 252, 259, 268, 38; Lab Zone: 92-94, 97-98, 100-102, 104, 107, 109-114, 117, 120, 238, 240, 243, 245-247 LAB: Lab Manual: 26,29, 31, 65 13
Prentice Hall Science Explorer: Life, Earth, and 2005 *3. Gravity is the force that governs the motion of the solar system and holds us to the earth s surface. SE/TE: 330-333, 666-669 www.scilinks.org;, Transparency: ES105, ES210-212 TR: Guided Reading and Study Worksheet: 195-197, 40-41; Section Summary: 194, 39; Review and Reinforce: 198, 42; Enrich: 199, 43; Lab Zone: 330, 332, 666, 669 Standard 5: Earth's History - The Earth s history involves periodic changes in the structures of the earth over time. The student will engage in investigations that integrate the process standards and lead to the discovery of the following objectives: 1. Earth s history has been punctuated by occasional catastrophic events, such as the impact of asteroids or comets, enormous volcanic eruptions, periods of continental glaciation, and the rise and fall of sea level. 2. Fossils provide important evidence of how life and environmental conditions have changed. SE/TE: 334-347, 638-640 ; www.phschool.com; Video/CD; Transparency: ES107-108 TR: Guided Reading and Study Worksheet: 202-204; Section Summary: 201; Review and Reinforce: 205; Enrich: 206; Lab Zone: 334, 336,339-340, 343-346, 638, 640 LAB: Lab Manual: 85 SE/TE: 310-326 www.scilinks.org; www.phschool.com; Video/DVD; ; Transparency: ES94-102; Discovery School: A Trip Through Geologic Time TR: Guided Reading and Study Worksheet: 165-168; 173-175; 182-184; Section Summary: 164, 172, 181; Review and Reinforce: 169, 176, 185; Lab Zone: 310, 312-313, 315-317, 319-324, LabWorksheet: Finding Clues to Rock Layers LAB: Lab Manual: 83, 88 Reference: http://www.sde.state.ok.us/home/home01_test.html?http://title3.sde.state.ok.us/science/! 14