Gennady Menzhulin, Gleb Peterson and Natalya Shamshurina

Availability of the New Climate Models to Reproduce the Historical Climate Variations: Whether the Climate Changes Scenarios Recommended in the 4 th IPCC Report can be Ranked by their Accuracy? Gennady Menzhulin, Gleb Peterson and Natalya Shamshurina Research Centre for Interdisciplinary Environmental Cooperation of Russian Academy of Sciences Symposium on Climate Change and Variability - Agrometeorological Monitoring and Coping Strategies for Agriculture Oscarsborg. Norway, 3-6 June, 2008

Models Used for Generation of Climate Change Scenarios Recommended in 4-th IPCC Report (2007) for Impact Studies Research Centres Country Name of Model Resolution T mean Tmax Tmin Precip 1 Beijing Climate Center CHINA BCC-CM1 192x 96 L16 2 Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research NORWAY BCCR-BCM2.0 128x 64 L31 3 National Center for Atmospheric Research USA CCSM3 156x128 L26 4 Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis CANADA CGCM3(T47) 96x 48 L32 5 Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis CANADA CGCM3(T63) 128x 64 L45 6 Centre National de Recherches Meteorologiques FRANCE CNRM-CM3 128x 64 L45 7 Commonwealth Science and Industry Research Organisation AUSTRALIA CSIRO-Mk3.0 192x 96 L18 8 Commonwealth Science and Industry Research Organisation AUSTRALIA CSIRO-Mk3.5 192x 96 L18 9 Max-Planck-Institut for Meteorology GERMANY ECHAM5_MPI-OM 192x 96 L31 Meteorological Institute, University of Bonn GERMANY 10 Meteorological Research Institute of KMA KOREA ECHOG-G 96x 48 L19 Model and Data Groupe at MPI-M GERMANY 11 Institude of Atmospheric Physics CHINA FGOALS-g1.0 128x 60 L26 12 Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory USA GFDL-CM2.0 144x 90 L24 13 Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory USA GFDL-CM2.1 144x 90 L24 14 Goddard Institute for Space Study USA GISS-AOM 90x 60 L12 15 Goddard Institute for Space Study USA GISS-EH 72x 46 L20 16 Goddard Institute for Space Study USA GISS-ER 72x 46 L20 17 National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology ITALY INGV-SXG2005 320x160 L19 18 Institute for Numerical Mathematics RUSSIA INM-CM3.0 72x 45 L21 19 Institut Pierre Simon Laplace FRANCE IPSL-CM3.0 96x 72 L19 20 National Institute for Environmental Studies JAPAN MIROC3.2(mr) 128x 64 L20 21 National Institute for Environmental Studies JAPAN MIROC3.2(hr) 320x160 L56 22 Meteorological Research Institute JAPAN MRI-CGCM2.3.2. 128x 64 L30 23 National Center for Atmospheric Research USA PCM-NCAR 128x 64 L26 24 United Kingdom Meteorological Office / Hadley Centre UK UKMO-HadCM3 96x 73 L19 25 United Kingdom Meteorological Office / Hadley Centre UK UKMO-HadGEM1 192x145 L38

Global Network of Surface Meteorological Stations which Monthly Mean Temperature Data Presented in the US NCDC Archives

Global Network of Surface Meteorological Stations which Monthly Precipitation Data Presented in the US NCDC Archives

Global Network of Surface Meteorological Stations which Monthly Max and Min Air Temperature Data Presented in the US NCDC Archives

Global Climate Regionalisation

One of Schematic Global Climate Regionalization (Carter, 2003)

Köppen Geiger Climatic Regions

Köppen Geiger Climatic Regions (according Beck et al., 2005)

Time Periods Used (and will be Used) for Comparison Analysis Without significant global trends 1 st period: 1916-1945 2 nd period: 1931-1960 3 rd period: 1946-1975 With modern global trends 4 th period: 1961-1990 (WMO reference period) 5 th period: 1976-2005 Future Climate Changes 6 th period: 2006-2035 7 th period: 2021-2050 8 th period: 2036-2065 9 th period: 2051-2080 10 th period: 2066-2095

Köppen Climatic Regions over Europe 14 Köppen Climatic Regions

Amounts of Stations by Mean Temperature and Precipitation over Koeppen Zones of Europe N Short Abbreviation Full Mame Total 16-45 31-60 46-75 61-90 76-05 Name Name of Koeppen Zone T P T P T P T P T P T P 1 Af EQ/FH EQatorial, Fully Humid 2 Am EQ/MO EQatorial, Monsoonal 3 As EQ/SD EQatorial, Summer Dry 4 Aw EQ/WD EQatorial, Winter Dry 5 BWk CD Cold Desert 6 BWh HD Hot Desert 7 BSk CS Cold Steppe 6 11 2 0 4 0 6 1 6 2 3 1 8 BSh HS Hot Steppe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 Cfa WT/FH/SH Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Hot 45 49 11 7 14 10 29 23 32 31 9 10 10 Cfb WT/FH/SW Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Warm 333 504 61 133 68 142 175 223 168 186 86 82 11 Cfc WT/FH/SC Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Cool 6 9 2 1 2 1 4 2 4 1 4 1 12 Csa WT/SD/SH Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Hot 81 99 10 13 14 20 50 69 57 63 25 15 13 Csb WT/SD/SW Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Warm 24 23 1 0 3 0 10 5 14 3 6 1 14 Csc WT/SD/SC Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Cool 15 Cwa WT/WD/SH Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Hot 16 Cwb WT/WD/SW Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Warm 17 Cwc WT/WD/SC Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Cool 56 126 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 Dfa SN/FH/SH SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Hot 16 28 3 0 6 2 10 5 7 24 3 2 19 Dfb SN/FH/SW SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Warm 122 194 38 26 51 32 93 52 87 174 30 53 20 Dfc SN/FH/SC SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Cool 56 126 24 56 29 55 40 64 36 104 17 23 21 Dfd SN/FH/EC SNow, Fully Humid, Extremely Continental 22 Dsa SN/SD/SH SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Hot 23 Dsb SN/SD/SW SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Warm 24 Dsc SN/SD/SC SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Cool 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 Dsd SN/ST/EC SNow, STeppe, Extremely Continental 26 Dwa SN/WD/SH SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Hot 27 Dwb SN/WD/SW SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Warm 28 Dwc SN/WD/SC SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Cool 29 Dwd SN/WD/EC SNow, Winter Dry, Extremely Continental 30 EF PF Polar Frost 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 ET PT Polar Tundra 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Amounts of Stations by Max and Min Temperature over Koeppen Zones of Europe N Short Abbreviation Full Name of 16-45 31-60 46-75 61-90 76-05 Name Name Koeppen Zone max min max min max min max min max min 1 Af EQ/FH EQatorial, Fully Humid 2 Am EQ/MO EQatorial, Monsoonal 3 As EQ/SD EQatorial, Summer Dry 4 Aw EQ/WD EQatorial, Winter Dry 5 BWk CD Cold Desert 6 BWh HD Hot Desert 7 BSk CS Cold Steppe 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 BSh HS Hot Steppe 9 Cfa WT/FH/SH Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Hot 2 2 6 6 15 15 20 20 1 1 10 Cfb WT/FH/SW Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Warm 2 2 2 2 43 43 61 61 5 5 11 Cfc WT/FH/SC Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Cool 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 12 Csa WT/SD/SH Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Hot 0 0 0 0 21 21 18 18 3 3 13 Csb WT/SD/SW Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Warm 0 0 0 0 3 3 1 1 0 0 14 Csc WT/SD/SC Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Cool 15 Cwa WT/WD/SH Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Hot 16 Cwb WT/WD/SW Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Warm 17 Cwc WT/WD/SC Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Cool 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 Dfa SN/FH/SH SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Hot 2 2 6 6 7 7 7 7 2 2 19 Dfb SN/FH/SW SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Warm 16 16 31 31 60 60 62 62 13 13 20 Dfc SN/FH/SC SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Cool 9 8 15 15 18 18 18 18 9 9 21 Dfd SN/FH/EC SNow, Fully Humid, Extremely Continental 22 Dsa SN/SD/SH SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Hot 23 Dsb SN/SD/SW SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Warm 24 Dsc SN/SD/SC SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Cool 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 Dsd SN/ST/EC SNow, STeppe, Extremely Continental 26 Dwa SN/WD/SH SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Hot 27 Dwb SN/WD/SW SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Warm 28 Dwc SN/WD/SC SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Cool 29 Dwd SN/WD/EC SNow, Winter Dry, Extremely Continental 30 EF PF Polar Frost 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 ET PT Polar Tundra 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Zone Number Koeppen Zone Abbreviation Model Gridpoint Amounts over Koeppen Climatic Zones of Europe 01..BCC-CM1 02. BCCR-BCM2.0 03. CCSM3 04. CGCM3(T47) 05. CGCM3(T63) 06. CNRM-CM3 07. CSIRO-Mk3.0 08. CSIRO-Mk3.5 09. ECHAM5_MPI-OM C l i m a t i c M o d e l s 10. ECHO-G 11. FGOALS-g1.0 12. GFDL-CM2.0 13. GFDL-CM2.1 1 EQ/FH 2 EQ/MO 3 EQ/SD 4 EQ/WD 5 CD 6 HD 7 CS 4 2 11 2 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 5 5 1 1 1 12 0 2 2 12 2 2 3 11 6 2 8 HS 9 WT/FH/SH 11 4 22 1 5 4 11 11 11 1 4 12 12 3 4 4 43 2 5 4 43 4 4 5 19 32 31 10 WT/FH/SW 80 34 157 20 35 34 80 80 80 20 34 58 58 18 12 12 234 14 22 34 234 34 34 30 121 168 186 11 WT/FH/SC 2 0 3 1 0 0 2 2 2 1 0 3 3 0 0 0 8 0 1 0 8 0 0 2 3 4 1 12 WT/SD/SH 8 9 29 5 9 9 8 8 8 5 9 10 10 3 2 2 40 0 7 9 40 9 9 4 19 57 63 13 WT/SD/SW 10 5 12 1 7 5 10 10 10 1 5 5 5 0 2 2 20 0 2 5 20 5 5 4 15 14 3 14 WT/SD/SC 15 WT/WD/SH 16 WT/WD/SW 17 WT/WD/SC 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 SN/FH/SH 13 6 21 3 7 6 13 13 13 3 6 11 11 2 1 1 37 2 6 6 37 6 6 5 21 7 24 19 SN/FH/SW 127 53 209 28 55 53 127 127 127 28 53 87 87 35 23 23 346 14 42 53 346 53 53 46 182 87 174 20 SN/FH/SC 122 54 220 29 55 54 122 122 122 29 55 84 84 31 21 21 334 20 47 54 334 54 54 48 183 36 104 21 SN/FH/EC 22 SN/SD/SH 23 SN/SD/SW 24 SN/SD/SC 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 25 SN/ST/EC 26 SN/WD/SH 27 SN/WD/SW 28 SN/WD/SC 29 SN/WD/EC 30 PF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 31 PT 0 0 46 0 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 17 0 5 5 67 0 0 0 67 0 0 7 35 0 0 14. GISS-AOM 15. GISS-EH 16. GISS-ER 17. INGV-SXG2005 18. INM-CM3.0 19. IPSL-CM3.0 20. MIROC3.2(mr) 21. MIROC3.2(hr) 22. MRI-CGCM2.3.2 23. PCM-NCAR 24. UKMO-HadCM3 25. UKMO-HadGEM1 Stations 1961-1991 T P

