How Cells Work Chapter 5 Learning Objectives 1. Physics tells us that in any energy transformation: a) energy is neither created nor destroyed, and b) there is always some energy lost in an unusable form such as heat. Explain what this means to living systems. 2. What is ATP and what is its role in cell metabolism. Describe the ATP cycle. 3. What are enzymes and what is their role in cell metabolism? What factors affect the efficiency of enzyme function? Give some examples of conditions that might interfere with normal metabolism (i.e. enzyme function). 4. Explain what is involved in redox reactions, and why this process is important in living systems. 5. Describe the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration in the biosphere. 1
Total E = usable E + unusable E (heat) Capacity to do work Forms of energy Potential energy Kinetic energy What Is Energy? How would you describe the energy in a chemical bond? What type of energy drives osmosis? Energy Transformations Energy release is coupled to energy-requiring processes Cells use energy for: Chemical work Mechanical work Electrochemical work Reactants (describe) Energy Enzymes Coenzymes/Cofactors Products What molecule is the only one directly used by cells to perform work? Can some cellular processes be done without this molecule? Explain. 2
Energy Transformations First Law of Thermodynamics The total amount of energy in the universe remains constant Energy can undergo conversions from one form to another, but it cannot be created or destroyed Second Law of Thermodynamics No energy conversion is ever 100 percent efficient The total amount of energy is flowing from highenergy forms to forms lower in energy p. 74 One-Way Flow of Energy The sun is life s primary energy source Producers trap energy from the sun and convert it into chemical bond energy All organisms use the energy stored in the bonds of organic compounds to do work There is a tendency for increasing disorder (entropy) in the universe. How is it possible that living systems can resist this move toward disorder? How would you describe the molecules that contain food energy for other organisms (stable/unstable; how many bonds, etc)? p. 74 3
Activation Energy p. 78 For a chemical reaction to occur, some energy must be invested in the reactant(s) Some reactions have a net release of energy Some reactions have a net storage energy Enzymes make conditions more favorable, so less energy is needed to activate the reaction starting substance energy released by the reaction activation energy without enzyme activation energy with enzyme products Enzyme Function (review) Highly specific Very efficient speed up reaction up to 10 billion times faster have a maximum rate organize metabolic pathways Can be re-used (are unchanged by the reaction) Temperature & ph can affect the natural shape of any enzyme p. 78 4
Endergonic Reactions What does potential energy of molecules mean? p. 75 Product has more energy than reactants, and potential energy is stored. glucose, a high energy product low energy starting substances ENERGY IN + O 2 Anabolic (molecule building) reactions, e.g. ADP + P Name the reactants. What metabolic process does this describe? Exergonic Reactions p. 75 Products have less energy than starting substance, and energy is released to fuel cell processes. Catabolic (breakdown) reactions (e.g. digestion, ATP use) glucose, a high energy starting substance + O 2 ENERGY OUT low energy products Name the products. What metabolic process does this describe? 5
Red-Ox Reactions Oxidation is the loss of electrons from a molecule decreases its potential energy acceptor of the electron (often associated with H) is often oxygen (thus, described as oxidation ) Reduction is the gain of electrons by a molecule increases its potential energy In the body, oxidation-reduction reactions are coupled & occur simultaneously; tightly controlled by enzymes p. 7 LEO the Lion says GER Loss of Electrons is Oxidation Gain of Electrons is Reduction Main Metabolic Pathways in Ecosystems p. 77 CO 2 is reduced, to produce glucose (where does the energy come from to fuel these reactions?) glucose is oxidized, to produce ATP (what is the other form of energy released?)
The Role of ATP p. 75 Cells earn ATP in exergonic reactions Cells spend ATP in endergonic reactions Name some examples of cellular work. Are these energy transformations completely efficient? The Role of Coenzymes pp. 78, 80, 97 Co = with Shuttle molecules/ions from one reaction to the next (esp. H + & e - ) Unchanged Reusable Often made from vitamins Niacin NAD (NADP) Riboflavin FAD 7