CE 316 GEOMATICS COURSE NOTES DR. MOIR D HAUG, C.L.S., P. ENG. JANUARY 2012 0
COURSE INFORMATION Dr Moir D Haug, P. Eng University Office 2B25 Engineering 966 5355 moir.haug@usask.ca MDH Engineered Solutions 232 111 Research Dr 934 7527 or 230 2332 mhaug@mdhsolutions.com Huyen Nguyen hun592@mail.usask.ca Course Material CE 316 PPT CE 316 Handout notes Reference text Geomatics Barry F. Kavanagh Course Website Internet Course Grading (Subject to minor changes) Labs/Assign/Quiz(s) = 15% Term Report = 15% Mid-Term Examination = 15% Final Examination = 55% (Note: Students must pass either the midterm or the final to receive a passing grade.) 1
COURSE INFORMATION Additional Information You must receive a grade of 50% or higher in at least one of the midterm or final exams in order to achieve a passing grade in this course. All assigned laboratory work is mandatory. Failure to attend or complete any of the labs will result in a final grade of less than 50% for the course unless alternate arrangements are specifically approved by the instructor. Alternate times to write midterm examinations will not be considered except in the case of illness or a conflict with other pre-approved university related activities. In the case of illness, the instructor must be notified within three days of the scheduled exam date. Students writing the midterm exam at an alternate time will be required to sign an affidavit stating that they have not discussed the exam with anyone else. Alternate times to write final examinations cannot be accommodated. If a student misses a final exam, application must be made to the Dean's office to write a deferred exam. Students planning on registering with the office for Disability Services for Students (DSS) must do so by the designated cut-off date. In addition, it is the student s responsibility to request exam accommodations by the deadlines listed on the DSS website (http://blogs.usask.ca/dss/exam_accommodations/). 2
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION CE 316 January 2011 3
1.0 INTRODUCTION Geomatics and Geomatics Engineering (U of Calgary Definition) A modern discipline, which integrates acquisition, modeling, analysis, and management of spatially referenced data (data identified according to their locations). Based on the scientific framework of geodesy, geomatics uses terrestrial, marine, airborne, and satellite-based sensors to acquire spatial and other data. It includes the process of transforming spatially referenced data from different sources into common information systems with welldefined accuracy characteristics. 4
1.0 INTRODUCTION The term geomatics was apparently coined by B. Dubuisson in the year 1969 from the combination of geodesy and geoinformatics terms. It includes the tools and techniques used in: land surveying remote sensing cartography Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GPS, GLONASS, GALILEO, COMPASS) photogrammetry and related forms of earth mapping. Originally used in Canada, because it is similar in French and English, the term geomatics has been adopted by the International Organization for Standardization, the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors, and many other international authorities, although some (especially in the United States) have shown a preference for the term geospatial technology. (Wikipedia) 5
1.0 INTRODUCTION Geomatics uses knowledge coming from several disciplines such as: Geodesy: terrestrial, celestial, and orbital coordinate systems measurements Positioning and Navigation: e.g. with GPS Geographical Information Systems: (computer systems capable of assembling, storing, manipulating, and displaying geographically referenced information) Digital Imaging: how to extract useful information from images according to the application, e.g. environmental studies or agricultural studies and mapping (how to make the maps of tomorrow) using Photogrammetry (airborne photographs) or remote sensing (images taken by satellite sensors) Land Tenure Systems: (land information managing, land surveying, land right). 6
