New Vision New Humanity

New Vision New Humanity (Study) Editor: Fr. T. P. Elias Published by Joice Thottackad on behalf of Sophia Books for the glory of God and for the benefit of humankind. First Published : July 2000 Cover Design : equations ( 564736 Typesetting : Sophia Books, Kottayam ( 303237 Copies : 1000 Printing : Nationalcity Offset, Kottayam

New Vision New Humanity Editor Fr. T. P. Elias Sophia Books KOTTAYAM

6 hmmvapjw Zm i-\n-i, Nn -I, thz-im-kv{x- XpSßn \nc-h[n taje-i-fn hniz-hn-{ip-x-\mb ]utemkv am {KntKm-dn-tbmkv sa{xm-t meo-ømsb ]pxnb Xe-ap-dbv v ]cn-n-b-s -Sp-Øp-hm-\p Hcp Ffnb {ia-amwo {KŸw. {KntKm-dn-b cn-\-iƒ `qcn-`m-khpw kam-l-cn- -s - n- p- v. ]t Ah-bn hfsc Ipd p am{xta {]kn- o-i-cn- -s - n- p- p. {KntKm-dnb Z i-\-߃ v {]k ntbdp Cu temi kml-n-cy-øn B cn-\-iƒ {]kn- o-i-cn p ImWp-hm At\-I B{K-ln- p- p- v. sa{xm-t m-eo-øm-bpss hmsam-gn-iƒ kam-l-cn- p-hm-\p {ia-߃ 1992 am{xta Bcw-`n- p- p. Kth-j-I\pw ]{X-{]-h Ø-I-\p-amb {io. tpmbvkv txm -bv m-smwv `mhn Xe-ap-d-Iƒ p th n {KntKm-dnb hmsam-gn-iƒ kam-l-cn v kq n- p-hm ap n- n-d-ßn-b-xv. sa{xmt m-eo-ømsb \ng t]mse ]n Xp-S v At\Iw {]kw-k-ßfpw m p-ifpw At±lw kam-l-cn- p. {io. tpmbvkv txm -bv msv 1992 apx \S-Ønb ]cn{ia^-e-ambn Xøm-dm- s Hcp _nªntbm{k^n Cu {KŸ-Øn A\p-_- -ambn Dƒs m n- n-cn- p- p. {KntKm-d-nb Nn -Isf pdn v ]Tn- p-hm\pw Kth-jWw \S-Øp-hm\pw {ian- p- -h v Cu _nªn-tbm-{k^n Aaqey-\n-[n-bm-Wv. `mhn-bn {KntKm-dn-b- Nn -I-fpsS kºq W-amb Hcp _nªntbm{k^n Bsc- nepw Xøm-dm- p-sa- n Ah v D]-Icn psa Nn -bn-emwv A]q Wamb Cu _nªn-tbm-{k^n Cu {KŸ- Øn Dƒs SpØn-bn-cn- p- -Xv. ]utemkv am {KntKm-dn-tbmkv F a\p-jy-s\bpw Nn -I-s\bpw ASp-Ø-dn-bm\pw {KntKm-dn-b hnnm-c-tem-i-tø v {]th-in- m\pw Cu {KŸw hgn-im nbmhp-sa- mwv Rß-fpsS {]Xo. Kpcp]q-Pbv v \nth-zy-ambn Cu {KŸw ka n- p- p. ^m. n. ]n. Gen-bmkv sa{xm-t m-eo-øm-bpss {]`m-j-w-ß-fpss {]k n a\- n-em- nb H -s Nne hy n-iƒ kam-l-cn GXm\pw {]`m-j-w-ßfpw {io. tpmbvkv txm -bv msv kam-l-cn {]`m-j-w-ß-fp-amwv Cu {KŸ- Øns BZy Zf-Øn Dƒs -Sp-Øn-bn-cn- p- -Xv. hniz-hn-{ip-x-\mb sa{xm-t m-eo-ømbv v temi-sa-ºmspw {]i-kvxcmb Ht sd kvt\ln-x- m-cpw injy- m-cpap m-bn-cp- p. sa{xm-t meo-ømsb ASp-Ø-dn Ah-cpsS kvt\l-kva-c-w-iƒ kamlcn- phm-\p {iaw 1993 apx {KnKdn Hm^v C Uy ÃUn sk Bcw- `n- n-cp- p. Aßs\ kam-l-cn- -s - {]_- -ß-fmWv c mw Zf- Øn. {KntKm-dn-b cn-\-i-fpss Hcp kºq Æ _nªn-tbm-{k^n CXphsc {]kn- o-i-cn- -s - n- n-. ]e Ime-ß-fn sa{xm-t m-eo-øm-bpss tej-\-ß-fpss enãp-iƒ Xøm-dm- -s - n- ps- - nepw Ah Imem-\p- {I-a-ambn Xøm-dm n {]kn- o-i-cn- m Bcpw {ian- -Xmbn Adn-hn.

