LIST OF TABLES Table. Dataset names, their versions, and variables used in this study. The algorithm names (GPROF, GPROF7, and GSMaP) are added in the parenthesis after each TMI rainfall dataset. This study uses these three algorithm names to represent their corresponding TMI rainfall datasets in the discussion, unless otherwise stated................... 5 Table. Table. Table. Probability of Detection (POD), False Alarm Rate (FAR), and Heidke Skill Score (HSS) for GPROF, GPROF7, and GSMaP. Over land and coast, TRMM PR is taken as the reference. Over ocean, we also include CloudSat Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) observations as the reference. These statistics are computed at the pixel resolution and N is the total pixel number....... 5 Total error (E) and its three independent components: hit bias (H), miss bias (M), and false alarm bias (F) over land, coast and ocean for GPROF, GPROF7, and GSMaP. These statistics are computed at the pixel resolution, also shown as percentage of unconditional mean PR rain rate in parenthesis. Statistics for Land, Coast and Ocean are based on PR rain rates as the reference. Statistics for Ocean a are also based on PR rain rates as the reference, but these PR rain rates are only those collocated with CPR. Statistics for Ocean b are based on both PR and CPR as the reference. See text for more discussions... 5 Correlation coeficient (CC), root mean square error (RMSE) and relative bias (RB) from convective and stratiform rainfall in the hit category for GPROF, GPROF7, and GSMaP, at the pixel resolution....... 5 5
5 5 5 5 TABLE. Dataset names, their versions, and variables used in this study. The algorithm names (GPROF, GPROF7, and GSMaP) are added in the parenthesis after each TMI rainfall dataset. This study uses these three algorithm names to represent their corresponding TMI rainfall datasets in the discussion, unless otherwise stated. Satellite Name Sensor Name Product name version parameters PR A5 version 7 rain rate, water path PR A version 7 storm top height, convective/stratiform TRMM TMI A (GPROF) version 7 rain rate, surface type TMI AGPROFTMI (GPROF7) version rain rate, surface type TMI rain-tmi (GSMaP) version 7 rain rate, surface type CloudSat CPR C-RAIN-PROFILE version 5 rain rate, rain quality flag 5
5 55 56 57 TABLE. Probability of Detection (POD), False Alarm Rate (FAR), and Heidke Skill Score (HSS) for GPROF, GPROF7, and GSMaP. Over land and coast, TRMM PR is taken as the reference. Over ocean, we also include CloudSat Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) observations as the reference. These statistics are computed at the pixel resolution and N is the total pixel number. Land (N=.57 Billion) Coast (N=. Billion) Dataset POD (%) FAR (%) HSS POD (%) FAR (%) HSS GPROF..75.5.9.9.6 GPROF7 65.5.99.6 6.96 5..5 GSMaP 6.9..7 5.56..6 Ocean (PR only, N=.77 Billion) Ocean (PR+CPR, N=657) Dataset POD (%) FAR (%) HSS POD (%) FAR(%) HSS GPROF 7.75.55.69 7..7.7 GPROF7 7...66 6.56..5 GSMaP 67.5.9.6..6.5 5
5 59 6 6 6 6 TABLE. Total error (E) and its three independent components: hit bias (H), miss bias (M), and false alarm bias (F) over land, coast and ocean for GPROF, GPROF7, and GSMaP. These statistics are computed at the pixel resolution, also shown as percentage of unconditional mean PR rain rate in parenthesis. Statistics for Land, Coast and Ocean are based on PR rain rates as the reference. Statistics for Ocean a are also based on PR rain rates as the reference, but these PR rain rates are only those collocated with CPR. Statistics for Ocean b are based on both PR and CPR as the reference. See text for more discussions. Surface type Dataset H (mm/day) -M (mm/day) F (mm/day) E=H-M+F (mm/day) GPROF. (.9%) -.6 (-.6%). (.