Köppen Climatic Regions over Asia 26 Köppen climatic regions

Amounts of Stations by Mean Temperature and Precipitation over Koeppen Zones of Asia N Short Abbreviation Full Name Total 16-45 31-60 46-75 61-90 76-05 Name Name of Koeppen Zone T P T P T P T P T P T P 1 Af EQ/FH EQatorial, Fully Humid 83 728 9 168 15 177 41 378 41 123 14 14 2 Am EQ/MO EQatorial, Monsoonal 49 213 3 56 9 65 33 102 21 25 7 4 3 As EQ/SD EQatorial, Summer Dry 6 118 6 85 6 104 6 100 6 13 4 4 4 Aw EQ/WD EQatorial, Winter Dry 75 1559 12 775 24 900 58 782 38 89 22 16 5 BWk CD Cold Desert 67 76 5 1 15 6 41 36 60 73 19 18 6 BWh HD Hot Desert 72 88 7 21 28 33 35 56 32 29 26 22 7 BSk CS Cold Steppe 96 113 16 5 31 13 61 42 77 101 19 17 8 BSh HS Hot Steppe 31 622 10 297 18 343 22 342 12 34 5 5 9 Cfa WT/FH/SH Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Hot 234 191 66 42 105 61 193 136 213 158 46 37 10 Cfb WT/FH/SW Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Warm 16 35 1 9 2 14 6 12 12 14 3 4 11 Cfc WT/FH/SC Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Cool 12 Csa WT/SD/SH Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Hot 133 351 8 184 13 230 27 212 110 105 20 23 13 Csb WT/SD/SW Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Warm 56 53 1 1 2 9 7 10 47 48 8 7 14 Csc WT/SD/SC Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Cool 15 Cwa WT/WD/SH Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Hot 115 832 19 510 35 532 92 417 100 134 20 16 16 Cwb WT/WD/SW Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Warm 27 94 4 19 9 20 25 40 26 45 3 3 17 Cwc WT/WD/SC Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Cool 18 Dfa SN/FH/SH SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Hot 18 20 7 2 7 1 8 2 11 15 3 5 19 Dfb SN/FH/SW SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Warm 70 104 34 11 41 14 50 16 62 92 19 22 20 Dfc SN/FH/SC SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Cool 52 107 20 5 43 8 49 13 48 96 27 28 21 Dfd SN/FH/EC SNow, Fully Humid, Extremely Continental 8 17 3 0 8 1 8 1 8 15 5 6 22 Dsa SN/SD/SH SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Hot 8 7 0 0 1 0 1 0 4 7 0 0 23 Dsb SN/SD/SW SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Warm 29 32 1 0 2 3 5 4 24 32 4 4 24 Dsc SN/SD/SC SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Cool 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 25 Dsd SN/ST/EC SNow, STeppe, Extremely Continental 26 Dwa SN/WD/SH SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Hot 69 68 12 15 13 14 32 39 45 48 9 7 27 Dwb SN/WD/SW SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Warm 73 73 13 8 18 13 49 44 58 66 8 7 28 Dwc SN/WD/SC SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Cool 70 92 10 4 29 16 45 29 61 84 17 14 29 Dwd SN/WD/EC SNow, Winter Dry, Extremely Continental 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 EF PF Polar Frost 31 ET PT Polar Tundra 29 57 1 1 3 1 16 16 28 46 4 5

Amounts of Stations by Max and Min Temperatures over Koeppen Zones of Asia N Short Abbreviation Full Name 16-45 31-60 46-75 61-90 76-05 Name Name of Koeppen Zone max min max min max min max min max min 1 Af EQ/FH EQatorial, Fully Humid 0 0 7 6 31 30 0 0 1 1 2 Am EQ/MO EQatorial, Monsoonal 0 0 2 2 25 26 8 8 0 0 3 As EQ/SD EQatorial, Summer Dry 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 Aw EQ/WD EQatorial, Winter Dry 0 0 3 3 35 35 9 9 0 0 5 BWk CD Cold Desert 2 1 8 8 30 30 43 43 11 11 6 BWh HD Hot Desert 0 0 16 16 16 19 1 1 0 0 7 BSk CS Cold Steppe 6 6 19 20 40 41 47 47 3 3 8 BSh HS Hot Steppe 1 0 7 7 10 11 1 1 0 0 9 Cfa WT/FH/SH Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Hot 60 60 85 85 175 175 194 194 41 41 10 Cfb WT/FH/SW Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Warm 0 0 0 0 1 1 11 11 2 2 11 Cfc WT/FH/SC Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Cool 12 Csa WT/SD/SH Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Hot 1 1 4 4 5 5 98 98 11 11 13 Csb WT/SD/SW Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Warm 0 0 1 1 1 1 46 46 7 7 14 Csc WT/SD/SC Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Cool 15 Cwa WT/WD/SH Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Hot 3 3 10 10 66 66 75 75 7 7 16 Cwb WT/WD/SW Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Warm 1 1 2 2 21 21 23 23 3 3 17 Cwc WT/WD/SC Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Cool 18 Dfa SN/FH/SH SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Hot 6 6 7 7 8 8 10 10 1 1 19 Dfb SN/FH/SW SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Warm 26 23 37 37 46 46 60 60 16 16 20 Dfc SN/FH/SC SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Cool 11 5 33 33 35 35 36 36 21 21 21 Dfd SN/FH/EC SNow, Fully Humid, Extremely Continental 3 3 5 5 6 6 6 6 4 4 22 Dsa SN/SD/SH SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Hot 0 0 1 1 1 1 4 4 0 0 23 Dsb SN/SD/SW SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Warm 1 0 1 1 1 1 23 23 4 4 24 Dsc SN/SD/SC SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Cool 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 Dsd SN/ST/EC SNow, STeppe, Extremely Continental 26 Dwa SN/WD/SH SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Hot 9 9 10 10 28 28 38 38 6 6 27 Dwb SN/WD/SW SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Warm 8 6 13 13 44 46 51 51 7 7 28 Dwc SN/WD/SC SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Cool 7 7 16 15 28 28 38 38 3 2 29 Dwd SN/WD/EC SNow, Winter Dry, Extremely Continental 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 EF PF Polar Frost 31 ET PT Polar Tundra 1 0 2 2 12 9 21 21 0 0