7 8 {]km-[-i- p-dn v ]utemkv am {KntKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta\n \Ωn \n pw hmßnt m-bn v aq p h jw Ign- n-cn- p- p. At±-l-Øns A`mhw krjvsn iq\yx \ΩpsS _u ni taj-e-bnepw Bflob taj-ebnepw ]cn-l-cn- -s -SmsX Xs InS- p- p. temi-øn\pw, {]txy-in v `mc-x-øn\pw ae- -ck`bv pw sszhw \ Inb henb Zm\-am-bn-cp p am {KntKm-dn-tbmkv. ]t Aßs\-sbmcp a\p-jys kºq Æ-am-sbmcp Poh-N-cn{Xw Xøm-dm- p- - Xnt\m hnhn-[- `m-j-i-fn-embn At±lw cnn Bbn-c-Øn-e-[nIw hcp {]_- -ß-fn Ipsd-sb- nepw {]kn o-i-cn- p-hmt\m \ap- n-\nbpw Ign- n- n-. Cu Hcp kml-n-cy-ønemwv {KnKdn Hm^v C ym ÃUn sk dpw tkm^nbm _pivkpw Cu cwkøv {]k- -amb Nne Imcy-߃ snøphm {ian- p-sim- n-cn- p- -Xv. B kwcw-`-ß-fn Cu {KŸhpw s]sp p. sa{xm-t m-eo-øm-bpss {]`m-j-w-ßfpw At±-l-sØ- p-dn- p ]T- \-ßfpw {KntKm-dn-b cn-\-i-fpss Hcp _nªn-tbm-{k-^nbpw Cu IrXnbn Dƒs m- n- n-cn- p- p. hnpnbpw, txmakv si. F{_lmapw Ip p-tamfpw, tpmbn F{_- lmapw s]æωbpw, tpm ]n. tpmk^pw A\p-Pbpw, ^nen v ]n. tpmk^pw tj en-bpw, txmakv tp _pw imc-z-bpw, Cu Bimcn-bØpw td -eωbpw, txmakv si. h Kokpw kqk\pw F n-h-cm- W-h. sa{xm-t m-eo-ømsb kvt\ln- p B Zº-Xn-I-tfm-Sp \µnbpw kvt\lhpw Af-h- -Xm-Wv. Ch {KntKm-dn-b Nn -I-sf- pdn v ]Tn- p-hm Hcp ]T-\-th-Znbpw Bcw-`n- m B{K-ln- p- p. B ]T-\-th-Zn-bn \n p-cp-øn-cn-bp tej-\-߃ ]pkvx-i-cq-]-øn {]kn- o-i-cn- p-hm\pw B{K-ln- p- -Xmbn a\- n-em- p- p. \yqtp-gvkn-bn-ep {io. s_ n Ipcy-\mWv Cß-s\-sbmcp {KŸ- {]-kn- o-i-c-w-øn-\p- Rßsf t{]cn- n- Xpw t{]m m-ln- n- -Xpw. tkm^nbm _pivkns G -hp-a-spø A`yp-Z-b-Imw- n-i-fn-sem-cm-fmb {io. s_ n-tbm-sp IrX- X hm p-i-fn HXp- m-hp- -X-. ]uckvxy k`m-]n-xm- - m-cpss cn-\-iƒ {]kn- o-i-cn- p-hm th n cq]o-ir-x-amb tkm^nbm _pivkns Ccp-]-Xm-aXv {KŸ-am- Wn-Xv. ]uckvxy k`mtpymxn- mb ]utemkv am {KntKm-dn-tbmkns hmsam-gn-ifpw At±-l-sØ- pdn- p ]T-\ßfpw Dƒs m- p Cu kam-lmcw kzm`n-am\w R߃ hmb-\- m p ka n- p- p. tkm^nbm _pivkn-\p-th n tpmbvkv txm -bv msv sa{xm-t m-eo-øm-bpss hmsam-gn-iƒ kam-l-cn- n-cn- p Cu {KŸ- {]-kn- o-i-c-w-øns kmº-øn-i-`mcw Gs -Sp-Øn-cn- p- Xv Atacn- -bn-ep Umf-kv, \yqtbm v, \yqtp kn F o CS-h-I-Ifnse am {KntKm-dn-tbmkv sa{xm-t m-eo-øm-bpss kplr-øp- fpw Bcm- [-I-cp-amb Hcp kwlw IpSpw-_-ß-fmWv. Ah sa{xm-t m-eo-ømbpss hy n-po-hnxøn BIr-jvS-cm-b-hcpw ASpØ Xe-ap-dbv v {KntKm-dn-b Nn -Iƒ a\- n-em- n-s m-sp- -W-sa v B{K-ln- p- hcpw CXn-lm-k-Xp-ey-amb B Pohn-XsØ B p-xm-z-c-ß-tfmss t\m n mwp hcp-sam-s -bm-wv. si. Fw. tp _v Icn-ß-Wm-a - Ønepw Gen-bm-Ωbpw, ]o Ipdn-bm-t mkpw _o\bpw, kænbpw s]m -Ωbpw, ]n. si. tp _pw adn-bmωbpw, s_ n Ipcy\pw

