SOME PROBLEMS OF PREPARING GEOSPATIAL DATABASE FOR INDONESIAN NATIONAL RESILIENCE:

SOME PROBLEMS OF PREPARING GEOSPATIAL DATABASE FOR INDONESIAN NATIONAL RESILIENCE: The role of remote sensing to improve the availability of geospatial data and information. Sukendra Martha 1, 2 1 The National Resilience Institute of the Republic of Indonesia (Lemhannas RI) Jl. Medan Merdeka Selatan 10, Jakarta Pusat 10110 2 National Geospatial Agency (Badan Informasi Geospasial BIG) Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km. 46 P.O. Box 46/CBI Cibinong Bogor 16916 Email: sukendramartha@yahoo.co.id KEY WORDS: geospatial data availability, remote sensing role, updated geospatial information, national resilience. ABSTRACT: This article discusses some problems encountering the availability of national basemaps or basic geospatial data and information generated by the conventional topographic mapping. At least there are 4 (four) problems in improving the availability of geospatial data and information by remote sensing approach: (i) less budget efficiency, (ii) the ineffective institutional framework/ organization, (iii) slow implementing rule and regulation, (iv) the unsteady leadership. For that reasons, it is hoped that remote sensing approaches can be applied for improving the availability of large scale topographic base maps for the whole country with updated geospatial data and information. This updated information will imply to positively geographic resilience (out of 8 aspects (astagatra): geography, demography, natural resources, ideology, politics, economy, sosial and culture, defence and security). Finally, this geospatial data availability based on remote sensing will contributes to the improvement of national resilience. 1. INTRODUCTION Presidential Order no. 6/2012 can be regarded as a powerful policy for the remote sensing application to update and upgrade the availabilty of topographic base maps or basic geospatial data and information as main product of mapping activities in Indonesia. Preparing geospatial database is very important to support national resilience. National resilience can be defined as a dynamic condition of Indonesian nation and all aspects of integrated national live, consists of national capability and power to face challenge, threat, obstacle and disturbance from external and internal to ensure identity, integrity, and life sustainability of nation and state to reach national objectives (Lemhannas RI, 2011). Founding father and first chairperson of national surveys and mapping authority (Bakosurtanal) in period of 1970 to 1984, Major General Pranoto Asmoro conducted a successful mission assisted by two powerful deputies: Jacub Rais and Kardono Darmoyuwono. He had achieved a golden start period of national mapping with basic concept of geographical or geospatial data base. Therefore, it should motivate to promote and provide better national mapping performances after that period. In that era, a combination of leaderships, military and professionals seemed to be very idealistic performance. This was indicated by pro-active participation to support scientific professional organisation related to survey and mapping like International Cartographic Association (ICA), Federation of Geomatics (FIG), International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG), United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical names (UNGEGN) etc. At present, such participations are not as intensively involved as in the period of Pranoto Asmoro leadership. In fact, after his period, there has not performed significantly for national mapping to provide the geospatial data and information in the whole country. For developing Indonesian geospatial information, it can be compared with other country. Japanese national geospatial Authority (GSI) has provided the latest geospatial information in constant way. Japan has kept Digital Basic Map from remote sensing imageries. GSI developed Digital Japan Basic Map for four years. This new basic map replaced 1:25000-scale topographic maps (Tachibana, 2009). Map information, digital ortho-photo and geographical names are very important to support national development that will imply to national resilience. In this context, three components as mentioned in Fig. 1 are important geospatial information to be based on. For the needs of geospatial data from high resolution imagery it can be actually based on

the needs of particular requirements. This cannot be treated the same from one sector to another, one department to the other (Martha, 2013). For engineering purposes that many projects done in Department of Public Work will be different thematic geospatial data from social economic and other purposes done in Department of Tourism, for instance. It needs to pay attention for sensor requirements, particularly related to the resolution of image, because resolution will be similar to the accuracy of the objects in the earth surface to be analysed. However, for national resilience purposes more general requirement can be applied (Martha, 2014). In this context, geospatial information may be used for 8 aspects of national resilience (astagatra): geography, demography, natural resources, ideology, politics, economy, sosial and culture, defence and security. Map Information Digital Ortho-image Geographic Names Fig. 1 Digital Japan Basic Map consists of three components; map information, digital ortho images and geographic names (some modification from Tachibana, in Martha, 2014). Asmoro (2002a) identified the issues that need to be raised in relating with national resiliences: (i) the broad extend of national land and sea territories, (ii) the needs of geospasial (resources) information both for long term national development planning, particularly for the actual programs to be completed, and (iii) all thematics (resources) mapping responsibilities that have been distributed among all Ministries and Non Ministrial/ Governmental Institutes or Lembaga Pemerintah Non Kementerian (LPNK). Those problematic issues may be solved through (i) the use of recent technological development that suitable for efficient and effective methods for the preparing geospatial information in the short period of time, (ii) all thematic surveys to collect geospatial data will be responsibilities of each Ministrial/ LPNK but for the purpose of one integrated national program of inventory and evaluation natural resources, and (iii) distribution of all geographical information into the channel of National Resource Information Systems. Table 1: A Comparison of Transformation from the National Coordinating Agency for Surveys and Mapping (Bakosurtanal) to National Geospatial Agency (Badan Informasi Geospasial/ BIG) No Four Matters to support National Resilience During Bakosurtanal (Report in 2010) 1. Budget Less number of total budget but more efficient Descriptions During BIG Report in 2014 More number of total budget but less efficient Remarks The level of efficiency is viewed in terms of national resilience. 2. Institutional framework/ organization simple extended Simple structure but many functions. 3. Implement rule and regulation quick slow Law enforcement 4. Leadership strong unsteady The typical leader such as Statemen, Visioner or other.

