Index absorption 262, 264, 325, 327, 346 absorption losses 259 60, 262, 264 activated carbons 76, 110, 115 16 granulated 115 16 adsorption 9 10, 80, 85, 88, 109, 111, 115 16, 278, 326 adsorption behavior 115 17 aeronautics 1 2, 356 57 AFM, see atomic force microscopy aluminum 80, 171, 260 amine 84, 87, 280 ammonia 82, 112, 114, 122 24, 218 anode materials 132, 136, 139 41, 161 APCO, see aqueous phase catalytic oxidation aquaporin 105, 108 aqueous phase catalytic oxidation (APCO) 111 12 arc discharge method 269, 274, 276, 285, 287 atmosphere revitalization 71 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90 atomic force microscopy (AFM) 53 54, 205, 215 audio frequencies 239 batteries 150, 206, 219, 349, 355, 359 61 rechargeable 139 biosensors 219 bulk materials 9, 19, 362 buoyancy 120 21 calcium 117, 120 calcium carbonate 118 capacitance 213 14, 239 40, 247 capacitor 239 40, 246 47, 318, 320 21 carbon 115, 117, 134, 138 39, 167 70, 183, 188, 269, 274, 287, 290, 326, 356, 358 59, 362 carbon atoms 87, 269, 271, 274 sp 2 -hybridized 269 carbon black 170, 287, 290 91, 311, 318 carbon-coated LiFePO 167 69 carbon dioxide 6 7, 71 73, 76 87, 91, 111, 114, 124 carbon dioxide control 72 73 carbon dioxide removal 72, 75, 79, 82, 85 carbon dioxide removal assembly (CDRA) 73 74 carbon dioxide sorption capacity 86 carbon fiber, conventional 357 58 carbon fibers 229, 234, 268, 359 carbon materials 268, 278, 287, 325 carbon monoxide 7, 74 75 carbon nanostructures 360 61 carbon nanotechnology 274, 276 carbon nanotube fibers 358 59 carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (CNTFETs) 203, 210 carbon nanotube membranes 105, 107 carbon nanotube/polymer blends 359
372 Index carbon nanotube yarns 358 carbon nanotubes (CNTs) 49 50, 135 36, 201 2, 204, 206 12, 214, 230, 267 304, 306, 308, 310 12, 314 18, 322 28, 358, 361 63 carbon nanotubes, high-quality 275 76 catalysts 21, 56, 58 59, 108 11, 113, 115, 120, 180, 183 85, 187 94, 196, 219, 274 75, 327 advanced 187 88 electrochemical 108 9 fabrication of 187 iridium-doped 193 lead-doped ruthenium oxide 191 92 catalytic materials 108 10 cathode materials 141, 149 51, 153, 161, 164, 166 68, 170, 173 layered 160 61, 163, 165 cathodic fuel cell reaction 184 cations 78 80, 118 extra-framework 78 79 CDRA, see carbon dioxide removal assembly charge cycle 180 81, 187 chemical vapor deposition (CVD) 16, 138, 206, 274 75, 287 88, 293 chemical vapor transport (CVT) 16 17, 19 chemisorbed oxygen species 58 CMC, see ceramic matrix composites CNTFETs, see carbon nanotube field-effect transistors CNTs, see carbon nanotubes CNTs, conductive 297 98 coatings 51, 152 53, 167 68, 237, 267 68, 279 80, 327 cobalt 86, 150, 171 72, 188 89 composite cathodes 162 63, 166 composite materials 229 30, 232, 235, 287, 289, 327 concentration polarization 105, 120 conductance 9 10, 247, 278, 300 conduction 252, 293, 296, 321 conductive polymers, intrinsic 267 conductivity 238, 244, 247, 249, 259 60, 281, 293 98, 300 1, 303 4, 308 9, 314, 316, 318, 323, 326 composite 292, 303 conductors 208, 244 46, 253, 323 contact resistances 53 54, 317 copolymers 107, 118 copper 202, 208, 211, 259 62, 264, 268 69, 277, 348 curing agents 280, 282 85, 289 CVD, see chemical vapor deposition CVT, see chemical vapor transport desorption 73, 75 76, 85, 109 dielectric constant 209, 239, 280 81, 308, 322 23, 325 dielectric materials 239 40, 243 44, 246 47, 249, 311, 315 dielectrics 237, 239 40, 244, 246, 249, 311 dielectrophoresis 21, 45 46, 49, 51 dipoles 244, 305, 307 8 permanent 240 41, 243 discharge capacity 137 38, 153, 156 58, 161, 163 65, 167 69, 361 discharge capacity retention 157, 159 EAR, see electrochemical ammonia removal