9 10 BapJ ]T\w am {KntKm-dn-tbmkpw ]uckvxy Nn -bpss aueo-ixbpw ^m. tum. si. sp. K{_n-tb 1966 emwv Rm ]utemkv am {KntKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\nsb (A v ^m. n. t]mƒ h Kokv) BZy-ambn ImWp- -Xv. AJn-e-temI k`miu kn Atkm-kn-tb v sk{i- -dn-bm-bn-cp At±lw 1966 Unkw-_dn skan-\mcn kµ in- p. Rm skan-\m-cn-bn hnzym n-bmbn tn h jw. A v skan-\mcn {]n kn- embn-cp ^oen-t mkv am sxtbm^ntemkv Xncp-ta- \n-bpss \n t±-im-\p-k-cww k ym-{]m -\-bv p-tijw At±lw skan- \mcn Nm -en {]kw-kn- p. hn. I\y-I-a-dn-bman\v k`-bn-ep ÿm\-am-bncp p hnj-bw. sszh-tømsv \mw {]m n- p- p. -I-\y-I-a-dn-bm-an-t\mSpw {]m n- p- p. c pw XΩn F mwv hyxymkw? Hm Ø-tUmIvkv k` hn. I\y-I-a-dn-bm-ans\ sszh-am- p-i-bmtwm? Cu tnmzy-߃ A m-eøv a\- ns\ Ae- n-bn-cp- p. ^m. t]mƒ h Ko-kns {]kwkw Fs kwi-b߃ Zp-co-Icn p. At±-lw ]d p: ""sszhw {kjvsm-hm-wv. I\y-I-a-dnbw krjvsn-bpam-wv. krjvsn-bpss ]cn-[n- p- n am{x-amwv I\y-I-a-dn-bm-ans ÿm\w. F m krjvsn-bpss ]cn-[n- p- n Øs F m ]cn-ip- - m-cpssbpw \nc-bn hn. I\y-I-a-dn-bm-an\v A{Kn-a-ÿm-\-ap- v. ImcWw Ahƒ a\p-jym-h-xmcw snbvx sszhsøs AΩ-bm-Wv. A{X t{ijvs-amb ZuXyØn\v A l-bmbn sszhw I v Xncs SpØv th Xn-cn- -h-fm-wv. Ahƒ \ΩpsS AΩ-bm-Wv. {InkvXp-hn cq]-s phcp Hcp ]pxnb P\-XbpsS BZn-ÿm-\Øv Ahƒ \ap p amxmhpw amx-ri-bp-ambn \ne-sim- p p. kakvx temi-øn\pw th n I Øm-hns\ hln psim p \n p AΩ k`-bpss {]Xn-\n-[nbpw {]Xo-I-hp-am-Wv''. X-n-cn p t\m p-tºmƒ Hm ØtUmIvkv hnizmk]t-\-øn-te- p Fs D]-\-b\w Kpcpthm injyt\m t_m[-]q -a-d-n-bmsx A -hnss \S pign- n-cp- p. 1967 ^m. n. t]mƒ h Kokv {]n kn- -embn h p. A m-eøv Xmc- X-tay\ IqSp-X kabw At±lw skan-\m-cn-bn Nne-h-gn- n-cp p. [mcmfw hnj-b-߃ At±lw Rßsf ]Tn- n- p. ]pxn-b-\n-baw, sszhim-kv{xw, Bcm- [-\m-im-kv{xw, k`m-iq-zm-i-iƒ Ch-sb mw At±lw ssiimcyw snbvxncp hnj-b-ß-fm-wv. ]pdsa kwhm-z-ßfpw {]`m-j-w-ßfpw D m-hpw. A mcm-jv{s- k-tω-f-\ßfn ]s -SpØ tijw XncnsI FØp-tºmƒ \S-Øn-bncp Ah-tem-I-\-߃ k`-bnepw kaq-l-ønepw Db phcp G hpw ]pxnb {]h-w-x-ifpw Nn -Ifpw ]cn-n-b-s -Sp-hm-\p kµ `-ß-fm-bn-cp- p. Hcp hiøv Hm Ø-tUmIvkv hnizmkw bp nkl-hpw, thzm-[n-jvtn-xhpw, ]nxm- - m-cpss {]t_m-[-\-ß-fn Du nbxpw Xo Øpw ]uc-kvxyhpamsw Bflm hpw Bg-hp-amb t_m[yw; adp-h-i-øv Zm i-\n-ihpw Nn m-]-c-hp-amb ]pxnb {]h-w-x-i-tfmspw k`-bnepw kaq-l-ønepw Db p hcp Hmtcm Ne-\ß-tfmSpw kwh-zn- m\pw {Inbm-fl-I-ambn {]Xn-I-cn- m- \p-ap {]Xyp - -a-xn-xzw. Ch c pw ka-rvp-ambn ktω-fn- n-cp- p-sh- -XmWv {KntKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS hy n-xz-øn-s bpw Nn -bp-ssbpw khn-ti-jx. 1960 ]. amxyqkv {]Ya _mhm Xncp-a-\- p-sim v (A v amxyqkv am AØm-\m-tkymkv sa{xm-t m-eoøm) "k`bpw IqZm-i-Ifpw' Fs mcp {KŸw (c p hmey-߃) cnn- p-i-bp- -mbn. skan-\m-cn-bn apºv At±-lam-bn-cp p Cu hnjbw ]Tn- n- p-sim- n-cp- -Xv. AXn\v D]-tbm-Kn- p-sim- n-cp Ipdn- p-iƒ hni-kn- n- -Xm-bn-cp p {]kvxpx {KŸw. {KntKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta\n (A p ^m. t]mƒ h Kokv) Cu {KŸØns D -S- -tømsv hntbm-pn v {]I-Sn- n- p-sim p ]d Imcy-߃ C pw Hm p- p. k`sb- - nbpw IqZm-i-I-sf- - nbpw amxyqkv {]Y-a Xncp-ta\n \ In-bn-cnbv p hymjym\-߃ Bw n- k`-bp-ssbpw ItØm-en m k`-bp-ssbpw \ne- ]m-sp-i-tfmsv tn phcp psh pw AXv ]uckvxy k`-i-fp-ss hnizm-k-øn\p \nc- p- -X-s pw {KntKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta\n ]d-bp-i-bp- m-bn. am{x-a Bw n- k`m ]fin-x-\mb Hen-h tnkv Izn v Fgp-Xnb ""{InkvXob IqZm-i-Iƒ'' F {KŸ-tØmSv amxyqkv {]Y-a _mhm-bpss IqZm-i-I-sf- - n-bp hymjym\w IS-s - n-cn-bv p psh pw {KntKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta\n Nq n- m-wn- p-i-bp- mbn (Oliver Chase Quick, The Christian Sacraments, London: Nisbet, 1932, New Edition. First Edition,1927). Cu \ncq-]-w-߃ amxyqkv am AØm-\m-tkymkv Xncp-ta-\nsb Ipds m- p-a IpWvTn-X-s -Sp-Øn-b-Xv. F nepw sszh-imkv{x kw_- -amb hnj-b-ß-fn {KntKm-dn-tbmkv Xncpta-\n-bpsS \ne-]m-sp-i-tfmsv {ItaW amxyqkv {]Y-a Xncp-ta\n tbmpn p h -Xm-bmWv ]n osv ImWm Ign- n- p- -Xv. bym -Øn IqZm-i-I-sf- - n-bp amxyqkv {]Y-a Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS hymjym\w s]msp- s\ D m-b-x-. h -t»-cn Koh okv am Zoh- m-

11 12 tkymkv cnn "ax-kw-k-xn-iƒ' (]n osv atxm-]-tz-i-km-c-߃ F t]cnepw {]kn- o-i-cn p) F {KŸ-Øn hn. IqZm-i-Isf kw_- n p \ In-bncn p \n -N-\-Øns XpS -bmbn thww {]kvxpx hymjym\w ]cn-k- Wn-bv m. h -t»-cn Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS "atxm-]-tz-i-km-c-߃' k tu-kviqfn ]Tn- n- n-cp- p. k tu-kviqƒ ]mtm-h-en-i-fn "tnmtzym-ø-c-߃' F `mkw D m-bn-cp p. atxm-]-tz-i-km-c-ß-fn \n pw FSp-Ø-h-bm-bn-cp p Ah. ]pxnb ]mt-]- -Xn-b-\p-k-cn- p ]mt-mh-en- \S- n-em-ip- -Xp-hsc Hm ØtUmIvkv k`-bnse k