Table of Contents (Excluding GIS) 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 Co-Ordinate Systems 2.1 Rectangular Systems 2.1.1 Mine Coordinates 2.2 Geographic Coordinates 2.2.1 Latitude 2.2.2 Longitude 2.3 Introduction 2.4 History of the Radius of the Earth 2.5 Astronomical Coordinates 2.5.1 Dependant 2.5.2 Independent 2.6 Relationship Between Astronomic and Geographic Coordinates 2.6.3 Time/Longitude 2.7 Convergency between Meridians 2.7.1 Angular Convergence 2.7.2 Linear Convergence 2.8 Measure of Distance on the Earth s Surface 3.0 GEODESY 3.1 Introduction 3.2 History of Geodesy 3.3 North American Ellipsoids 3.4 Ellipsoids Around the World 3.5 Geoidal Characteristics 3.5.1 Physical Geodesy 3.5.2 The Canadian National Gravity Program 2.6.1 Latitude 2.6.2 Azimuth 7
Table of Contents 3.6 Geodetic Surveying 3.6.1 Three Surfaces 3.6.2 Reduction of Distances to the Ellipsoids 3.6.3 Coordinate Conversion Between Ellipsoids 3.6.4 Correction to the Azimuth on the Ellipsoid 4.0 MAPPING AND PROJECTION 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Valued Map Properties 4.3 Map Projections 4.3.1 Map Projections onto a Plane 4.3.2 Conical Projections 4.3.3 Lambert Conformal Conic Projection 4.3.4 Mercator Projection 4.3.5 Transverse Mercator Projection 4.4 National Topographic System 4.6 Transformation Between Geographic and UTM Coordinates 4.6.1 Conversion From Geographic to UTM Coordinates 4.6.2 Conversion from UTM to Geographic Coordinates 4.6.3 UTM Map Scale Factors 5.0 VERTICAL CONTROL 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Vertical Datums 5.3 Levelling Techniques and Corrections 5.4 Bench Mark Design and Construction 5.5 Vertical Control Bench Mark Data 5.5.1 Quadbook Format 5.5.2 World Wide Web Online Product 8 Delivery Service
Table of Contents 5.6 Trigonometric Leveling 5.7 Barometric Leveling 5.8 Leveling Equipment 6.0 HORIZONTAL CONTROL SURVEYS 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Horizontal Datums 6.3 Transverse Surveys 6.4 Triangulation 6.5 Trilateration 6.5.1 Shoran Trilateration 6.5.2 Aerodist Trilateration 6.6 Accuracy and precision in Horizontal Surveys 6.7 Horizontal Survey Equipment 6.7.1 Engineers Transit 6.7.2 Theodolite 6.7.3 Transit Readings 6.7.4 Digital Theodolites 6.7.5 Gyro-Theodolites 6.7.6 Optical Plummets 6.7.7 Targets 6.7.8 GDF3 Tribrach 6.8 Bench Marks for Horizontal Control 6.9 Inertial Surveying Systems (ISS) 6.10 Alignment Surveys 6.11 Electronic Distance Measurement 6.11.1 Introduction 6.11.2 Prisms 7.0 TOTAL STATION SURVEYS 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Typical Components 7.3 Types of Total Station Surveying 7.4 Advantages 9
Table of Contents 7.5 Disadvantages 7.6 Total Station 7.7 Electronic Notebook 7.7.1 Function Menu 7.7.2 Survey Menu 7.7.3 COGO Menu 7.7.4 Road Menu 7.7.5 Level Menu 7.8 Reflectorless Total Stations 7.9 Robotic Total Stations 8.0 LiDAR 8.1 Airborne LiDAR 8.2 Ground-Based LiDAR 9.0 SATELLITE SURVEYS 9.1 Doppler Satellite Surveys 9.2 Introduction to GPS 9.3 Definitions 9.4 Basic Components 9.5 GPS Satellite System (USA) 9.5.1 Introduction 9.5.2 Satellite Launch Status 9.5.3 Operation 9.6 GPS Control Segment (USA) 9.7 Position Calculation with GPS 9.8 Single point positioning 9.8.1 Description of technique 9.8.2 Sources of error in Single point positioning 9.9 Differential GPS 9.9.1 Description of technique 9.9.2 Sources of error in differential GPS 9.9.3 Precision in differential GPS 9.10 Preparation for planning requirements 9.11 GDOP and PDOP 9.12 Satellite Availability and Geometry 10
Table of Contents 9.13 GPS Observation Modes 9.13.1 Introduction 9.13.2 Static Surveying 9.13.3 Rapid static surveying 9.13.4 Stop and Go 9.13.5 Reoccupation 9.13.6 Kinematic surveying 9.14 Guide for observation 9.15 Example: Capabilities of GPS receivers and the use of the Canadian Active Control System (CACS) 9.16 Satellites (GLONASS Russia) 10.0 DIGITAL MAPPING AND EARTHWORK 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Single Images 10.3 Stereomodel 10.3.1 Digital Elevation Model (DEM) 10.3.2 Orthophotography 10.4 Contours and Contour Lines 10.5 Construction Survey 10.5.1 Placement of slope stakes 10.5.2 Cut and Fill Volumes 11.0 DLS Land Title System APPENDIX A: Derivation of Spherical Trigonometry Equations 11