Index 373 educational materials 341, 343 educational modules 342 43, 345 46 electric dipoles 243, 325 electric fields 46 47, 49, 237, 239 42, 244, 254, 256 57, 259 63, 296, 305, 308, 311, 323 electrical conductivity 41, 202, 255, 269, 296, 299 300, 303 4, 322 23, 326, 362 electrocatalysis 109 electrochemical ammonia removal (EAR) 124 25 electrochemical cell 43, 47, 112, 348 electrochemistry 122, 348 electrode loading 142 43 electrode materials 132, 136, 142 43, 151, 169, 278, 360 61 nanoscale 133 nanostructured 143, 355 electrodes 45 47, 49, 54, 109, 112, 114 15, 138, 142 44, 169 72, 180, 307, 316, 318, 323, 348 49 nanostructured 141, 143 electrodialysis 118 electrolysis 112, 123, 180 81, 185, 187, 190 electrolytes 123, 138, 150 51, 159, 161 62, 169, 173, 305, 348 49, 361 electrolyzer systems 180 81, 188 electrolyzers 180 81, 183, 185, 188, 196 electromagnetic compatibility 250 51, 253 electromagnetic energy 249, 252 electromagnetic field 246, 256, 305 7, 310, 325 electromagnetic interference 237, 251 52 electromagnetic interference shielding 254 55, 257, 259, 261, 263 electromagnetic waves 237, 246, 254, 259, 262, 325 electronic devices 207, 212, 222, 250 51, 362 electronics 61 63, 201, 229, 236, 254, 278, 280, 356, 363 electrospinning 56 57 electrospun nanofibers 56, 58, 362 EMI shielding 252, 254 55, 264, 325 EMI-shielding 324, 326 27 EMI-shielding materials 267 68 energy dissipation 247, 249 engineered structured sorbents (ESS) 76, 88 epoxy composites 327 epoxy nanocomposites 279, 281, 287, 303, 327 epoxy resins 234, 279 80, 282, 289, 311, 314, 322, 328 ESC, see European Standards Committee ESS, see engineered structured sorbents ETDP, see Exploration Technology Development Program European Standards Committee (ESC) 324 25 Exploration Technology Development Program (ETDP) 179 ferromagnetic materials 239, 244 FETs, see field-effect transistors field-effect transistors (FETs) 202 4, 213, 219, 363 FO, see forward osmosis FO membranes 104 5, 125 forward osmosis (FO) 104, 108, 121 22, 125
374 Index frequency critical 305 6, 314 16, 318 resonant 306 7 fuel cell catalysts 188 fuel cell systems 182, 188 space-rated 183 unitized regenerative 182 fuel cells 122 24, 179 84, 188, 196, 348 49, 355, 359 60 direct urea 113 regenerative 180, 196 fullerenes 211, 269, 360 hydrogen 3 4, 6, 9 15, 43, 77, 84, 112, 114, 122, 180 81, 190 hydrogen evolution reactions 183, 187 88 hydrogen fluoride (HF) 14, 159 hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) 183 84, 188 hydrogen oxidation reactions 183 hydrogen/oxygen fuel cells 181 hydrogen production 112 13, 190 hydrogen sensors 4, 42, 61 GAC, see granular activated carbon gelcoats 234 35 GFETs, see graphene field-effect transistors granular activated carbon (GAC) 74, 83, 115 17 graphene 210 11, 216 17, 222, 231, 311, 328, 358, 361, 363 66 graphene field-effect transistors (GFETs) 363 graphene nanoribbons 363 graphite 135 36, 139 40, 150, 161, 171 72, 211, 269 71, 273, 278, 282 87, 327 graphite