tu-kviq-fpifn "atxm-]-tz-i-km-c-߃' ]Tn- n ph n-cp- p. Hmdn-b Hm Ø-tUmIvkv k`-iƒ kwbp- -ambn Bhnjv -cn ]mt] Xn {]Im-c-amWv ]pxnb ]mtm-h-en-iƒ cnn-bv -s - -Xv. Hmdnb Hm ØtUmIvkv k tu-kviqƒ ]mt-]- -Xn-bpsS Bhn-jv Ømhpw A y- \pw ]utemkv am {KntKmdn-tbmkv Xncp-ta\n Xs Bbn-cp- psh pw ChnsS Hm t - -Xm-Wv. ]. amxyqkv {]Y-a _mhm Fgp-Xnb "k`bpw IqZm-i-Ifpw' F {KŸ- Øns c mw `mk-ømwv IqZm-iIsf n {]Xn-]m-Zn- p- -Xv. {]kvxpx {KŸ-Øns Hcp {]Xn At\z-jn-s - nepw e`y-am-bn-. F m ^m. si. Koh okv A Fgp-Xnb "k`bpw IqZm-i-Ifpw' (1982) F IrXn hmbn- pibp- m-bn. "ae- ck` amkni' bn Jfii {]kn- o-i-cn tej-\-ßfpss kam-lm-c-am-w-xv. sshzni skan-\m-cn-bn ]Tn- n-cp ImesØ Ipdn- p-iƒ {KŸ cn-\-bn D]-tbm-Kn- n- p-s v "apj-hpc' bn {KŸI Ømhv kqnn- n- n-cn-bv p- p. B Ime-L- -Øn IqZm-i-Isf- n k`-bn s]mxpth \ne-\n- n-cp {]t_m-[\w Fs v Cu ]pkvxiw km n- p- p. ap ]- d {KŸ-ß-fpsS shfn- -Øn IqZm-i-I-fpsS \n -N-\-Ønepw hymjym- \-Ønepw Ipd- -] w 1967 hsc-sb- nepw (A-Xm-bXv {KntKm-dn-tbmkv Xncpta\n skan-\mcn {]n kn- -embn hcp- -Xp-h-sc) Hm Ø-tUmIvkv k`, tdma ItØm-en m k`-bp-ss-tbm, Bw n- k`-bp-sstbm (ssl N v) {]t_m- [-\-ßsf B{i-bn- n-cp- p-sh v \n w-ibw ]d-bmw. ]. ]cp-ae am {KntKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS injy\pw ae- c a m- \p-am-bn-cp h -t»-cn am Zoh- m-tkymkv Xncp-ta-\nbpw sshzni skan- \mcn {]n kn- epw Ing- ns ImtXm-en- m-bp-am-bn-cp h - p-t amxyqkv {]Y-a _mhm Xncp-ta-\nbpw ]m mxy k`m hnizmkw ]pe Ønbn-cp- p-sh- mtwm C -d- -Xns A w? Hcn-bv -ep-a-, hnizm-k-ønepw Pohn-X-Ønepw Ah ]uckvxy hnizmkw kzmwio-i-cn- -h-cm-bn-cp- p. kpdnbm\n Bcm-[\m ]mc-º-cy-øn-eqss e`y-am-bn-cp {InkvXob B ym-fln-ix Bthmfw B n-bv m si p- m-bn-cp kpdn-bm\n ]fin-x- m-cm-bncp p Ah. F m hnizm-k-sø- n _p n-]-c-ambn hymjym-\n p simspt - n-h- -t mƒ Bw n- k`-bnepw ItØm-en- m-k-`-bnepw \ne \n n-cp Im - nkw (a-x-{]-t_m-[\ coxn) amxr-i-bm n IqZm-i-Isf \n - Nn- m\pw hymjym-\n- m\pw {ian p F p am{xw. Bw n- k`-bpss (ssl- N v) hnizmkw Hm Ø-tUmIvkv hnizm-k-tømsp tn p-h-cp p F s]mxp[mc-wbpw CXn\v Imc-W-am-bn-Øo p. F m IqZm-i-I-sf- - nbp {]t_m-[-\-øn ]uckvxy {InkvXob Nn s]m-xp-sh-bpw, kpdnbm\n ]mc-ºcyw {]txy-in pw ]m mxy k`-i-fp-ts-xn \n v Fßs\ thdn p \n p- p-sh v ae- -c-k-`sb t_m[y-s -Sp-Øm-\p Ime-L- Øns \ntbmkw Gs -Sp-Øp \nd-th- pi am{x-am-bn-cp p {KntKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta\n snbvxxv. atxm-]-tz-i-km-c-øn Bdmw