Zone Number Koeppen Zone Abbreviation 01..BCC-CM1 Model Gridpoint Amounts over Koeppen Climatic Zones of Asia 02. BCCR-BCM2.0 03. CCSM3 04. CGCM3(T47) 05. CGCM3(T63) 06. CNRM-CM3 07. CSIRO-Mk3.0 08. CSIRO-Mk3.5 09. ECHAM5_MPI-OM 10. ECHO-G C l i m a t i c M o d e l s 11. FGOALS-g1.0 12. GFDL-CM2.0 13. GFDL-CM2.1 Stations 1961-1991 1 EQ/FH 60 22 101 14 22 22 60 60 60 14 22 40 40 16 10 10 153 10 22 22 153 22 22 21 93 41 123 2 EQ/MO 18 10 42 5 11 10 18 18 18 5 10 17 17 2 1 1 53 4 4 10 53 10 10 11 32 21 25 3 EQ/SD 3 0 5 0 0 0 3 3 3 0 0 2 2 0 1 1 15 0 1 0 15 0 0 1 6 6 13 4 EQ/WD 52 22 92 12 23 22 52 52 52 12 22 32 32 14 8 8 145 8 18 22 145 22 22 19 77 38 89 5 CD 96 40 193 22 42 40 96 96 96 22 40 76 76 24 23 23 299 15 35 40 299 40 40 48 161 60 73 6 HD 117 55 206 29 55 55 117 117 117 29 55 79 79 31 19 19 320 18 40 55 320 55 55 38 168 32 29 7 CS 101 50 192 19 53 50 101 101 101 19 50 67 67 18 14 14 298 14 37 50 298 50 50 30 150 77 101 8 HS 25 13 47 7 14 13 25 25 25 7 13 23 23 4 4 4 71 1 8 13 71 13 13 10 44 12 34 9 WT/FH/SH 43 20 83 13 20 20 43 43 43 13 20 35 35 9 7 7 126 7 17 20 126 20 20 17 66 213 158 10 WT/FH/SW 3 3 5 0 3 3 3 3 3 0 3 3 3 0 0 0 11 0 1 3 11 3 3 0 7 12 14 11 WT/FH/SC 12 WT/SD/SH 31 11 64 4 12 11 31 31 31 4 11 24 24 4 8 8 94 4 6 11 94 11 11 15 55 110 105 13 WT/SD/SW 5 3 12 3 3 3 5 5 5 3 3 5 5 0 2 2 18 2 3 3 18 3 3 5 10 47 48 14 WT/SD/SC 15 WT/WD/SH 57 26 107 15 27 26 57 57 57 15 26 45 45 9 14 14 183 8 22 26 183 26 26 19 84 100 134 16 WT/WD/SW 23 11 36 4 11 11 23 23 23 4 11 15 15 1 2 2 45 0 5 11 45 11 11 9 36 26 45 17 WT/WD/SC 18 SN/FH/SH 15 7 25 7 7 7 15 15 15 7 7 9 9 1 5 5 44 0 4 7 44 7 7 9 33 11 15 19 SN/FH/SW 79 42 149 16 43 42 79 79 79 16 42 59 59 19 12 12 230 9 25 42 230 42 42 33 119 62 92 20 SN/FH/SC 345 160 631 93 160 160 345 345 345 93 154 236 236 86 53 53 977 56 135 160 977 160 160 132 517 48 96 21 SN/FH/EC 92 40 177 22 41 40 92 92 92 22 41 67 67 22 17 17 281 13 37 40 281 40 40 38 148 8 15 22 SN/SD/SH 5 4 12 3 4 4 5 5 5 3 4 5 5 0 0 0 20 1 1 4 20 4 4 2 10 4 7 23 SN/SD/SW 7 2 20 3 3 2 7 7 7 3 2 10 10 1 2 2 33 0 4 2 33 2 2 3 17 24 32 24 SN/SD/SC 4 1 6 2 2 1 4 4 4 2 1 4 4 0 2 2 12 0 4 1 12 1 1 2 5 0 3 25 SN/ST/EC 26 SN/WD/SH 22 11 34 3 11 11 22 22 22 3 11 10 10 1 5 5 61 2 5 11 61 11 11 10 34 45 48 27 SN/WD/SW 42 21 86 10 21 21 42 42 42 10 21 39 39 9 4 4 127 3 12 21 127 21 21 12 64 58 66 28 SN/WD/SC 91 43 168 21 44 43 91 91 91 21 43 66 66 18 19 19 258 11 29 43 258 43 43 42 154 61 84 29 SN/WD/EC 6 3 12 3 3 3 6 6 6 3 3 6 6 2 2 2 19 1 3 3 19 3 3 3 9 0 0 30 PF 31 PT 143 57 265 38 57 57 143 143 143 38 59 118 118 32 29 29 400 15 45 57 408 57 57 57 218 28 46 14. GISS-AOM 15. GISS-EH 16. GISS-ER 17. INGV-SXG2005 18. INM-CM3.0 19. IPSL-CM3.0 20. MIROC3.2(mr) 21. MIROC3.2(hr) 22. MRI-CGCM2.3.2 23. PCM-NCAR 24. UKMO-HadCM3 25. UKMO-HadGEM1 T P

Köppen Climatic Regions over Africa 14 Köppen climatic regions

Amounts of Stations by Mean Temperature and Precipitation over Koeppen Zones of Africa N Short Abbreviation Full Name of Total 16-45 31-60 46-75 61-90 76-05 Name Name Koeppen Zone T P T P T P T P T P T P 1 Af EQ/FH EQatorial, Fully Humid 15 51 4 10 5 31 9 20 8 30 4 2 2 Am EQ/MO EQatorial, Monsoonal 41 89 8 12 10 32 24 37 20 38 7 5 3 As EQ/SD EQatorial, Summer Dry 7 13 0 6 0 8 5 9 5 8 2 2 4 Aw EQ/WD EQatorial, Winter Dry 175 731 16 122 31 269 121 344 105 278 55 47 5 BWk CD Cold Desert 9 19 1 11 2 14 5 17 6 10 2 8 6 BWh HD Hot Desert 123 258 18 77 31 109 75 174 80 148 54 48 7 BSk CS Cold Steppe 19 44 2 33 3 34 3 31 6 31 10 26 8 BSh HS Hot Steppe 83 247 18 68 17 103 43 142 39 127 27 39 9 Cfa WT/FH/SH Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Hot 10 33 3 27 4 29 4 29 9 27 3 19 10 Cfb WT/FH/SW Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Warm 20 124 1 51 2 54 3 60 9 83 3 38 11 Cfc WT/FH/SC Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Cool 12 Csa WT/SD/SH Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Hot 25 41 5 9 3 9 4 6 8 8 11 9 13 Csb WT/SD/SW Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Warm 3 7 0 3 0 3 0 3 0 4 0 3 14 Csc WT/SD/SC Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Cool 15 Cwa WT/WD/SH Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Hot 58 300 14 132 18 181 27 216 30 158 9 47 16 Cwb WT/WD/SW Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Warm 21 146 3 44 5 63 11 86 11 64 5 27 17 Cwc WT/WD/SC Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Cool 18 Dfa SN/FH/SH SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Hot 19 Dfb SN/FH/SW SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Warm 20 Dfc SN/FH/SC SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Cool 21 Dfd SN/FH/EC SNow, Fully Humid, Extremely Continental 22 Dsa SN/SD/SH SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Hot 23 Dsb SN/SD/SW SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Warm 24 Dsc SN/SD/SC SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Cool 25 Dsd SN/ST/EC SNow, STeppe, Extremely Continental 26 Dwa SN/WD/SH SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Hot 27 Dwb SN/WD/SW SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Warm 28 Dwc SN/WD/SC SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Cool 29 Dwd SN/WD/EC SNow, Winter Dry, Extremely Continental 30 EF PF Polar Frost 31 ET PT Polar Tundra

Amounts of Stations by Max and Min Temperature over Koeppen Zones of Africa N Short Abbreviation Full Name of 16-45 31-60 46-75 61-90 76-05 Name Name Koeppen Zone max min max min max min max min max min 1 Af EQ/FH EQatorial, Fully Humid 3 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 Am EQ/MO EQatorial, Monsoonal 6 6 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 As EQ/SD EQatorial, Summer Dry 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 Aw EQ/WD EQatorial, Winter Dry 9 10 1 1 2 2 2 2 0 0 5 BWk CD Cold Desert 0 0 0 0 3 3 6 6 1 1 6 BWh HD Hot Desert 9 9 5 4 11 11 12 12 1 1 7 BSk CS Cold Steppe 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 0 0 8 BSh HS Hot Steppe 14 14 4 4 3 3 5 5 0 0 9 Cfa WT/FH/SH Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Hot 0 0 0 0 3 3 9 9 3 3 10 Cfb WT/FH/SW Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Warm 1 1 2 2 1 1 7 7 0 0 11 Cfc WT/FH/SC Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Cool 12 Csa WT/SD/SH Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Hot 4 4 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 13 Csb WT/SD/SW Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Warm 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 Csc WT/SD/SC Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Cool 15 Cwa WT/WD/SH Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Hot 10 10 4 4 4 4 16 16 3 3 16 Cwb WT/WD/SW Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Warm 1 1 1 0 2 2 6 6 1 1 17 Cwc WT/WD/SC Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Cool 18 Dfa SN/FH/SH SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Hot 19 Dfb SN/FH/SW SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Warm 20 Dfc SN/FH/SC SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Cool 21 Dfd SN/FH/EC SNow, Fully Humid, Extremely Continental 22 Dsa SN/SD/SH SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Hot 23 Dsb SN/SD/SW SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Warm 24 Dsc SN/SD/SC SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Cool 25 Dsd SN/ST/EC SNow, STeppe, Extremely Continental 26 Dwa SN/WD/SH SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Hot 27 Dwb SN/WD/SW SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Warm 28 Dwc SN/WD/SC SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Cool 29 Dwd SN/WD/EC SNow, Winter Dry, Extremely Continental 30 EF PF Polar Frost 31 ET PT Polar Tundra