%). (.9%) Land GPROF7 -. (-7.%) -. (-5.6%).6 (.6%) -.7 (-9.7%) GSMaP.7 (.%) -. (-.%). ( 9.69%). (.59%) GPROF. (.6%) -.6 (-7.7%).7 (.6%) -. (-.%) Coast GPROF7 -. ( -.5%) -.9 (-.57%).56 (6.55%).5 (.6%) GSMaP. (.5%) -.6 (-.5%).9 ( 5.69%) -. ( -.%) GPROF -. (-.%) -.5 (-.7%). (6.5%). (.7%) Ocean GPROF7. (.9%) -. (-.%). (.7%). (.7%) GSMaP.5(.%) -. (-.6%). (.%) -. (-.67%) GPROF. (.%) -.5 (-.%). (7.%).6 (.%) Ocean a GPROF7.5 (5.6%) -. (-.%). (9.5%). (.%) GSMaP. (5.6%) -.5 (-9.%). (.%) -. (.56%) GPROF -. (-5.%) -. (-.%). (5.%) -. (-.%) Ocean b GPROF7.7 (.7%) -. (-7.5%).6 (6.%). (.95%) GSMaP.9 (.%) -. (-5.9%).7 (.69%) -.5 (-9.7%) 5
6 65 TABLE. Correlation coeficient (CC), root mean square error (RMSE) and relative bias (RB) from convective and stratiform rainfall in the hit category for GPROF, GPROF7, and GSMaP, at the pixel resolution. Surface type/rain type Dataset CC RMSE (mm/hr) RB (%) GPROF..6. Land/ GPROF7.5.7-6.9 GSMaP.6.9-9.6 GPROF.5.6.79 Land/ GPROF7.57.. GSMaP.66.6.69 GPROF.6. -5. Coast/ GPROF7.66. -9. GSMaP.7.5-69.6 GPROF.6.9 6.7 Coast/ GPROF7.5. 5.5 GSMaP.66.5-6. GPROF.77.95-6.5 Ocean/ GPROF7.6.67 -.59 GSMaP..7-5. GPROF..75 5.9 Ocean/ GPROF7..7. GSMaP.77. 7. 5
LIST OF FIGURES Fig.. The hit, miss, false, and correct negative numbers, expressed as the percentage of the total pixel number (N) over land (a), coast (b), and ocean (c and d). The total pixel number (N) is shown on the right left corner of each panel. Over ocean, PR is taken as the reference in (c), and both PR and CPR are used in (d). Due to the much larger percentage of correct negative, only a small portion of it is shown in each subplot. The color schemes for hit, miss, false, and correct negative are shown in (a)................. 56 Fig.. First column: the geospatial distribution of POD over land in degree grid box from GPROF, GPROF7, GSMaP, the difference between GPROF and GSMaP, and the difference between GPROF7 and GSMaP. Second column: same as the first column except for FAR. Third column: same as the first column except for HSS........ 57 Fig.. Same as Fig., except over ocean.................. 5 Fig.. Fig. 5. Fig. 6. Fig. 7. First column:the seasonal variation of POD, FAR and HSS in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) over land for GPROF, GPROF7, and GSMaP. The line color for each product is shown in (b). Second and third columns are same as the first column, except for FAR, and for HSS, respectively. The line color for each dataset is shown in (b)......... 59 First column: scatter plots between rain rates from GPROF and from PR, between rain rates from GPROF7 and from PR, and between rain rates from GSMaP and from PR, for convective over land. Second column: Same as the first column, except for stratiform. Third column: Same as the first column except over coast. Fourth column: Same as the second column except over coast.................... 6 First column: scatter plots between rain rates from GPROF and from PR, between rain rates from GPROF7 and from PR, and between rain rates from GSMaP and from PR, for convective over ocean. Second column: Same as the first column, except for stratiform.... 6 Rainfall intensity distribution for GPROF, GPROF7, and GSMaP in the false and miss categories over land (first row), coast (second row), and ocean (third row). The line color for each dataset is shown in (a)................. 6 Fig.. Unconditional mean rain rate (mm/day) from PR, GPROF, GPROF7, and GSMaP... 6 Fig. 9. First column: the total error and its three components from GPROF over land in each degree grid box. Second and third columns: Same as the first column, except from GPROF7, and GSMaP, respectively................ 6 Fig.. Same as Fig. 9, except over ocean.................. 65 55