kwk-xn-bmbn IqZm-i-Iƒ p \ In-bn-cn- p \n -N\w {i n- pi: ""IqZm-i-Iƒ a\p-jy-h -Øns c bv p Bh-iy-s - -h-bmbn \ΩpsS I Ømhp Iev]n p \n -bn- n- p A{]-Xy- -amb \ -I-fpsS {]Xy- -amb hnip I Ω-ß-fm-Ip- p.'' Cu \n -N-\- Øn\v H -t\m- -Øn A]m-I-X-sbm- p-an-s p txm n-tb- mw. F m kq va ]cn-tim-[-\-bn CXv Bw n- k`-bpss IqZm-i-I-sf- - n-bp \n -N-\-tØmSv CW-ßn-t m-ip- -Xmbn ImWmw. Bw n- k`-bpss Book of Common Prayer se Im - n-k-øn IqZm-i-Isf Cßs\ \n -Nn- n-cnbv p p: "Sacrament is an outward and visible sign of an inward and spiritual grace given unto us ordained by Christ himself as a means whereby we receive the same, and pledge to assure us thereof.''. B -co-bhpw Bflo-b-hp-amb Ir]-IfpsS _mlyhpw {]Xy- -hp-amb Nn -ambn IqZm-isb ChnsS \n -Nn- n-cn- p- p. CXv atxm-]-tz-i-km-c-ønse \n -N-\-tØmSv km[ Ωy-ap- -XmsW v a\- n-em- m hnj-a-an-. hn. -Iq-Zm-i-I-sf- n AK-kvXo-t\mkv (AD. 354-430) \ Ip hymjym-\-øn \n pw txmakv AIzn-\mkv (1225-1274) hni-kn- n-s -SpØ \n -N-\-amWv Bw n- k`-bpss {]t_m-[-\-øn-\m- [m-cw. IqZm-i-I-sf- - n-bp Hcp hni-zo-i-cww {i n- pi; Zriy-amb hkvxp (element or matter) hnt bym Dt±-iy-tØmsS (right intention) \n n-xh-n\w (word or form) D -cn- p-tºmƒ IqZmi ]q ØoI-cn- -s -Sp- p (-^m.- si. -Koh okv A, k`bpw IqZm-i-I-fpw, 30-31 t]pp-iƒ). Cu hni-zo- I-c-W-Ønepw ap ]-d \n -N-\-Ønepw ImWp {][m\ ]Z-߃ F mw- Xs ]m mxy k`-bpss IqZm-i-I-sf- - n-bp {]t_m-[-\-øn ImWm Ign-bpw. CXn \n v hyxy-kvx-amb Hcp Nn m-[mc ]uc-kvxy-k-`-iƒ v ss]xr- I-am-bp- v. CXn-tebv v kw`m-h-\-iƒ \ Inb ]nxm- m-cpss ]c-º-c-bn ]m mxy ]nxm- - m-tcbpw ImWmw. BZn-a-k-`-bn Bhn `-hn v ]pxn-b-

13 14 \n-b-a- {K-Ÿ-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw ]nxm- - m-cpss km y-ß-fn-eq-ssbpw Hgp-In-sb- Øp ]uckvxy {InkvXob Nn bv v Hcp A\-kyq-X-Xbpw km -{Xn-I- Xbpw Ds - mwv CXv Nq n- m-wn- p- -Xv. tdmanse hn. oωokv (AD 96), At ym-jym-bnse hn. -C- m-øn-tbmkv (A.D 35 107), entbm knse hn. -sf-td-\n-tbmkv (130-200), Ae-Ivkm-{ y-bnse hn. oωokv (150-215), tdmanse hn. -ln-t m-en- kv (170-236), Ae-Ivkm-{ y-bnse hn.- A-Øm-\mtkymkv (296 373), bdp-i-te-anse hn.