Zone Number Koeppen Zone Abbreviation Model Gridpoint Amounts over Koeppen Climatic Zones of Africa 01..BCC-CM1 02. BCCR-BCM2.0 03. CCSM3 04. CGCM3(T47) 05. CGCM3(T63) 06. CNRM-CM3 07. CSIRO-Mk3.0 08. CSIRO-Mk3.5 09. ECHAM5_MPI-OM C l i m a t i c M o d e l s 10. ECHO-G 11. FGOALS-g1.0 12. GFDL-CM2.0 1 EQ/FH 14 8 22 1 8 8 14 14 14 1 8 10 10 1 1 1 36 2 6 8 36 8 8 5 20 8 30 2 EQ/MO 26 6 45 9 6 6 26 26 26 9 6 17 17 5 5 5 75 2 6 6 75 6 6 11 36 20 38 3 EQ/SD 5 2 11 1 2 2 5 5 5 1 2 4 4 1 2 2 15 0 2 2 15 2 2 2 10 5 8 4 EQ/WD 186 93 347 44 94 93 186 186 186 44 93 140 140 49 38 38 550 27 72 93 550 93 93 78 293 105 278 5 CD 9 2 16 0 3 2 9 9 9 0 2 6 6 0 2 2 22 0 0 2 22 2 2 4 14 6 10 6 HD 277 124 499 67 124 124 277 277 277 67 124 200 200 80 47 47 784 46 102 124 784 124 124 106 422 80 148 7 CS 10 2 20 4 2 2 10 19 10 4 2 9 9 1 2 2 31 0 3 2 31 2 2 4 17 6 31 8 HS 80 39 145 21 39 39 80 80 80 21 39 54 54 14 15 15 237 10 35 39 237 39 39 25 118 39 127 9 WT/FH/SH 7 2 7 0 2 2 7 7 7 0 2 2 2 1 0 0 17 0 0 2 17 2 2 3 11 9 27 10 WT/FH/SW 5 6 18 3 6 6 5 5 5 3 6 7 7 1 5 5 23 0 2 6 23 6 6 4 15 9 83 11 WT/FH/SC 12 WT/SD/SH 10 3 14 0 3 3 10 10 10 0 3 4 4 1 1 1 24 0 3 3 24 3 3 2 12 8 8 13 WT/SD/SW 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 4 14 WT/SD/SC 15 WT/WD/SH 63 25 116 16 25 25 63 63 16 25 43 43 13 7 7 168 10 20 25 168 25 25 23 91 30 158 16 WT/WD/SW 17 WT/WD/SC 16 8 34 4 8 8 16 16 4 8 13 13 2 2 2 45 2 6 8 45 8 8 5 33 11 64 18 SN/FH/SH 19 SN/FH/SW 20 SN/FH/SC 21 SN/FH/EC 22 SN/SD/SH 23 SN/SD/SW 24 SN/SD/SC 25 SN/ST/EC 26 SN/WD/SH 27 SN/WD/SW 28 SN/WD/SC 29 SN/WD/EC 30 PF 31 PT 13. GFDL-CM2.1 14. GISS-AOM 15. GISS-EH 16. GISS-ER 17. INGV-SXG2005 18. INM-CM3.0 19. IPSL-CM3.0 20. MIROC3.2(mr) 21. MIROC3.2(hr) 22. MRI-CGCM2.3.2 23. PCM-NCAR 24. UKMO-HadCM3 25. UKMO-HadGEM1 Stations T 61-90 P

Köppen Climatic Regions over Australia 12 Köppen climatic regions

Amounts of Stations by Mean Temperature and Precipitation over Koeppen Zones of Australia N Short Abbreviation Full Name of Total 16-45 31-60 46-75 61-90 76-05 Name Name Koeppen Zone T P T P T P T P T P T P 1 Af EQ/FH EQatorial, Fully Humid 2 Am EQ/MO EQatorial, Monsoonal 1 5 0 4 0 4 0 5 0 5 0 1 3 As EQ/SD EQatorial, Summer Dry 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 Aw EQ/WD EQatorial, Winter Dry 38 78 13 46 15 46 16 53 21 62 3 3 5 BWk CD Cold Desert 5 17 1 13 1 13 3 13 3 14 1 1 6 BWh HD Hot Desert 46 141 15 110 14 112 23 119 27 128 5 5 7 BSk CS Cold Steppe 83 379 33 351 37 358 46 361 61 370 4 4 8 BSh HS Hot Steppe 68 231 23 186 31 187 37 193 51 211 9 9 9 Cfa WT/FH/SH Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Hot 118 445 55 387 67 400 72 409 81 429 7 7 10 Cfb WT/FH/SW Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Warm 127 422 45 329 50 339 50 358 73 390 5 5 11 Cfc WT/FH/SC Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Cool 12 Csa WT/SD/SH Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Hot 7 23 3 15 4 16 4 17 5 20 1 1 13 Csb WT/SD/SW Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Warm 24 55 9 43 11 43 11 50 16 53 2 2 14 Csc WT/SD/SC Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Cool 15 Cwa WT/WD/SH Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Hot 6 40 5 33 5 34 6 36 6 38 0 0 16 Cwb WT/WD/SW Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Warm 17 Cwc WT/WD/SC Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Cool 18 Dfa SN/FH/SH SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Hot 19 Dfb SN/FH/SW SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Warm 20 Dfc SN/FH/SC SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Cool 21 Dfd SN/FH/EC SNow, Fully Humid, Extremely Continental 22 Dsa SN/SD/SH SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Hot 23 Dsb SN/SD/SW SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Warm 24 Dsc SN/SD/SC SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Cool 25 Dsd SN/ST/EC SNow, STeppe, Extremely Continental 26 Dwa SN/WD/SH SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Hot 27 Dwb SN/WD/SW SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Warm 28 Dwc SN/WD/SC SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Cool 29 Dwd SN/WD/EC SNow, Winter Dry, Extremely Continental 30 EF PF Polar Frost 31 ET PT Polar Tundra

Amount of Stations by Max and Min Temperature over Koeppen Zones of Australia N Short Abbreviation Full Name of 16-45 31-60 46-75 61-90 76-05 Name Name Koeppen Zone max min max min max min max min max min 1 Af EQ/FH EQatorial, Fully Humid 2 Am EQ/MO EQatorial, Monsoonal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 As EQ/SD EQatorial, Summer Dry 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 Aw EQ/WD EQatorial, Winter Dry 12 12 15 15 15 15 21 21 3 3 5 BWk CD Cold Desert 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 1 1 6 BWh HD Hot Desert 15 15 14 15 23 24 27 26 5 5 7 BSk CS Cold Steppe 32 33 36 36 47 46 63 62 4 4 8 BSh HS Hot Steppe 22 22 31 31 35 35 50 50 9 9 9 Cfa WT/FH/SH Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Hot 55 55 67 67 72 71 81 82 6 6 10 Cfb WT/FH/SW Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Warm 45 45 50 50 52 52 73 73 5 5 11 Cfc WT/FH/SC Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Cool 12 Csa WT/SD/SH Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Hot 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 1 1 13 Csb WT/SD/SW Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Warm 8 8 10 10 10 10 16 16 2 2 14 Csc WT/SD/SC Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Cool 15 Cwa WT/WD/SH Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Hot 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 0 0 16 Cwb WT/WD/SW Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Warm 17 Cwc WT/WD/SC Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Cool 18 Dfa SN/FH/SH SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Hot 19 Dfb SN/FH/SW SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Warm 20 Dfc SN/FH/SC SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Cool 21 Dfd SN/FH/EC SNow, Fully Humid, Extremely Continental 22 Dsa SN/SD/SH SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Hot 23 Dsb SN/SD/SW SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Warm 24 Dsc SN/SD/SC SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Cool 25 Dsd SN/ST/EC SNow, STeppe, Extremely Continental 26 Dwa SN/WD/SH SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Hot 27 Dwb SN/WD/SW SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Warm 28 Dwc SN/WD/SC SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Cool 29 Dwd SN/WD/EC SNow, Winter Dry, Extremely Continental 30 EF PF Polar Frost 31 ET PT Polar Tundra

Zone Number Koeppen Zone Abbreviation Model Gridpoint Amounts over Koeppen Climatic Zones of Australia 01..BCC-CM1 02. BCCR-BCM2.0 03. CCSM3 04. CGCM3(T47) 05. CGCM3(T63) 06. CNRM-CM3 07. CSIRO-Mk3.0 08. CSIRO-Mk3.5 09. ECHAM5_MPI-OM C l i m a t i c M o d e l s 10. ECHO-G 11. FGOALS-g1.0 12. GFDL-CM2.0 13. GFDL-CM2.1 1 EQ/FH 2 EQ/MO 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 3 EQ/SD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 EQ/WD 23 11 47 8 11 11 23 23 23 8 11 19 19 6 6 6 72 3 11 11 72 11 11 14 45 21 62 5 CD 5 2 5 0 2 2 5 5 5 0 2 3 3 0 0 0 10 1 0 2 10 2 2 0 6 3 14 6 HD 57 24 102 13 24 24 57 57 57 13 24 43 43 15 11 11 163 8 21 24 163 24 24 23 87 27 128 7 CS 16 9 31 5 9 9 16 16 16 5 9 11 11 2 2 2 48 1 5 9 48 9 9 8 28 61 370 8 HS 57 27 102 13 27 27 57 57 57 13 27 38 38 14 9 9 159 9 21 27 159 27 27 18 82 51 211 9 WT/FH/SH 16 5 30 4 5 5 16 16 16 4 5 11 11 6 4 4 48 3 5 5 48 5 5 7 24 81 429 10 WT/FH/SW 12 7 21 2 7 7 12 12 12 2 7 7 7 2 4 4 27 1 4 7 27 7 7 4 16 73 390 11 WT/FH/SC 12 WT/SD/SH 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 2 0 0 1 1 5 20 13 WT/SD/SW 3 2 2 0 2 2 3 3 3 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 1 2 6 2 2 0 4 16 53 14 WT/SD/SC 15 WT/WD/SH 5 1 9 1 1 1 5 5 5 1 1 3 3 1 0 0 14 1 2 1 14 1 1 1 6 6 38 16 WT/WD/SW 17 WT/WD/SC 18 SN/FH/SH 19 SN/FH/SW 20 SN/FH/SC 21 SN/FH/EC 22 SN/SD/SH 23 SN/SD/SW 24 SN/SD/SC 25 SN/ST/EC 26 SN/WD/SH 27 SN/WD/SW 28 SN/WD/SC 29 SN/WD/EC 30 PF 31 PT 14. GISS-AOM 15. GISS-EH 16. GISS-ER 17. INGV-SXG2005 18. INM-CM3.0 19. IPSL-CM3.0 20. MIROC3.2(mr) 21. MIROC3.2(hr) 22. MRI-CGCM2.3.2 23. PCM-NCAR 24. UKMO-HadCM3 25. UKMO-HadGEM1 Stations 1961-1991 T P

