Biology Biology 1of 49 2of 49 Eukaryotic Cell Structures Eukaryotic Cell Structures Structures within a eukaryotic cell that perform important cellular functions are known as organelles. Cell biologists divide the eukaryotic cell into two major parts: the nucleus and the cytoplasm. The Cytoplasm is the portion of the cell outside the nucleus. 3of 49 1
Eukaryotic Cell Structures Plant Cell Nucleus Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Rough endoplasmic reticulum Cell wall Cell membrane Nucleolus Nuclear envelope Ribosome (free) Ribosome (attached) Golgi apparatus Chloroplast Mitochondrion Vacuole 4of 49 Eukaryotic Cell Structures Animal Cell Nucleus Nuclear envelope Rough endoplasmic reticulum Centrioles Nucleolus Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Ribosome (free) Cell membrane Ribosome (attached) Mitochondrion 5of 49 Nucleus What are the different components of the nucleus? 6of 49 2
Nucleus The Nucleus Chromatin Nucleolus Nuclear envelope Nuclear pores 7of 49 Nucleus Nucleus The nucleus is the control center of the cell. The nucleus contains nearly all the cell's DNA and with it the coded instructions for making proteins and other important molecules. 8of 49 Nuclear Envelope Nuclear Envelope a double membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm. Porous membrane which allows RNA (formed within nucleolus) molecules to pass through into the cytoplasm and combine to form ribosomes and other structures for making proteins. 9of 49 3
Nucleolus Nucleolus dense region of DNA which is responsible for making RNA molecules that makes ribosomes. DNA that is not tightly packed (loose chromatin) is used to make RNA that codes for proteins by using the ribosomes. 10 of 49 Ribosomes What is the function of the ribosomes? 11 of 49 Ribosomes Ribosomes One of the most important jobs carried out in the cell is making proteins. Proteins are assembled on ribosomes. Ribosomes are small particles of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm. 12 of 49 4
Endoplasmic Reticulum What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum? 13 of 49 Endoplasmic Reticulum There are two types of ER rough and smooth. Endoplasmic Reticulum Ribosomes 14 of 49 Smooth ER Smooth ER functions in metabolism. It is also a storage organelle that is free of ribosomes. Important in making and storing steroids, lipids (fatty acid chains used in structural support). Also breaks down toxins and detoxify drugs and poisons. 15 of 49 5
Rough ER Rough ER cellular organelle that is continuous with nuclear envelope. Made up of ribosomes. Helps in the growth of proteins. Polypeptide chains are added to proteins as they pass through the rough ER. 16 of 49 Golgi Apparatus What is the function of the Golgi apparatus? 17 of 49 Golgi Apparatus The Golgi apparatus appears as a stack of closely apposed membranes. 18 of 49 6
Golgi Apparatus Golgi Apparatus Organelle that is active in making, sorting, and secreting products out of the cell. Materials are enclosed in container called vesicles which dock with the cell membrane and releases its products. 19 of 49 Mitochondria and Chloroplasts What is the function of the mitochondria? 20 of 49 Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Mitochondria Nearly all eukaryotic cells contain mitochondria. Mitochondria convert the chemical energy stored in sugars into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use. Mitochondrion 21 of 49 7
Vacuoles What is the function of vacuoles? 22 of 49 Vacuoles Vacuoles are found in some unicellular organisms and in plants. The paramecium contains a contractile vacuole that pumps excess water out of the cell. Typically not found in animals cells. Contractile vacuole 23 of 49 Vacuoles In many plant cells there is a single, large central vacuole filled with liquid. Vacuole 24 of 49 8
Cell Wall What is the function of the cell wall? 25 of 49 Cell Wall Cell Wall found in plants. It is made of sugars and surrounds the cell membrane. Provides support and protection for the plant cell. 26 of 49 Mitochondria and Chloroplasts What is the function of chloroplasts? 27 of 49 9
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Chloroplasts Chloroplast Plants and some other organisms contain chloroplasts. Chloroplasts capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis. 28 of 49 Centrioles Centrioles are located near the nucleus and help to organize cell division. Cell Organelle Interactive Plant and Animal Model Interactive 29 of 49 Cytoskeleton What are the functions of the cytoskeleton? 30 of 49 10
Cytoskeleton The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments that helps the cell to maintain its shape. The cytoskeleton is also involved in movement. The cytoskeleton is made up of: microfilaments microtubules 31 of 49 Cytoskeleton Cytoskeleton Cell membrane Endoplasmic reticulum Microtubule Microfilament Ribosomes Mitochondrion 32 of 49 Lysosomes What is the function of lysosomes? 33 of 49 11
Lysosomes Lysosomes organelles that contain digestive enzymes that help in the breakdown of unwanted particles within the cell. It was long believe that lysosomes did not exist in plant cells, although evidence lately has supported the claim they do. For sake of argument, we will say that they are typically found in animal cells. 34 of 49 12