- Iq-dn-temkv (315-386), \m kn-bm kknse hn. {KntKm-dn-tbmkv (329-389), ssik-dn-bm-bnse hn. _t -en-tbmkv (329-379), \n m-bnse hn. {KntKm-dn-tbmkv (330-395), Ae-Ivkm-{ ybnse hn. -Iq-dn-temkv (444), am_q-knse hn. ]oe-ivkn-t\mkv (440-523), At ym- Jym-bnse hn. tkth-dn-tbmkv (465-538), {kqknse hn. bmt m_v (451-521) F o ]nxm- - m-cpss Nn m-[m-c-tbmsv s]mcp-ø-s -Sp- -X -A-K-kvXot\mkpw -txm-akv AIzo-\mkpw {]Xn-\n[oI-cn- p ]m mxy {InkvXob Nn. hn. Iq-Zm-i-I-fpsS Imcy-Ønepw CXv A\z -a-t{x. hn. -Iq-Zm-i-I-sf- - n-bp ]uc-kvxy {InkvXob Nn -bn aq v Xmt m hm p-iƒ Ds p ImWmw: (1) clkyw (mystery-mysterion), (2) kw_ w/ ] m-fnøw (Participation/Communion-koinonia), (3) Hm Ω/]p\-cm-hn-jv -cww (Commemoration/representation-anamnesis). Cu aq p ]Z-ß-fpw ]pxn-b-\n-b-a- Øn-ep- -h-bmwv. hn.- Ip m\ XIvkm-bnepw IqZm-i-{I-a-ß-fnepw ]nxm- - mcpss {KŸ-ß-fnepw Cu aq p ]Z-ßfpw hn. IqZm-i-I-tf- - n-bp hnh-c- W-ß-fn ImWp- p. Cu ]Z-ß-fn \n pw Ah-tbmSp _ n- p-h-cp Bib-ß-fn \n pw Dcp-Øn-cn- p-h-cp hnizm-k-amwv IqZm-i-I-sf- - n-bp ]uckvxy {InkvXob Nn v ASn-ÿm-\w. ]pxn-b-\n-b-a-øn "clkyw' F hm p-sim v Dt±-in- p- Xv A\m- Zn-Im-ew-ap-X ad- p-in-s- Xpw Ime-Øn-I-hn {InkvXp-hn ]q ØoI-cn- -s - -Xp-amb sszh-øns c m-]- -Xn-b-s{X. tbip {InkvXp-hn \nd-thdnb c m-ic kw`h-߃ AXm-bXv cl-ky-߃, Cu Ime-Øn Pohn- p k` IqZm-i-I-fm-Ip Bcm-[-\m-\p-jvTm-\-߃ hgn Hm p-ibpw AXmbXv ]p\-cm-hn-jv -cn- p-ibpw Ah-bn ] p-im-cm-hp-ibpw snøp- p. Cu ASn-ÿm-\-Nn- -bn \n p sim v A -]q Æ-ambn F m IqZm-i-I-tfbpw hne-bn-cp-øm\pw hymjym-\n- m\pw kzmwio-i-cn- m\pw Ign-b-Ww. {KntKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta\n ae- -c-k-`bv v \evip A\p-im-k\w (legacy) ]uckvxy {InkvXob Nn -bpss aueo-i-x-bn-tebv v ae- c Hm Ø-tUmIvkv k` as-ßn-h-cww F -t{x. Cu {]Xn-_- X Gs -Sp- p- -Xn\v {]Xn- m- _- -cm-hp-i-bmwv \ap v At±-l-Øn\v \ Im Ign-bp G hpw bp - amb Kpcp-Z- n-w. D -S w hmmvapjw 5 Bap-J-]-T\w 7 am {KntKmdntbmkpw ]uc-kvxy-nn- -bpss aueo-i-xbpw ^m. tum.- si. -sp. K{_n-tb 9 Zfw H v {KntKm-dn-b hmsam-gn-iƒ 1. hn. -aq-tdm 16 2. ]cn-ip- - m-cpss a yÿx 19 3. {]`m-hhpw `mchpw 21 4. ta - - m-c\v D m-bn-cn-t A p tbmky-x-iƒ 27 5. ssh.- Fw. -kn. -F. bnse bph-p-\-]- m-fnøw 30 6. ]pxn-sbmcp kwkvimcw si n- -Sp- pi 36 7. `ua D -timsn 40 8. ]pxnb Pohn-X-Øn-te-bv p {]th-i\w 52 9. "k` sszh-øns {]Xy cq]-am-bn-øo-cww' 54 10. \oxn- mbn hni p Zmln- n-cn- pi 59 11. Ipcn-ins hgn 66 12. A na hnpbw \oxnbv v 70 13. a\- n\pw ico-c-øn\pw Bizmkw In Ww 76 14. `mc-x-k` BZn-ap-Xte kzx{ w 80 15. ImgvNbpw {ih-whpw 84 16. {io\mcm-bw Kpcp-tZ-h : B ym-flni ssnx-\y-øns... 86 Zfw c v kvt\l-kva-c-w-iƒ (Recollections by Friends and Fellow-Workers) 1. The essence of all that is best... - Raymond Edward Stewart 94 2. Dr. Paulos Mar Gregorios - Some... - V. R. Krishna Iyer 96 3. A Prophet with a Smile - - Dr Mani Jacob 98 4. Father Gregorios knows about... - Kabir Saxsena 107 5. Aam-\p-j- {]-Xn` ^m. F. -si. -sn-dn-bm 109 6. a\pjyalm-k-ap-{z-øn-semcp... ^m. tpm v timin 117 7. Kpcp-]m-Z-ßfn ^m.