Köppen Climatic Regions over North America 25 Köppen climatic regions

Amounts of Stations by Mean Temperature and Precipitation over Koeppen Zones of North America N Short Abbreviation Full Name of Total 31-60 46-75 61-90 76-05 Name Name Koeppen Zone T P T P T P T P T P 1 Af EQ/FH EQatorial, Fully Humid 23 162 1 13 9 44 9 39 4 1 2 Am EQ/MO EQatorial, Monsoonal 43 207 9 54 27 67 26 67 11 10 3 As EQ/SD EQatorial, Summer Dry 8 26 4 5 8 22 7 18 0 0 4 Aw EQ/WD EQatorial, Winter Dry 62 436 10 91 34 175 41 136 10 5 5 BWk CD Cold Desert 22 27 12 15 17 22 17 20 16 13 6 BWh HD Hot Desert 36 87 21 34 29 78 30 78 20 16 7 BSk CS Cold Steppe 268 372 189 275 234 328 226 305 194 185 8 BSh HS Hot Steppe 44 95 20 50 34 69 33 66 12 12 9 Cfa WT/FH/SH Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Hot 660 739 464 540 564 634 547 624 524 514 10 Cfb WT/FH/SW Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Warm 52 127 30 41 38 59 41 90 29 31 11 Cfc WT/FH/SC Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Cool 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 Csa WT/SD/SH Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Hot 41 75 28 56 38 66 31 54 24 21 13 Csb WT/SD/SW Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Warm 152 197 112 154 135 174 126 161 114 112 14 Csc WT/SD/SC Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Cool 15 Cwa WT/WD/SH Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Hot 6 13 4 7 6 10 6 10 1 0 16 Cwb WT/WD/SW Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Warm 16 54 8 21 11 26 9 11 1 0 17 Cwc WT/WD/SC Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Cool 18 Dfa SN/FH/SH SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Hot 237 269 203 236 223 253 221 253 204 204 19 Dfb SN/FH/SW SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Warm 698 690 443 453 518 524 521 541 282 269 20 Dfc SN/FH/SC SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Cool 327 324 114 109 145 144 160 159 33 34 21 Dfd SN/FH/EC SNow, Fully Humid, Extremely Continental 22 Dsa SN/SD/SH SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Hot 23 Dsb SN/SD/SW SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Warm 16 33 11 27 13 29 13 27 10 10 24 Dsc SN/SD/SC SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Cool 22 20 6 4 9 7 15 13 5 4 25 Dsd SN/ST/EC SNow, STeppe, Extremely Continental 26 Dwa SN/WD/SH SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Hot 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 Dwb SN/WD/SW SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Warm 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 Dwc SN/WD/SC SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Cool 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 29 Dwd SN/WD/EC SNow, Winter Dry, Extremely Continental 30 EF PF Polar Frost 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 ET PT Polar Tundra 54 52 11 8 22 19 28 27 11 7

Amounts of Stations by Max and Min Temperature over Koeppen Zones of North America N Short Abbreviation Full Name of 16-45 31-60 46-75 61-90 76-05 Name Name Koeppen Zone max min max min max min max min max min 1 Af EQ/FH EQatorial, Fully Humid 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 Am EQ/MO EQatorial, Monsoonal 3 3 3 3 6 6 7 7 7 7 3 As EQ/SD EQatorial, Summer Dry 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 Aw EQ/WD EQatorial, Winter Dry 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 2 2 5 BWk CD Cold Desert 11 11 11 11 17 17 17 17 16 16 6 BWh HD Hot Desert 12 12 14 14 19 19 20 20 19 19 7 BSk CS Cold Steppe 161 162 171 171 216 216 212 212 192 193 8 BSh HS Hot Steppe 6 6 7 7 13 13 11 11 11 11 9 Cfa WT/FH/SH Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Hot 416 416 425 425 547 547 542 542 524 524 10 Cfb WT/FH/SW Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Warm 26 26 28 28 34 34 37 37 29 29 11 Cfc WT/FH/SC Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Cool 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 Csa WT/SD/SH Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Hot 16 16 17 17 28 28 23 23 23 23 13 Csb WT/SD/SW Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Warm 91 91 96 96 126 126 120 120 114 114 14 Csc WT/SD/SC Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Cool 15 Cwa WT/WD/SH Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Hot 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 Cwb WT/WD/SW Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Warm 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 Cwc WT/WD/SC Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Cool 18 Dfa SN/FH/SH SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Hot 182 182 183 183 212 212 213 213 204 204 19 Dfb SN/FH/SW SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Warm 353 355 390 393 491 491 491 491 278 278 20 Dfc SN/FH/SC SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Cool 80 81 98 98 132 132 142 142 31 31 21 Dfd SN/FH/EC SNow, Fully Humid, Extremely Continental 22 Dsa SN/SD/SH SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Hot 23 Dsb SN/SD/SW SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Warm 11 11 11 11 13 13 13 13 10 10 24 Dsc SN/SD/SC SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Cool 7 7 6 6 9 10 13 13 5 5 25 Dsd SN/ST/EC SNow, STeppe, Exremely Continental 26 Dwa SN/WD/SH SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Hot 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 Dwb SN/WD/SW SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Warm 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 Dwc SN/WD/SC SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Cool 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 29 Dwd SN/WD/EC SNow, Winter Dry, Extremely Continental 30 EF PF Polar Frost 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 ET PT Polar Tundra 5 5 8 8 17 17 26 26 8 8

Zone Number Koeppen Zone Abbreviation Model Gridpoint Amounts over Koeppen Climatic Zones of North America 01..BCC-CM1 02. BCCR-BCM2.0 03. CCSM3 04. CGCM3(T47) 05. CGCM3(T63) 06. CNRM-CM3 07. CSIRO-Mk3.0 08. CSIRO-Mk3.5 09. ECHAM5_MPI-OM C l i m a t i c M o d e l s 10. ECHO-G 11. FGOALS-g1.0 12. GFDL-CM2.0 13. GFDL-CM2.1 1 EQ/FH 1 0 6 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 2 1 1 6 0 2 0 6 0 0 0 3 9 39 2 EQ/MO 7 6 10 1 6 6 7 7 7 1 6 4 4 1 0 0 21 1 1 6 21 6 6 1 11 26 67 3 EQ/SD 3 0 4 0 0 0 3 3 3 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 5 0 1 0 5 0 0 1 2 7 18 4 EQ/WD 9 8 32 5 8 8 9 9 9 5 8 14 14 5 1 1 53 1 5 8 53 8 8 5 22 41 136 5 CD 5 3 11 1 3 3 5 5 5 1 3 3 3 0 1 1 16 0 3 3 16 3 3 2 10 17 20 6 HD 11 6 21 1 6 6 11 11 11 1 6 7 7 1 2 2 28 2 2 6 28 6 6 4 16 30 78 7 CS 63 27 109 14 27 27 63 63 63 14 27 47 47 11 7 7 168 6 25 27 168 27 27 19 84 226 305 8 HS 9 5 23 3 5 5 9 9 9 3 5 13 13 3 2 2 49 2 4 5 49 5 5 5 19 33 66 9 WT/FH/SH 68 31 122 17 32 31 68 68 68 17 31 44 44 19 13 13 187 8 27 31 187 31 31 25 101 547 624 10 WT/FH/SW 11 2 15 1 2 2 11 11 11 1 2 6 6 0 2 2 20 0 1 2 20 2 2 4 16 41 90 11 WT/FH/SC 2 0 2 0 0 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 0 1 1 5 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 1 0 0 12 WT/SD/SH 8 2 15 1 2 2 8 8 8 1 2 4 4 0 1 1 15 0 1 2 15 2 2 6 18 31 54 13 WT/SD/SW 16 9 32 3 9 9 16 16 16 3 9 8 8 3 4 4 49 0 6 9 49 9 9 5 23 126 161 14 WT/SD/SC 15 WT/WD/SH 2 3 4 1 3 3 2 2 2 1 3 1 1 0 1 1 4 0 0 3 4 3 3 2 5 6 10 16 WT/WD/SW 17 WT/WD/SC 4 0 4 0 1 0 4 4 4 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 12 0 0 2 5 9 11 18 SN/FH/SH 24 9 41 3 9 9 24 24 24 3 9 17 17 6 6 6 68 4 8 9 69 9 9 10 35 221 253 19 SN/FH/SW 95 41 195 23 44 41 95 95 95 23 41 71 71 22 22 22 298 15 30 41 298 41 41 44 165 521 541 20 SN/FH/SC 273 125 490 69 126 125 273 273 273 69 125 188 188 65 46 46 469 42 101 125 469 125 125 98 402 160 159 21 SN/FH/EC 22 SN/SD/SH 23 SN/SD/SW 1 2 8 0 2 2 1 1 1 0 2 5 5 0 0 0 14 0 1 2 14 2 2 3 4 13 27 24 SN/SD/SC 13 5 26 0 5 5 13 13 13 0 5 10 10 1 3 3 41 1 3 5 41 5 5 6 23 15 13 25 SN/ST/EC 26 SN/WD/SH 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 27 SN/WD/SW 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 SN/WD/SC 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 29 SN/WD/EC 30 PF 138 61 249 33 62 61 136 136 138 33 40 105 105 36 28 28 391 21 54 61 391 61 61 59 221 0 0 31 PT 253 112 459 66 113 112 253 253 253 66 100 194 194 59 45 45 722 31 107 112 722 112 112 103 387 28 27 14. GISS-AOM 15. GISS-EH 16. GISS-ER 17. INGV-SXG2005 18. INM-CM3.0 19. IPSL-CM3.0 20. MIROC3.2(mr) 21. MIROC3.2(hr) 22. MRI-CGCM2.3.2 23. PCM-NCAR 24. UKMO-HadCM3 25. UKMO-HadGEM1 Stations 1961-1991 T P