hit miss false correct negative GSMaP... 9.9 GSMaP..5. 9. GPROF7.7..9 9. GPROF7 5..7.7 7.6 GPROF...7 95. GPROF. 5.. 9. (a) Land N=.57 Billion 6... (b) Coast N=. Billion 6 6... GSMaP.7..5 9.5 GSMaP 6. 9... GPROF7 5... 9. GPROF7 7..6.6.7 GPROF 5... 9.9 GPROF 6.9.7.5. (c) Ocean (PR only) N=.77 Billion 6 9 5... (d) Ocean (PR+CPR) N=657 5 5 5... 66 67 6 69 7 FIG.. The hit, miss, false, and correct negative numbers, expressed as the percentage of the total pixel number (N) over land (a), coast (b), and ocean (c and d). The total pixel number (N) is shown on the right left corner of each panel. Over ocean, PR is taken as the reference in (c), and both PR and CPR are used in (d). Due to the much larger percentage of correct negative, only a small portion of it is shown in each subplot. The color schemes for hit, miss, false, and correct negative are shown in (a). 56
(a) GPROF POD (%) 9 N N N S S S 7 5 6E E W 6W (b) GPROF7 POD (%) 7 5 6E E W 6W (c) GSMaP POD (%) 9 5 57 6E E W 6W (d) GPROF POD - GSMaP POD (%) - - 6E E W 6W (e) GPROF7 POD - GSMaP POD (%) - - 6E E W 6W W 6W 6.. E W 6W 6..5.. E W 6W (i) GPROF FAR - GSMaP FAR (%). -.6 -. E W 6W (j) GPROF7 FAR - GSMaP FAR (%).6 -.6 -. 6E E W 6W W 6W..6.5. 6E E W 6W (m) GSMaP HSS..7.6.5. 6E E W 6W (n) GPROF HSS - GSMaP HSS. N N N S S S.6 -.6 -.. N N N S S S N N N S S S E.7.6 6E. 6E (l) GPROF7 HSS N N N S S S.5 6E.6 N N N S S S (h) GSMaP FAR (%)..7. 6E (k) GPROF HSS N N N S S S.5 N N N S S S N N N S S S E. 6E (g) GPROF7 FAR (%) N N N S S S. 7.5 N N N S S S N N N S S S 6. 9 N N N S S S (f) GPROF FAR (%) N N N S S S 6E E W 6W (o) GPROF7 HSS - GSMaP HSS. N N N S S S.6 -.6 -. 6E E W 6W 7 F IG.. First column: the geospatial distribution of POD over land in degree grid box from GPROF, GPROF7, GSMaP, the difference 7 between GPROF and GSMaP, and the difference between GPROF7 and GSMaP. Second column: same as the first column except for FAR. 7 Third column: same as the first column except for HSS.
9 7 6 5 6E E W 6W (b) GPROF7 POD (%) 7 6 5 6E E W 6W (c) GSMaP POD (%) 9 7 6 5 6E E W 6W (d) GPROF POD - GSMaP POD (%) - - 6E E W 6W (e) GPROF7 POD - GSMaP POD (%) - - 6E E W 6W W 6W 9 E W 6W 9 5 E W 6W (i) GPROF FAR - GSMaP FAR (%) - - E W 6W (j) GPROF7 FAR - GSMaP FAR (%) - - 6E E W 6W F IG.. Same as Fig., except over ocean. W 6W..6.5. 6E E W 6W (m) GSMaP HSS..7.6.5. 6E E W 6W (n) GPROF HSS - GSMaP HSS. N N N S S S. -. -. N N N S S S N N N S S S E.7 6E. 6E (l) GPROF7 HSS N N N S S S.5 7 6E.6 N N N S S S (h) GSMaP FAR (%)..7 6E (k) GPROF HSS N N N S S S 5 N N N S S S N N N S S S E 7 6E (g) GPROF7 FAR (%) N N N S S S 5 N N N S S S N N N S S S 9 7 9 N N N S S S (f) GPROF FAR (%) N N N S S S 6E E W 6W (o) GPROF7 HSS - GSMaP HSS. N N N S S S. -. -. 6E E W 6W 5 (a) GPROF POD (%) N N N S S S
GPROF GPROF7 GSMaP (a) Land (d) Coast (g) Ocean POD (%) 6 POD (%) 6 POD (%) 6 7 (b) Land 7 (e) Coast 7 (h) Ocean 6 6 6 FAR (%) 5 FAR (%) 5 FAR (%) 5. (c) Land. (f) Coast. (i) Ocean.7.7.7.6.6.6 HSS.5 HSS.5 HSS.5......... 7 75 76 77 FIG.. First column:the seasonal variation of POD, FAR and HSS in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) over land for GPROF, GPROF7, and GSMaP. The line color for each product is shown in (b). Second and third columns are same as the first column, except for FAR, and for HSS, respectively. The line color for each dataset is shown in (b). 59
