Table of Contents Preface... v List of Recipes (Algorithms and Heuristics)... xi PART I. MATHEMATICS... 1 Chapter 1. The Game... 3 1.1 Systematic Problem Solving... 3 1.2 Artificial Intelligence and the Algorithmic Approach... 5 1.3 Science and Algorithms... 6 1.4 How todevelop an Algorithm... 7 Chapter Summary... 9 Exercises... 10 Chapter 2. Unit Conversions... 11 2.1 Units of Measure... 11 2.2 Metric Units... 11 2.3 Unit Conversions... 12 2.4 Unit Conversion Factors... 14 2.5 Sets of Units... 16 2.6 The Itinerary... 17 2.7 Multidimensional Maps... 19 2.8 Conversions and Formulas... 20 2.9 Conversion Tables... 22 Chapter Summary... 23 Exercises... 24 Chapter 3. Mathematical Tools... 25
3.1 The Queen of the Sciences... 25 3.2 Symbolism... 25 3.3 Functions and Graphs... 26 3.4 Curve Fitting... 31 3.5 Solving Equations... 33 3.6 Solving Linear Equations for One Variable... 34 3.7 Solving Quadratic Equations for One Variable... 35 3.8 Solving General Equations for One Variable... 35 3.9 Solving Systems of Linear Equations for Several Variables... 38 3.10 Geometry... 40 3.11 Calculus... 42 3.12 Computer Mathematics... 43 Chapter Summary... 47 Exercises... 49 Chapter 4. Models... 51 4.1 Reductionism... 51 4.2 Physical Models... 51 4.3 Mathematical Models... 52 4.4 Wave Models... 54 4.5 Matter Models... 56 4.6 Reality... 57 Chapter Summary... 57 Exercises... 58 PART II. PHYSICS... 59 Chapter 5. Mechanics... 61 5.1 Introduction... 61
5.2 Particle Mechanics... 61 5.3 Energy... 65 5.4 N-Body Mechanics... 70 5.5 Field Mechanics... 71 5.6 Relativistic Mechanics... 73 5.7 Quantum Mechanics... 75 5.8 Wave Mechanics... 76 5.9 QED, etc... 77 Chapter Summary... 78 Exercises... 79 PART III. ATOMS... 81 Chapter 6. Chemical Elements... 83 6.1 Chemical Principles... 83 6.2 Chemical Matter... 84 6.3 Atomic Theory... 85 6.4 Chemical Moles... 86 6.5 The Atomic Mol Map... 87 Chapter Summary... 89 Exercises... 90 Chapter 7. Atomic Structure... 91 7.1 Cosmology... 91 7.2 Subatomic Particles... 91 7.3 Element Symbols... 93 7.4 Atomic Spectra... 95 7.5 Wave Mechanics... 100 7.6 Electronic Configurations... 102
Chapter Summary... 105 Appendix: The Bohr Atom Model... 106 Exercises... 107 Chapter 8. The Periodic Table... 109 8.1 Chemical Families... 109 8.2 Family Relationships... 109 8.3 Periodic Configurations... 111 8.4 Periodic Trends... 113 Chapter Summary... 116 Exercises... 117 PART IV. MOLECULES... 119 Chapter 9. Chemical Formulas... 121 9.1 Molecular Formulas... 121 9.2 Molecular Mass... 121 9.3 Chemical Analysis... 122 9.4 Empirical Formulas... 122 9.5 True Molecular Formulas... 123 9.6 The Molecular Mol Map... 124 9.7 An Extended Molecular Mol Map... 126 Chapter Summary... 128 Exercises... 129 Chapter 10. Chemical Nomenclature... 131 10.1 Chemical Language... 131 10.2 Common Names... 131 10.3 Systematic Chemical Nomenclature... 131 10.4 Naming Inorganic Compounds... 132
10.5 Naming Organic Compounds... 135 10.6 Naming Coordination Complexes... 137 Chapter Summary... 138 Exercises... 139 Chapter 11. Chemical Equations... 141 11.1 Chemical Equation Concepts... 141 11.2 Balanced Chemical Equations... 141 11.3 Chemical Stoichiometry... 145 11.4 Volume Stoichiometry... 148 Chapter Summary... 152 Exercises... 153 Chapter 12. Chemical Bonding... 155 12.1 Chemical Bonds... 155 12.2 Ionic and Covalent Bonds... 155 12.3 Molecular Mass Spectrometry... 157 12.4 The Electronic Theory of Chemical Bonding... 159 12.5 Lewis Structures... 161 12.6 Molecular Geometry... 165 12.7 Molecular Polarity... 167 12.8 Molecular Wave Mechanics... 168 12.9 Valence Bond Theory... 169 12.10 Molecular Orbital Bond Theory... 171 12.11 Bond Strength... 174 12.12 Molecular Motion... 184 12.13 Molecular Spectroscopy... 185 Chapter Summary... 188
Exercises... 189 PART V. ENSEMBLES... 191 Chapter 13. Thermodynamics... 193 13.1 Heat... 193 13.2 The First Law... 193 13.3 The Kinetic Molecular Theory... 195 13.4 Enthalpy... 196 13.5 Heat and Stoichiometry... 199 13.6 Reaction Heat from Heats of Formation... 200 13.7 Reaction Heat from Bond Energies... 201 13.8 The Second Law... 202 13.9 Boltzmann Distributions... 203 13.10 Chemical Thermodynamics... 205 13.11 Statistical Thermodynamics... 207 Chapter Summary... 213 Exercises... 215 Chapter 14. Intermolecular Bonding... 217 14.1 Phases... 217 14.2 Kinetic verses Potential Energy... 217 14.3 Classes of Intermolecular Bonds... 218 14.4 Kinetic Molecular Energy... 220 14.5 Intermolecular Bonding vs Temperature... 221 14.6 Vaporization... 222 14.7 Phase Heuristic... 224 14.8 Liquids... 226 14.9 Heat Capacity... 226
Chapter Summary... 226 Exercises... 227 Chapter 15. Gases... 229 15.1 The Gaseous Phase... 229 15.2 Gas Laws... 229 15.3 The Ideal Gas Law... 230 15.4 Using the Ideal Gas Law... 232 15.5 Mixtures of Ideal Gases... 234 15.6 Gas Velocity... 235 15.7 Real Gases... 236 Chapter Summary... 238 Exercises... 239 Chapter 16. Solids... 241 16.1 Crystal Lattices... 241 16.2 Lattice Energy... 243 Chapter Summary... 246 Exercises... 247 Chapter 17. Solutions... 249 17.1 Molecular Mixtures... 249 17.2 Concentrations Units... 249 17.3 Concentrations as Conversion Factors... 250 17.4 Solubility... 250 Chapter Summary... 251 Exercises... 252 PART VI. DYNAMICS... 253 Chapter 18. Chemical Kinetics... 255
18.1 The Kinetic-Molecular Paradox... 255 18.2 The Collision Rate Model... 255 18.3 Rate Laws... 257 18.4 Reaction Mechanisms... 257 18.5 Empirical Rate Laws... 260 18.6 Temperature Dependence of Rates... 265 Chapter Summary... 267 Exercises... 268 Chapter 19. Chemical Equilibria... 269 19.1 Dynamic Equilibrium... 269 19.2 General Mass Action... 271 19.2 Mass Action Calculations... 273 19.3 Solubility Equilibria... 275 19.4 Acid Base Equilibria... 276 19.5 Acid Base Titrations... 281 19.6 Oxidation Reduction Equilibria... 285 Chapter Summary... 290 Exercises... 291 Solutions to Exercises... 293 Glossary... 313