Köppen Climatic Regions over South America 17 Köppen climatic regions

Amounts of Stations by Mean Temperature and Precipitation over Koeppen Zones of S. America N Short Abbreviation Full Name of Total 31-60 46-75 61-90 76-05 Name Name Koeppen Zone T P T P T P T P T P 1 Af EQ/FH EQatorial, Fully Humid 41 464 6 35 18 83 26 150 15 18 2 Am EQ/MO EQatorial, Monsoonal 22 245 4 20 7 34 10 66 10 35 3 As EQ/SD EQatorial, Summer Dry 3 511 0 181 0 180 0 413 0 5 4 Aw EQ/WD EQatorial, Winter Dry 55 1474 5 328 24 428 38 1080 28 42 5 BWk CD Cold Desert 6 39 2 7 4 6 5 5 4 3 6 BWh HD Hot Desert 10 23 2 6 6 11 8 6 8 2 7 BSk CS Cold Steppe 20 85 9 22 10 18 15 23 13 14 8 BSh HS Hot Steppe 4 175 1 69 3 70 3 136 4 5 9 Cfa WT/FH/SH Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Hot 65 102 28 32 35 31 43 61 45 48 10 Cfb WT/FH/SW Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Warm 42 301 14 30 13 50 26 83 17 14 11 Cfc WT/FH/SC Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Cool 3 16 0 1 0 1 0 4 0 2 12 Csa WT/SD/SH Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Hot 13 Csb WT/SD/SW Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Warm 10 103 4 30 4 11 6 13 4 4 14 Csc WT/SD/SC Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Cool 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 Cwa WT/WD/SH Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Hot 19 20 10 10 14 13 15 16 9 10 16 Cwb WT/WD/SW Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Warm 7 112 3 3 4 31 7 47 3 2 17 Cwc WT/WD/SC Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Cool 1 7 0 1 0 3 0 1 0 1 18 Dfa SN/FH/SH SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Hot 19 Dfb SN/FH/SW SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Warm 20 Dfc SN/FH/SC SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Cool 21 Dfd SN/FH/EC SNow, Fully Humid, Extremely Continental 22 Dsa SN/SD/SH SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Hot 23 Dsb SN/SD/SW SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Warm 24 Dsc SN/SD/SC SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Cool 25 Dsd SN/ST/EC SNow, STeppe. Extemely Continental 26 Dwa SN/WD/SH SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Hot 27 Dwb SN/WD/SW SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Warm 28 Dwc SN/WD/SC SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Cool 29 Dwd SN/WD/EC SNow, Winter Dry, Extremely Continental 30 EF PF Polar Frost 31 ET PT Polar Tundra 6 149 2 4 5 26 4 21 2 1

Amounts of Stations by Max and Min Temperature over Koeppen Zones of S.America N Short Abbreviation Full Name of 16-45 31-60 46-75 61-90 76-05 Name Name Koeppen Zone max min maxmin maxmin maxmin maxmin 1 Af EQ/FH EQatorial, Fully Humid 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 Am EQ/MO EQatorial, Monsoonal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 As EQ/SD EQatorial, Summer Dry 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 Aw EQ/WD EQatorial, Winter Dry 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 BWk CD Cold Desert 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 BWh HD Hot Desert 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 BSk CS Cold Steppe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 BSh HS Hot Steppe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 Cfa WT/FH/SH Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Hot 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 Cfb WT/FH/SW Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Warm 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 Cfc WT/FH/SC Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Cool 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 Csa WT/SD/SH Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Hot 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 Csb WT/SD/SW Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Warm 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 Csc WT/SD/SC Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Cool 15 Cwa WT/WD/SH Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Hot 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 Cwb WT/WD/SW Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Warm 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 Cwc WT/WD/SC Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Cool 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 Dfa SN/FH/SH SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Hot 19 Dfb SN/FH/SW SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Warm 20 Dfc SN/FH/SC SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Cool 21 Dfd SN/FH/EC SNow, Fully Humid, Extremely Continental 22 Dsa SN/SD/SH SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Hot 23 Dsb SN/SD/SW SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Warm 24 Dsc SN/SD/SC SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Cool 25 Dsd SN/ST/EC SNow, STeppe, Extemely Continental 26 Dwa SN/WD/SH SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Hot 27 Dwb SN/WD/SW SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Warm 28 Dwc SN/WD/SC SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Cool 29 Dwd SN/WD/EC SNow, Winter Dry, Extremely Continental 30 EF PF Polar Frost 31 ET PT Polar Tundra 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Zone Number Koeppen Zone Abbreviation Model Gridpoint Amounts over Koeppen Climatic Zones of South America 01..BCC-CM1 02. BCCR-BCM2.0 03. CCSM3 04. CGCM3(T47) 05. CGCM3(T63) 06. CNRM-CM3 07. CSIRO-Mk3.0 08. CSIRO-Mk3.5 09. ECHAM5_MPI-OM C l i m a t i c M o d e l s 10. ECHO-G 11. FGOALS-g1.0 12. GFDL-CM2.0 13. GFDL-CM2.1 1 EQ/FH 73 35 133 18 35 35 73 73 73 18 35 57 57 18 15 15 212 11 25 35 212 35 35 27 116 26 150 2 EQ/MO 65 27 125 16 29 27 65 65 65 16 27 46 46 15 10 10 178 9 24 27 178 27 27 25 98 10 66 3 EQ/SD 6 1 9 0 1 1 6 6 6 0 1 3 3 2 1 1 13 0 1 1 13 1 1 3 9 0 413 4 EQ/WD 131 57 225 29 57 57 131 131 131 29 57 82 82 35 22 22 365 21 47 57 365 57 57 47 184 38 1080 5 CD 7 2 11 1 2 2 7 7 7 1 2 6 6 3 0 0 17 2 2 2 19 2 2 2 12 5 5 6 HD 3 1 1 0 1 1 3 3 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 1 4 1 1 1 3 8 6 7 CS 20 7 37 5 8 7 20 20 20 5 7 13 13 3 5 5 58 2 5 7 58 7 7 10 31 15 23 8 HS 2 3 8 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 5 5 0 2 2 10 0 1 3 10 3 3 2 5 3 136 9 WT/FH/SH 52 21 97 15 21 21 52 52 52 15 21 35 35 12 8 8 146 8 18 21 146 21 21 22 82 43 61 10 WT/FH/SW 19 14 33 3 14 14 19 19 19 3 14 17 17 4 2 2 63 2 7 14 63 14 14 7 37 26 83 11 WT/FH/SC 2 1 8 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 12 0 1 1 12 1 1 1 4 0 4 12 WT/SD/SH 13 WT/SD/SW 4 4 13 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 7 7 2 1 1 26 0 3 4 26 4 4 4 14 6 13 14 WT/SD/SC 1 0 2 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 WT/WD/SH 18 6 25 5 6 6 18 18 18 5 6 12 12 3 2 2 45 1 6 6 45 6 6 5 23 15 16 16 WT/WD/SW 11 4 19 2 5 4 11 11 11 2 4 6 6 1 2 2 23 1 2 4 23 4 4 4 17 7 47 17 WT/WD/SC 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 2 0 1 18 SN/FH/SH 19 SN/FH/SW 20 SN/FH/SC 21 SN/FH/EC 22 SN/SD/SH 23 SN/SD/SW 24 SN/SD/SC 25 SN/ST/EC 26 SN/WD/SH 27 SN/WD/SW 28 SN/WD/SC 29 SN/WD/EC 30 PF 31 PT 16 12 31 3 12 12 16 16 16 3 12 12 12 1 4 4 46 0 9 12 46 12 12 3 20 4 21 14. GISS-AOM 15. GISS-EH 16. GISS-ER 17. INGV-SXG2005 18. INM-CM3.0 19. IPSL-CM3.0 20. MIROC3.2(mr) 21. MIROC3.2(hr) 22. MRI-CGCM2.3.2 23. PCM-NCAR 24. UKMO-HadCM3 25. UKMO-HadGEM1 Stations 1961-1991 T P