6 6 (a)..5 6.5 (d). 6 6.5 6 6 (b)..5 5 6 5.5 (g).. 6 5 6.5 (e)..5 6 6 (c)..5 6 6 6 6 9 6.5 (j).. 5 6 5.5 (h).5 5 6 (f)..5 6 6 6 6 5 6 6 9 6.5 (k)...5 6 6 5 Coast 6 5 6 5.5 (i).. Coast 6 6. Coast.5.5 6. 5 Coast 6 6. 6 6 6 GSMaP rain rate (mm/hr) 6 Land Coast 6.5.5. Land GSMaP rain rate (mm/hr) 6 6 6 6 6 6. Land GPROF7 rain rate (mm/hr) GPROF7 rain rate (mm/hr) Land 6. Coast.5. 5 GSMaP rain rate (mm/hr). 6 GPROF7 rain rate (mm/hr).5 6 Land GPROF rain rate (mm/hr) GPROF7 rain rate (mm/hr).5 6 6 GSMaP rain rate (mm/hr) 6 GPROF rain rate (mm/hr) Land GPROF rain rate (mm/hr) GPROF rain rate (mm/hr) 6 9 6 6.5 (l)...5 6 6 7 F IG. 5. First column: scatter plots between rain rates from GPROF and from PR, between rain rates from 79 GPROF7 and from PR, and between rain rates from GSMaP and from PR, for convective over land. Second column: Same as the first column, except for stratiform. Third column: Same as the first column except over coast. Fourth column: Same as the second column except over coast. 6
GPROF rain rate (mm/hr) 6 6.5 Ocean (a)...5 6 6 6 GPROF rain rate (mm/hr) 6 6.5 Ocean (d)...5 6 6 5 5 5 GPROF7 rain rate (mm/hr) 6 6.5 Ocean (b)...5 6 6 6 GPROF7 rain rate (mm/hr) 6 6.5 Ocean (e)...5 6 6 5 5 5 GSMaP rain rate (mm/hr) 6 6.5 Ocean (c)...5 6 6 6 GSMaP rain rate (mm/hr) 6 6.5 Ocean...5 6 6 (f) 5 5 5 FIG. 6. First column: scatter plots between rain rates from GPROF and from PR, between rain rates from GPROF7 and from PR, and between rain rates from GSMaP and from PR, for convective over ocean. Second column: Same as the first column, except for stratiform. 6
5 9 6 (a) False precip. over land 5 9 6 (d) Missed precip. over land GPROF GPROF7 GSMaP..5..5 6 Rain rate (mm/hr)..5..5 6 Rain rate (mm/hr) 5 (b) False precip. over coast 5 (e) Missed precip. over coast 5 5 5 9 6..5..5 6 Rain rate (mm/hr)..5..5 6 Rain rate (mm/hr) 5 (c) False precip. over ocean 5 (f) Missed precip. over ocean 9 6 9 6..5..5 6 Rain rate (mm/hr)..5..5 6 Rain rate (mm/hr) 5 6 7 FIG. 7. Rainfall intensity distribution for GPROF, GPROF7, and GSMaP in the false and miss categories over land (first row), coast (second row), and ocean (third row). The line color for each dataset is shown in (a). 6
Unconditional mean rain rate (mm/day).5.5.5.9 PR GPROF GPROF7 GSMaP...7.9.7..5.69.7.9.59.5 Land Coast Ocean FIG.. Unconditional mean rain rate (mm/day) from PR, GPROF, GPROF7, and GSMaP. 6
.6.. -.6 6E E W 6W (b) GPORF hit bias (mm/day).. -.6 6E E W 6W (c) GPROF false bias (mm/day). -.5 -. 6E E W 6W (d) GPROF miss bias (mm/day).6. -.6 6E E W 6W E W 6W.6. -.6 E W 6W (g) GPROF7 false bias (mm/day). -.5 -. E W 6W (h) GPROF7 miss bias (mm/day).6. -.6 6E E W 6W E W 6W.6.. -.6 6E E W 6W (k) GSMaP false bias (mm/day). N N N S S S.5 -.5 -.. -.6 6E (j) GSMaP hit bias (mm/day) N N N S S S..5 6E N N N S S S N N N S S S.6. 6E (i) GSMaP total error (mm/day) N N N S S S.. -.6 6E (f) GPORF hit bias (mm/day) N N N S S S..5 N N N S S S N N N S S S.6..6 N N N S S S (e) GPROF7 total error (mm/day) N N N S S S 6E E W 6W (l) GSMaP miss bias (mm/day).6 N N N S S S.. -.6 6E E W 6W F IG. 9. First column: the total error and its three components from GPROF over land in each degree grid box. Second and third columns: Same as the first column, except from GPROF7, and GSMaP, respectively. 6 (a) GPROF total error (mm/day) N N N S S S
(a) GPROF total error (mm/day). N N N S S S. -. -. 6E E W 6W (b) GPORF hit bias (mm/day). -. -. 6E E W 6W 65 (c) GPROF false bias (mm/day). -.6 -. 6E E W 6W (d) GPROF miss bias (mm/day). -. -. 6E E W 6W E W 6W. -. -. E W 6W (g) GPROF false bias (mm/day). -.6 -. E W 6W (h) GPROF miss bias (mm/day). -. -. 6E E W 6W F IG.. Same as Fig. 9, except over ocean. E W 6W.. -. -. 6E E W 6W (k) GSMaP false bias (mm/day). N N N S S S.6 -.6 -.. -. 6E (j) GSMaP hit bias (mm/day) N N N S S S -..6 6E N N N S S S N N N S S S.. 6E (i) GSMaP total error (mm/day) N N N S S S.. -. 6E (f) GPORF hit bias (mm/day) N N N S S S -..6 N N N S S S N N N S S S... N N N S S S (e) GPROF total error (mm/day) N N N S S S 6E E W 6W (l) GSMaP miss bias (mm/day). N N N S S S. -. -. 6E E W 6W