As a policy, an existing Presidential Order no. 6/2012 become challenges for the uses of high resolution remotely sensed data for development of larger scale maps in Indonesia. The implementation of this Order will affect the acceleration both basic and thematic geospatial information in covering Indonesian territory. This speeding up geographic information accurately through remote sensing will indeed support the acceleration of national development. For that reasons, it is hoped that remote sensing approaches can be applied for improving the coverage of national mapping to complete the whole country with updated geospatial data and information. This updated information will imply to positively geographic resilience for geographic aspect (out of 8 aspects (astagatra): demography, natural resources, ideology, politics, economy, social and culture, defence and security). This will finally affect the improvement of national resilience. 2. METHOD This paper uses the flow of thought according to Lemhannas method as mentioned in Fig. 2 below. Availability of geospatial data and information. (at present time). 4 Problems: Budget Institutional framework Rule and regulation, leadership Concept of Solution for Preparing Geospatial Database for Indonesian National Resilience. The role of remote sensing to improve the availability of geospatial data and information (as expected). Accurate and Completed Geospatial Databases STRONG NATIONAL RESILIENCE Fig. 2 Flow of Thought - Some problems of preparing geospatial database for indonesian national resilience: the role of remote sensing to improve the availability of geospatial data and information 3. DISCUSSION AND RESULTS We identified the problems then we have to do the effort to solve the problems. How the strategies and efforts will be applied to solve these kinds of problems face. 3.1 Availability of geospatial data and information (at present time). Based on data 2010, Indonesia has already mapped 36 map sheets (100%) topographic maps in the scale of 1:1000K, and 306 map sheets (100%) in the scale of 1:500K for the whole territory. However, for the scale of 1:25,000 only 13.6% out of the national land territory. As recorded, this scale has more than half of the national users (Indonesia Country Report, 2011). This situation, need to have a strong policy to map the whole country to fulfil the national development planning and to support our national resilience. 3.2 Identification of problems in preparing national geospatial data (in the context of national resilience) At least there are 4 (four) problems in improving geospatial data and information by remote sensing approach to be conducted by National Geospatial Agency (BIG) as a national mapping authority: a. Less budget efficiency. As mentioned in Table 1, compared with the past acivities particularly after passing the Rule no. 4/2011, the total number of budget received by BIG is getting larger amount (1 USD is equivalent to Rp. 13,780- per August 17, 2015). But since the value of rupiah is decreased toward USD, some international commitment were cancelled by the limited budget affected by cutting from the Government. It means more money received but less effient in terms of the use for geospatial program activities.

b. Ineffective institutional framework/ organisation. To reach the goal of organisation to map the whole country, Geospatial Authority will operate the program and activities through the operation of the available organisational structures. Ineffective structures will not function to meet an objective of the organisation and the available products and services may not result as targetted programs and activities. c. Slow implementing rule and regulation. The result of this work implies the needs of one geospatial data source in the form of One Map Policy that will impact in the improvement of Indonesian geographic data administration. How to implement the rule and regulation is very important. Geospatial information Law no-4/2011, One Map Policy, National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI), and Competency Standard have been already written and read, but in reality, there is no substancial meaning to be understood for the decision makers in the top management leaders in the Government (Subarya, 2015). d. Unsteady leadership. Strong leadership is very important for any governmental institions because he or she will decide properly to push and make the completed and updated national geospatial database at any risks. How to cover and revise all geospatial database is part of the job of the leader in supporting national resilience. 3.3 Concept of solution for preparing geospatial database for Indonesian National Resilience For solving the problems identified in preparing geospatial data and information for national resilience, Ketahanan Nasional (Tannas) Approach has been introduced with the involvements of Policy, Strategies and Actions. a. Improving budget efficiency. To improve budget efficiencey, BIG should communicate with National Planning Board (Bappenas) to confirm more committed to plan national mapping coverage for the whole country. BIG has to use available funds efficiently for the completion of topographic maps of 1:25K. The maps of this scale level are used by the most users for many different purposes. BIG should proposes the House of Representative (DPR) to allocate budget for completing the coverage of the whole national territory for development planning and national resilience. b. Empowering more institutional framework/ organization. To empower BIG with better institutional framework, organisational structure must be effective, slim structure but many functions. BIG proposes to the Ministry of State Apparatus/MenPAN to review the structure and make more operational and effective. BIG should learn several types of national mapping organisations in the world that may be similar with Indonesian geographic condition. It may be possible to assess the available organisation to make more effective objectives of the organisation. c. Strengthening the implementation of rule and regulation. One Map Policy should continue and need to be pushed and controlled directly by the President. This policy is excellent if it can be operational and preparing geospatial database for the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI). The enactment of Law no. 4, 2011 about geospatial information is very important to push and accomplish the necessary reforms for geospatial information through coordination and cooperation between respected agencies (Bell and Srinivas, 2015). d. Improving stronger leadership. Due to an extensive area of Indonesia having 34 provinces with approximately 17,504 islands requires the strong national leaders. As national leader in a geospatial institution, one has committed with and focus on his/her duties in the context of national resilience. The leader should concern about geographical awareness of the nation (NKRI) and good participation and involve in national awareness. Maps or geospatial information should support our national resilience. Transforming Bakosurtanal to BIG does not mean only changing the names, but also performing better roles. This will not automatically work well without the leader direction. Since 1969, when Bakosurtanal was initiated, a managerial skill of top leader has always been required to communicate and having a national network. The reason is that Bakosurtanal as a non-departmental governmental institution, can not coordinate the Ministrial or other governmental institutes. The only way in coordinating geospatial data and information can actually be undertaken through topographic map (Peta Rupabumi Indonesia) as a base map. Such base map can be used as a sharing and communicating media for all ministrial and governmental institutions involved in geospatial data and information. Even though the name of coordination is embedded in the name of Bakosurtanal, since then coordination for surveys