First Part of Investigations on Climate Models Comparative Analysis

Notations of the Parameters Analysed in the First Part of Investigations σ, k X r ( m ) [ M:j:N ], ix ( α ) [ M:N ], i ( α ) s, k r ( m) Real measured (r or 0) and reproduced (m=1,2, 25 - model number) monthly (i=1,2 12) values and mean square deviation of meteorological parameter X (α) (1-T mean, 2 -T min, 3 - T max, 4 - Precip) for the meteorological station (or the model gridpoint) number s of the Köppen climate region (k) (if (s) symbol is absent - on this region area averaged) for the year (j) of the time period [M:N]. If symbol (j) is absent this time period averaged). s

Meteorological Parameters Subjected to the First Part of Climatic Models Comparison Analysis [1 5],i [1 5],i k kt σ (mean) ; r(m) (mean) T r ( m) ; [1 5],i kt Mean Values (min) ; r(m) [1 5],i (max) k T r(m) Mean Square Deviations [1 5],i k σ (min) T r ( m) ; [1 5],i k σ (max) T r ( m) ; ; [1 5],i P k r(m) [1 5],i kσ P r(m).. Real (r) and 22 model (m) values of 8 meteorological parameters for 12 months (i) of 5 historical 30-year periods [1-5] for each Köppen climatic regions (k) (over all continents) contain the necessary amount of stations and model gridpoints.

Indices Used in Comparative Analysis

Probability Density Functions for Regionally Averaged Mean, Max and Min Temperatures and Precipitation = 2 2 ) ( 2 ) ( ) ( 2 ] [ ] [ ] [ ] 9 [ exp 1 ) (. mean r i : mean i : mean i : mean i k T k r k Tr k r,, 90 61, 90 61, 90 61 0 61 T T T T σ σ ρ π = 2 ) ( 2 ) ( ) ( 2 ) ( ] 9 [ ] [ ] 9 [ ] 9 [. 2.. / ln exp 1 r, 0 61, 90 61 r, 0 61 0 61 P P r, a P P a P i k i k i k i k r. P P π ρ Normal: Log-Normal:

Indices Used in Comparison Analysis of T mean, T min, T max and Precipitation ) I (1 Xm Xr = X m X r X r ; I (2) Xm Xr = abs( X m X r X r ) ; I (3) Xm Xr = abs( X m X r σ r ) ; I ( 4) 1990 ( ) ( ) [ [ 61:90],i mean [ 61: j: 90], i mean 2 exp ] [ 90] 1 61:, i mean for ktr ktm Tm = 1 ; [ 61: 90],i mean 2 k 1990 1961 2 ( k σt r ) j = 1961 [ 61:90], i [ 61:j:90], i 2 1990 [ : ], 1 ( ln P ) ( ) = [ 1 exp [ ], ] 61 90 i for P k r k m k m. 61:90 i 1990 1961 2 = 2 ( a ) j 1961 k Pr I µ ( 4, ) µ=lnm ; M, a median and form-parameter of the lognormal Precip PDF.

I I (5) (6) Complex Comparison Indices Distance in probability density function spaces i α ( for X ) = R[ ρ ( X ) ρ ( X )] = ρ ( X ρ ( X [ ] r ρ r ( X ) ρ m ( X = ρ r ( X ) ln dx. i α (lat) ( for X ) = D ) m m KL r m X [ ρ ( X ) ρ ( X )] dx. Lateral Kullback-Leibler relative entropy (divergence) Symmetric Kullback-Leibler relative entropy (divergence) X r m m 2 ) ) I (7) (for i X α m ) = = D (sym) KL = D (lat) KL [ ] (lat) ρ ( X ) ρ ( X ) + D [ ρ ( X ) ρ ( X )]= r m ρ r ( X ) ρ ( X ) m ρ r ( X ) ln dx + ρ m ( X ) ln dx ρ ( X ) ρ ( X ) X m X KL m r r.

3-D View of R T (T m,σ m ) Surface RT 1,0 0,9 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0,0 1 5 9 13 17 21 T e m p e ra tu re, C d e g re e s 25 29 33 37 41 Р 1 Р 8 Р 15 Sigma T

3-D View of D KL (T m,σ m ) Surface D(KL) sym T 11,0 10,0 9,0 8,0 7,0 6,0 5,0 4,0 3,0 2,0 1,0 0,0 18,0 18,5 19,0 19,5 20,0 Temperature, C degrees 20,5 21,0 21,5 22,0 0,5 1,7 1,1 Sigma T

Indices Used in Comparison Analysis of Model Mean Square Deviations of Meteorological Parameters. ) (for r r m m X X X X I (9) σ σ σ σ = ; ) ( ) ( abs for r r m m X X X X I (8) σ σ σ σ =

Integral Indices Used in Comparative Analysis = = 12 1 i ], ; [ ] : [ α α m i N M k m M N k X X (year) k I I = = k ], : [ ], : [ N 1 k α α m i M N k m i M N X k X i (spat) I S I = = = k ], ; [ ], : [ N 1 k 12 1 i α α m i N M k m i M N X k X (year) (spat) I S I

Koeppen Climatic Regions over Europe

Observed and 22 Modelled Seasonal Trajectories of Mean Monthly Temperatures Averaged on the WT/FH/SW Köppen Climatic Region of Europe in 1961-1990 300 290 Temperature (K degrees) 280 270 260 250 240 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Months

Seasonal Trajectories of the Symmetrical Kulbach-Leibler Relative Divergence Between Observed and 22 Modelled Mean Monthly Temperatures Averaged on the WT/FH/SW Köppen Climatic Region of Europe in 1961-1990 40 35 30 D(KL)sym Tmean 25 20 15 10 5 0-5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Months

Observed and Modelled Seasonal Trajectories of Min Monthly Temperatures Averaged on the WT/FH/SW Köppen Climatic Region of Europe in 1961-1990 295 290 Tmin, K degrees 285 280 275 270 265 260 255 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Months

Seasonal Trajectories of the Symmetrical Kulbach-Leibler Relative Divergence Between Observed and 22 Modelled Min Monthly Temperatures Averaged on the WT/FH/SW Köppen Climatic Region of Europe in 1961-1990 35 30 D(KL)sym, Tmin 25 20 15 10 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Months

Observed and Modeled Seasonal Trajectories of Max Monthly Temperatures Averaged on the WT/FH/SW Köppen Climatic Region of Europe in 1961-1990 305 300 Tmax, K degrees 295 290 285 280 275 270 265 260 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Months

Seasonal Trajectories of the Symmetrical Kulbach-Leibler Relative Divergence Between Observed and 22 Modelled Max Monthly Temperatures Averaged on the WT/FH/SW Köppen Climatic Region of Europe in 1961-1990 30 25 D(KL)sym Tmax 20 15 10 5 0-5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Months

Seasonal Trajectories of the Symmetrical Kulbach-Leibler Relative Divergence Between Observed and 22 Modelled Monthly Precipitation Averaged on the WT/FH/SW Köppen Climatic Region of Europe in 1961-1990 6 5 D(KL)sim P 4 3 2 1 0-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 months

Observed and Modelled Seasonal Trajectories of Monthly Precipitation Averaged on the WT/FH/SW Köppen Climatic Region of Europe in 1961-1990 140 120 Precipitation, mm/month. 100 80 60 40 20 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Months

Integral Comparative Indices of Mean Temperature for WT/FH/SW Koeppen Climatic Region of Europe Models Indices I 1 I 2 I 3 I 4 I 5 I 6 I 7 I 8 1-BCM 0,0407 0,0435 10,1158 3,7765 3,7381 8,9359 15,6542 2,5548 2-CCSR_MIROC_h 0,0170 0,0427 10,4720 3,8806 3,5801 8,2779 15,8965 1,6764 3-CCSR_MIROC_m 0,0876 0,0876 21,1455 7,7887 5,6191 20,7884 45,5282 2,3359 4-CGCM3-0,1014 0,1014 23,7977 9,6406 5,8636 22,0894 49,5036 3,2851 5-CGCM3_h 0,0034 0,0179 4,1625 0,9208 1,8421 1,7387 3,0528 1,5932 6-CNRM 0,0116 0,0396 9,3907 3,3824 3,8494 8,0875 13,3323 2,4407 7-CSIRO -0,0076 0,0205 4,7319 1,4793 1,7555 2,2409 4,2604 1,2422 8-ECHAM -0,0155 0,0384 9,1833 3,5578 2,9471 4,6396 10,2203 2,0089 9-ECHOG 0,0172 0,0541 12,9675 5,4121 4,3298 12,1071 21,6491 2,9720 10-GFDL20-0,2031 0,2031 47,6600 11,9902 7,5530 64,3659 161,3323 3,5540 11-GFDL21-0,1763 0,1763 41,4538 11,9331 7,2697 51,2928 125,3283 3,6656 12-GISS 0,0685 0,0860 20,2621 6,6189 6,8617 95,9829 125,6393 5,2262 13-GISSEH 0,1191 0,1191 28,5135 8,4595 6,1320 48,4194 96,7642 1,8178 14-GISSER -0,0561 0,1249 29,6264 9,1212 5,8750 35,7945 84,3703 3,8544 15-HadCM3 0,0484 0,0484 11,5262 4,4490 3,4344 5,5216 13,0695 3,0495 16-HadGEM1-0,0080 0,0647 15,6086 6,1067 4,4661 14,1816 28,6351 1,6489 17-INM 0,0730 0,0791 19,3594 6,2020 4,4761 17,3926 45,0138 3,4418 18-IPSL -0,0545 0,0560 13,1321 5,3401 4,0362 10,5455 22,4471 4,0869 19-LASG -0,0278 0,0581 13,8033 5,5597 3,7181 7,5709 18,9423 2,3412 20-MRI 0,0671 0,0671 15,8886 6,7977 5,8601 20,9957 33,3042 3,0561 21-NCAR_CCSM3-0,0274 0,0532 12,4189 5,0756 3,9155 7,7495 18,6695 4,5993 22-NCAR_PCM 0,0037 0,0375 8,9669 3,2643 3,0334 4,3439 9,0533 1,9136

