Friday April 8 th 2016 Warm-Up Select a highlighter. Get a bottle of glue. Update your Table of Contents (see whiteboard). Today In Science Classification Presentation and Notes
How many different types of organisms do you see and how would you group them?
taks-ahn-uh-mee Sorting out the whatchamacallits
Definition of Terms Taxonomy: the science of identifying, classifying, and naming living things. Classification: the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities.
Why Classify? 1. Humans have an innate need to seek order in their surroundings. 2. Order helps us understand how the world works. 3. We can communicate better when everyone knows what we are talking about.
History of Classification Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) had a simple method: Plants and Animals Animals lived on land, in water, or in air Plants had three different types of stems This worked until explorers found many new organisms that didn t fit his system. Common names often varied from region to region or were inaccurate (ex: Jellyfish)
History of Classification Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) developed a system with hierarchical categories. Based on shared physical characteristics. Uses seven levels of organization
Classification Hierarchy Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Classification Hierarchy Kingdom (Animalia the animals) Phylum (Chordata animals with backbones) Class (Mammalia mammals, or furry animals that nurse their young) Order (Carnivora carnivores, or animals that kill and eat other animals) Family (Felidae the cat family) Genus (Felis housecats, cougars, and many others) Species (catus all housecats, no matter the breed)
Classification Hierarchy King Philip Came Over For Grape Soda
Binomial Nomenclature Binomial nomenclature: bi =two nom =name Always in Latin. Why? Latin is a universal language. Species name (scientific name) Always in this form: Genus species identifier Species identifier is often descriptive, geographical, or named after someone
Binomial Nomenclature Additional levels of classification beyond Genus and Species include: Varieties: PLANTS with slightly different qualities Subspecies: ANIMALS in different geographical regions
Binomial Nomenclature Prunus persica Variety: Nectarine Prunus persica Variety: Peach
Binomial Nomenclature Terrapene carolina Common Eastern Box Turtle Terrapene carolina triungui Has three toes instead of four on back feet.
Modern Taxonomy Phylogeny: The evolutionary history of an organism A Phylogeny tree diagram shows the relationship of organisms. Uses the same evidence used by evolutionary biologists: Fossil Record Biological (Comparing structures, Embryo development) Genetic (DNA)
The Six Kingdom System Kingdom Archaebacteria archae is Greek for ancient Unicelluler with unique biochemical properties Unique gene sequences Live in extreme environments like thermal springs, deep sea vents
The Six Kingdom System Kingdom Eubacteria eu means true Mostly aerobic (some are anaerobic) unicellular organisms Affect the lives of humans in many ways Rapid reproduction allows evolutionary response to surroundings
The Six Kingdom System Kingdom Protista Mostly single-celled eukaryotic organisms Contains organisms that don t fit into other kingdoms Share aspects of plant and animal kingdomfeed on other organisms but may also use photosynthesis (ex: Euglena)
The Six Kingdom System Kingdom Fungi All fungi absorb nutrients from their surroundings, nature s recyclers Molecularly speaking they are closer to animals then to plants (Chitin) Often work in symbiosis with plants to provide nutrients or protection from disease
The Six Kingdom System Kingdom Plantae Nearly all are autotrophic eukaryotes (PHOTOSYNTHESIS) Have a sexual cycle based on meiosis Most live on land
The Six Kingdom System Kingdom Animalia Heterotrophic multicellular eukaryotes Have a sexual cycle based on meiosis Symmetrical body organization Most have some mobility
That all made sense until.
The Three Domain System 1. Based on molecular work with Ribosomal RNA 2. All organisms tested fall into one of three distinct Domains 3. Introduced in 1990 by Carl Woese (discovered Archeabacteria)
The Three Domain System Domain Archaea The same members as Kingdom Archaebacteria Domain Bacteria The same members as Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Eukarya Consists of Kingdoms Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia
Dichotomous Key Tool to identify organisms. Asks a series of questions that can be answered in two ways. Your answer to each question leads you to answer another question with only two questions. After a number of questions, you will identify the organism.