and mapping has not been fully functioning. Starting 2011, BIG has equipped with Geospatial Information Law, and geospatial technology to have in changes in the entire landscape of the country (Bell and Srinavas, 2015). 3.4 The role of remote sensing to improve the availability of geospatial data and information In fact, the needs of geospatial data and information to cover the whole nation is much more than the speed of the topographic national acivities or programs to fullfil such user-needs. Remote sensing techniques can be a potential tool for solving the problems. The images from satellite data has to be geometrically corrected before those can be used for such purposes. Potential uses of high resolution imagery with atmospheric and geometric correcton may act as base maps or even as replacing topographic maps if there is no available topomaps. However, the policy, rule and regulation should put into account that remote sensing images can be used for national mapping activities and for the development planning. 3.5 The needs of accurate and completed geospatial databases for strengthen National Resilience The accurate geospatial data and information will affect positively the better detailed development planning. It will affect national resilience. To guarantee the same source of geospatial data, it can be referred to One Map Policy. BIG has an important role to standardise various geospatial data and to process into one gate policy. Remote sensing images will also contribute the updated geospatial data. One Map Policy will control the quality of data used for development, and will assure geospatial data availability for the whole nation. Strong national resilience needs full coverage of accurate geospatial databases in the whole national territory. 4. CONCLUSION Based on the discussion, it can be concluded as follows: a. The availability of geographic or geospatial data and information for the whole nation may be affectd by not only in technical way, but also needs the other elements of budget, regulation, institutional framework and leadership. b. Remote sensing approach can be applied and has an important role to fulfil or even replace the base map to fullfil the needs of geospatial database of the whole country for national development. c. The updated and accurate geospatial information will support the national development planning and monitoring, and indeed, the national development will affect to the strong national resilience. 5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The author thanks to Governor of Lemhannas RI, Prof. Dr. Budi Susilo Soepandji, DEA, and Vice Governor of Lemhannas, Vice Admiral Dr. Didit Herdiawan, MPA, MBA for their support in attending ACRS Conference in Manila, the Phillipnes. 6. REFERENCES Asmoro, P., 2002a. Integrated Survey as Means for the Development of National Resilience (Survei Terpadu Suatu Sarana bagi Perkembangan Ketahanan Nasional), in: Martha, S. (editor), 2002. Konsepsi Pemetaan, Penginderaan Jauh untuk Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan, Buku Kenangan Pengabdian Mayor Jenderal TNI (Purn.) Ir. Pranoto Asmoro, Vol. 1, pp. 1-318., ISBN: 979-8647-60-2., Bakosurtanal, Cibinong. Asmoro, P., 2002b. Geographic Informational Systems Network as Means for Developing National Resilience (Jaringan Sistem Informasi Geografis Nasional sebagai Sarana dalam Pengembangan Ketahanan Nasional), in: Martha, S. (editor), 2002. Dari Survei dan Pemetaan ke Sistem Informasi Geografis, Buku Kenangan Pengabdian Mayor Jenderal TNI (Purn.) Ir. Pranoto Asmoro, Vol. 2, pp. 319-638., ISBN: 979-8647-61-0., Bakosurtanal, Cibinong. Bell, K.C., and Srivinas, S.M., 2015. A BIG Change. Retrieved August, 17, 2015 from http://geospatialworld.net/magazine/marticleview.aspx?aid=30576#sthash.tmajaokt.dpuf Indonesia Country Report 2011, International Cartographic Association (ICA) General Assembly, Paris 3-8 July, 2011. Kraak, M-J and Ormeling, F., 2003. Cartography: Visualization of Geospatial Data, second edition, Prentice Hall, Amsterdam, 2003. Lemhannas RI, 2014. Modul Ketahanan Nasional (Module: National Resilience), Jakarta.

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