Integral Comparative Indices of Min (upper table) and Max (lower table) Temperatures for WT/FH/SW Koeppen Climatic Zone of Europe Models Indices I 1 I 2 I 3 I 4 I 5 I 6 I 7 I 8 1-BCM 0,1839 0,1839 35,7167 9,8310 6,8406 138,4071 208,8130 3,5058 2-CCSR_MIROC_h 0,1302 0,1302 25,5001 9,3368 6,5551 74,9920 110,3262 3,1879 3-CCSR_MIROC_m 0,1848 0,1848 36,2110 9,9203 6,7700 135,6988 205,9226 2,8575 7-CSIRO 0,0929 0,0929 17,8637 6,2939 5,0144 36,1537 59,0657 2,7429 12-GISS 0,2057 0,2057 39,3256 9,5729 7,5663 434,3830 535,0810 5,1170 17-INM 0,0490 0,0949 18,1185 6,0828 3,6861 15,3836 41,0551 3,0177 22-NCAR_PCM 0,0946 0,0946 18,4063 7,2650 5,1067 33,3414 53,6901 2,3036 Models Indices I 1 I 2 I 3 I 4 I 5 I 6 I 7 I 8 1-BCM 0,0222 0,0712 12,3256 4,7455 4,4075 29,5166 42,8574 3,9600 2-CCSR_MIROC_h 0,0821 0,0821 14,1355 5,7551 4,0693 19,9686 33,3847 2,9719 3-CCSR_MIROC_m 0,1497 0,1497 25,4670 8,9135 5,3061 56,5808 94,3634 3,5434 7-CSIRO 0,0600 0,0610 9,8027 3,4947 3,0629 18,3478 28,3326 3,1880 12-GISS 0,0417 0,1241 21,3078 6,8136 6,1723 171,4708 208,5352 5,4934 17-INM 0,2079 0,2079 36,1528 9,6473 5,3816 60,3819 140,8178 4,1416 22-NCAR_PCM 0,0719 0,0719 12,0603 5,0965 3,4472 13,3082 22,9254 2,9369

Integral Comparative Indices of Precipitation for WT/FH/SW Koeppen Climatic Region of Europe Models Indices I 1 I 2 I 3 I 4 I 5 I 6 I 7 I 8 1-BCM 4,0800 4,3023 4,3023 1,8531 0,9140 11,3505 15,8702 3,7232 2-CCSR_MIROC_h 4,2157 5,3023 5,3023 2,0349 0,8001 8,8283 12,7785 2,7960 3-CCSR_MIROC_m -4,8968 4,8968 4,8968 1,3719 0,5740 3,7411 6,0721 5,9040 4-CGCM3 2,9621 4,7941 4,7941 1,7007 0,6710 6,8315 9,8738 2,4022 5-CGCM3_h -3,1004 4,1468 4,1468 1,2747 0,6872 5,3894 8,0776 5,6327 6-CNRM -1,6673 3,0712 3,0712 0,7822 0,6861 5,3719 7,8764 5,3609 7-CSIRO -0,7489 3,9940 3,9940 1,0578 0,6006 3,5391 5,5662 4,0578 8-ECHAM -4,5208 4,5965 4,5965 2,5553 0,8218 3,1675 6,7855 3,8893 9-ECHOG 0,2191 5,5876 5,5876 2,0497 0,7448 6,7845 10,3632 3,4949 10-GFDL20 10,1329 10,4970 10,4970 3,8476 0,9806 20,6909 28,4163 4,0737 11-GFDL21 7,5837 8,5050 8,5050 3,2481 1,0129 20,6976 27,8349 3,9663 12-GISS 4,4031 5,4678 5,4678 2,1611 0,9353 14,3035 19,2307 3,2521 13-GISSEH -8,1635 8,1635 8,1635 4,5211 1,4023 13,7271 21,7090 8,1073 14-GISSER 4,1581 5,6677 5,6677 2,1650 0,8197 9,2100 13,3957 3,0390 15-HadCM3-3,5147 3,5147 3,5147 1,1576 0,5682 2,3073 4,1941 4,5440 16-HadGEM1 1,4587 5,1253 5,1253 1,6384 0,5902 6,7467 9,6363 2,7467 17-INM -6,0943 6,0943 6,0943 2,8821 0,7737 5,6443 9,9566 5,5245 18-IPSL 3,3040 5,5518 5,5518 1,7225 0,6166 6,2613 9,3027 3,7093 19-LASG -7,4776 7,4776 7,4776 3,6027 1,0946 10,4573 16,1620 7,5703 20-MRI -5,0185 5,0185 5,0185 2,2572 0,7827 3,5674 6,5187 4,7960 21-NCAR_CCSM3-2,0640 3,4460 3,4460 0,8010 0,4520 2,1319 3,4922 3,4754 22-NCAR_PCM -3,4329 3,7557 3,7557 1,0837 0,4982 2,4460 4,1679 4,6004

Second Part of Investigations on Climate Models Comparative Analysis

[M:j:N], i k Linear Regressions of Real (r) and Modeled (m) Monthly Temperatures and Precipitation (i) on Altitude and Coordinates within Each Köppen Climatic Region for Each Year (j) of Five Historical Time Periods T = a + a h + a ϕ + a λ (mean) r(m) [M:j:N], i k ( Tmean ) [M:j:N], i ( Tmean ) [M:j:N], i ( Tmean ) [M:j:N], i ( Tmean ) 0, r ( m ) k h, r ( m ) k ϕ, r ( m ) k λ, r ( m ) r(m) r(m) r(m) ; [M:j:N],i k (min) [M:j:N], i ( Tmin ) [M:j:N], i ( Tmin ) [M:j:N], i ( Tmin ) [M:j:N], i ( Tmin ) T = a + a h + a ϕ + a λ r ( m) k 0, r ( m) k h, r ( m) r(m) k ϕ, r ( m) r(m) k λ, r ( m) r(m) ; [M:j:N], i k (max) [M:j:N], i ( Tmax ) [M:j:N], i ( Tmax ) [M:j:N], i ( Tmax ) [M:j:N], i ( Tmax ) T = a + a hm:j:n + a ϕ + a λ r ( m ) k 0, r ( m ) k h, r ( m ) r(m) k ϕ, r ( m ) r(m) k λ, r ( m ) r(m) ; [M:j:N], i k P r = a + a h + [M:j:N], i ( P) [M:j:N], i ( P ) [M:j:N], i ( P ) [M:j:N], i ( P ) ( m) k 0, r ( m) k h, r ( m) r(m) k ϕ, r ( m) r(m) k λ, r ( m) r(m) a ϕ + a λ ; a - Regression coefficients h, φ, λ Altitude, latitude and longitude of stations or model gridpoints

Notations of the Parameters Analysed in the Second Part of Investigations ka [ M:N ], i ( α ) k aβ, [ M:j:N ], i ( α ) β, r ( m) σ (r,m) Values of the four regression coefficients a β (β=0,1,2,3) calculated using real measured data (r or 0) or model reproduced (m=1,2, 25 - model number) data for month (i) (i=1,2 12) for the year (j) of time period [M:N] and the mean square deviations of these regression coefficients for meteorological parameters α (1-T mean, 2 -T min, 3 - T max, 4 - Precip) over the Köppen climate region (k). If simbol j is absent this period years averaged.

Observed and Modelled Seasonal Trajectory of T mean Altitudinal Gradient over the WT/FH/SW Köppen Climatic Region of Europe 0,008 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 0,004 Centigrades/m 0-0,004-0,008-0,012-0,016 Monthes

Observed and Modelled Seasonal Trajectory of the T mean Latitudinal Gradient over the WT/FH/SW Köppen Climatic Region of urope 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Centigrades/grad.lat -0,5-1 -1,5-2 -2,5 Months

Observed and Modelled Seasonal Trajectory of T mean Longitude Gradient over the WT/FH/SW Köppen Climatic Region of Europe 1,2 0,8 Centigrades/gra.lon 0,4 0-0,4-0,8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 M onths

Observed and Modelled Seasonal Trajectory of Constant in Regression Model for T mean over the WT/FH/SW Köppen Climatic Region of Europe 100 80 Centigrades 60 40 20 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 M onths

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