sheet 270 71, 273 graphitic carbons 132, 135, 141, 143 HF, see hydrogen fluoride high voltage spinel electrode materials 152 53, 155, 157, 159 homopolymers 118 HOR, see hydrogen oxidation reaction hydrocarbons 4, 6 7, 21, 23, 275 International Space Station (ISS) 28, 73 74, 79, 83, 109, 111, 117, 356 ISS, see International Space Station Jahn Teller distortion 151 52 layered materials 150 51, 166 67 Lick and Stick leak sensor system 61 62 life support 101, 109, 112 lipid-based membranes 107 8 lithium 132, 135 36, 141, 149, 153, 161, 163, 165 66, 168 69 lithium-ion batteries 134 35, 139, 149 52, 154, 160 61, 164 70, 173, 360 61 logic devices 212, 214 Lorentz theory 242 43 low-conductivity materials 246 magnetic materials 237, 239, 241, 243 45, 247 49, 262 63
Index 375 magnetization 239, 248 mean time between failure (MTBF) 218, 221 MEAs see membrane electrode assemblies commercial 193 membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) 180, 182 83, 193 membranes bio-inspired 105, 107 block copolymer 105, 107 cellulosic 103 ceramic 105 mixed matrix 105 7 reverse osmosis 103 5 thin-film composite 104 MEMS sensor technology 42 43 metal organic frameworks (MOFs) 85 87 metals 9, 11, 41, 43, 85, 262 63, 267 68, 275, 346 MFCs, see microbial fuel cells microbial fuel cells (MFCs) 114 microbial growth 123 24 microdevices 19, 53 54 microfabrication techniques 20, 49 microgravity 120 21, 123 microporous materials 13, 78 79, 81, 83, 85, 87 microsensors 47 49 microstructures 9, 23, 44, 46, 48, 50 51, 287 microsystems 40 microwave applications 220 21 MOFs, see metal organic frameworks molecular sieves 73, 88, 106, 115, 117 MTBF, see mean time between failure multiwall carbon nanotube field-effect transistors 203 multiwall carbon nanotubes 135, 209, 270, 327 Nafion 193 95 Nafion membrane 196 nanocomposites 227 36, 238, 240, 242, 244, 246, 248, 250, 252, 295 96, 298 300, 304, 314 15, 317 18, 327 28 nanocrystalline materials 20, 41 42, 362 nanoelectronic devices 201 6, 208, 210, 212 14, 216, 218, 220, 222 nanoelectronics 202 3, 213, 216, 223 nanofibers 39, 42, 44, 57 59, 207, 215, 230 nanofillers 231 35 nanoionics 220, 361 nanoionics-based switches 220 21 nanomaterials 12, 19, 40, 44, 46, 49 50, 55, 134, 187 88, 219, 228, 231, 268, 276, 327 nanoparticles 12, 51, 58, 106 7, 140, 230 31, 233, 235, 356, 365 nanorods 39, 42, 45, 47 49, 136 nanosensors 217, 219 nanoshells 10 11 nanostructure-based sensors 44 45, 47, 49 nanostructured materials 51, 228, 230, 355 56, 362, 367 nanostructures 13, 16, 19 20, 23, 40, 42, 44 51, 53, 55, 58 59, 63, 135, 140, 231, 235 nanotechnology 2 3, 27 29, 39 42, 44, 63 64, 101 2, 201 2, 212 13, 222, 227 28, 348, 350, 355 56, 360, 365 67
376 Index implementation of 28 29, 63 nanotechnology-based sensor materials 2 nanowires 2, 10, 13 14, 16, 20, 39 40, 44 45, 51, 53 54, 56 59, 136 37, 139, 206 8, 219 kinked 204 NASA missions 341 42, 355 56, 360, 362, 365 67 nitrogen 10 11, 21 22, 57, 82 83, 112, 218 OER, see oxygen evolution reaction ORR, see oxygen reduction reaction oxidation 19, 109, 111, 116, 157, 161, 186, 214, 268 electrochemical 123 oxygen 4, 6 7, 21, 41, 110 11, 153 54, 156, 180 81, 184 85, 191, 195 adsorbed 185, 187 oxygen evolution 191, 194 oxygen evolution catalysts 190 91, 195 oxygen evolution reaction (OER) 183, 185 88 oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) 183 86, 188 palladium 9, 11, 52, 56, 109 palladium catalyst 56 59 palladium nanoshells 10 11 palladium nanowires 13 14 PEM, see proton exchange membrane percolation 293, 296 97, 302, 310 permittivity 238 39, 243, 245, 249 50, 306 7, 310 11, 313, 326 27 pervaporation membranes 102 3 photoresist 47 49 photoresist suspension 48 49, 51 platinum 52, 109, 183 85, 188 89, 208 platinum electrodes 52 54 platinum resistor thermometers (PRT) 53 54 platinum cobalt alloy 189 90 PLD, see pulse laser deposition polymer composites 229, 301 polymer nanocomposites 296 portable devices 150, 170, 173 proteins 108, 232 proton exchange membrane (PEM) 109, 115, 179, 188 89 PRT, see Pt resistor thermometers pulse laser deposition (PLD) 24 26 radio frequencies 207, 239 radio frequency interference (RFI) 252 RCRS, see regenerative CO 2 removal system regenerative CO 2 removal system (RCRS) 84 regenerative fuel cell systems 179 82, 187 88, 196 discrete 182 space-rated 182 83, 196 regenerative fuel cells 179 80, 182, 184, 186 88, 190, 192, 194, 196 resistivity 12, 53, 281, 283 88, 293, 295, 298 resistors 42 43, 297, 320 21 RFI, see radio frequency interference scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 17, 90, 208, 215
Index 377 Schottky Diode 43, 202, 204, 217 SEM, see scanning electron microscopy semiconductors 244 45, 269, 271 72, 278, 315 sensing mechanisms 13, 16, 39 41, 44, 51 52, 55, 57, 59, 63 sensor applications 29, 42, 44, 201, 207 sensor development 1 2, 40, 64, 355 sensor fabrication 42, 44 45 sensor nanostructures 44, 51, 53 sensor performance 10, 41 42 sensor response 15 16, 21 23, 41, 56, 59 sensor systems 2 3, 5, 20, 23, 28 29, 39 41, 61, 63 conventional 40 smart 27, 60 sensor technology 8, 27, 40, 44, 59 sensors chemical 41, 64 nanostructured oxide 20, 42 shielding effectiveness 255, 257 59, 261 63, 325 28 shielding materials 255, 257, 259, 264, 267 68 silicon 17, 78, 136, 138 39, 203, 206, 219, 222, 230 silicon nanorods 137 38 silicon nanowires 137, 203, 219 single-wall carbon nanotubes 135, 232, 270, 359 60 size, weight, and power (SWaP) 4, 63, 213, 219 SMAC, see spacecraft maximum allowable concentration smart nanosensor systems 59, 61 smart sensor systems 27 28, 40, 59 61, 63 smart sensors 27, 59 60 sol-gel method 154 55 spacecraft maximum allowable concentration (SMAC) 76 SWaP, see size, weight, and power TEC, see thermal evaporationcondensation telemetry 61 62 tensile properties 358 59 tensile strength 231, 277, 357 59, 363 thermal evaporation-condensation (TEC) 20, 55 57 trace contaminants 72, 74, 77, 85, 90 transition metal ions 160 61 tunneling resistance 291 92, 296 98, 301 urea 108, 112 17 UV detectors 8, 23, 26 UV light 106, 109 10, 125 vehicle health monitoring (VHM) 5, 28 VHM, see vehicle health monitoring Voigt elements 319 21 volatile removal assembly (VRA) 109, 111 VRA, see volatile removal assembly water 73 74, 84 85, 103 5, 108 10, 112 13, 117 18, 121, 125, 180 81, 184 85, 191, 289, 346, 350 water electrolysis 113, 122 23 water purification 112, 350 water reclamation 125
378 Index water recycling 101, 109 water vapor 8, 71, 77, 79, 85, 102 zeolites 13 14, 75, 78 80, 82 83, 85, 88 89, 105 6, 115 zeolitic imidazolate frameworks 86 zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) 86 ZIFs, see zeolitic imidazolate frameworks