- n. ]n. Gen-bmkv 125 8. \nkzm -\mb Kpcp ^m. Fw. si. Ipdn-bm-t mkv 128 A\p-_ w Gregorios Bibliography 139

Zfw H v {KntKm-dn-b hmsam-gn-iƒ

16 17 1 hn.- aq-tdm BZn-a-k-`-bn {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ F t]cv BZy-ambn D m-bxv At ym-iym-bn h- m-w-t m. {Ink-ap- -h AXm-bXv A`n-tjIw {]m]n- n- p- -h BI-bm-emWp {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ F p hnfn- -s - ncn- p- Xv F v {In. 150- Pnhn- n-cp At ym-iym-bpss am txtbm- otemkv ]m{xn-b okv {]kvxm-hn- n- p- v. {Inkw, aqtdm F hm ns as mcp cq]-am-wv. G w {]ikvx- m-cmb t{]m -à p ]fin- X- m ]d-bp- Xv I Øm-hns Imew-ap-X 16 mw \q m- p-hsc aqtdm- \-`n-tjiw k`-bn km -{Xn-I-ambn \ne-hn-en-cp p F m-wv. ]m m-xy-k-`-iƒ pw aqtdm D v. amtam-zo- m-bv p aqtdm thw-sa- mwp ]m m-xy- th-z-im-kv{x-]-fin-x- m-cpss A`n-{]m-bw. ]m m-xy-k-`-bn amtam-zo m apßp Bfns (in-ip-hn-s ) Xebnepw ÿnco-i-c-w -(Confirmation- ) Øn s\ n-bnepw ]ptcm-lnx ] -ta ptºmƒ ssibn-epw, sa{xm ]- -ta p-tºmƒ Xe-bnepw ssibnepw hn. -ssxew ]qip- p. BZn-a-k-`-bnse ]nxm- - m aqtdm-s\- n ]d-bp- p- v. "Rßsf \nß-tfm-sp-iqss {InkvXp-hn Dd- n- p- Xpw \sω A`n-tjIw snbvxxpw sszh-a-t m. Ah \sω ap{z-bn pw Bflmhv F A mcw \ΩpsS lrz-b-ß-fn X p-an-cn- p p' F p hn.- ]u-eqkv ]d-bp p (2 simcn. 1:21,22). "\nßtfm ]cn-ip- m-flm-hn-\m A`n-tjIw {]m]n- p, Ah-\m {]m]n A`n-tjIw \nß-fn hkn- p p' F p hn. -tbm-l- m «olmbpw (1 tbml. 2:20,27) ]d-bp- p. hn. -aq-tdm At m-kvtxm-e-imew apxte D m-bn-cp IqZm-i-bm-Wv. \ΩpsS I Øm-hp -Xs CXv Bcw-`n p F mwp ]mc-º-cyw. ]m m-xy-k-`-bn F m taev]- - m pw aqtdm Iq-Zmi snbvhm A[n-Im-c-ap- v. F m ]uckvxy k`-i-fn-em-is G w {][m\ tae- y- -\mwv Cu IqZmi \n -ln- p- -Xv. AXp a p (1967 Unkw-_ 21- mw XobXn aqtdm IqZm-i-tbm-S-\p-_- n v snbvx {]kw-kw. kºm-z-i : ^m. n. hn. tpm Pv s\sp-amhv) taev]- - m-cp-ss-bpw, k`-bnse a p hnhn[ ÿm\n-i-fp-ssbpw kl-ic-w-tømsp-iqsn Bbn-cn- pw. CXp -k-`-bpss sfiy-x-bpss Hcp Zriyam-bn pw IqSn-bm-Wv. ]m m-xy-k-`bpw Hen-sh-Æbpw _ kmapw a p kpk- -{Z-hy-ßfpw tn ØmWp aqtdm ssxew D m- p- -Xv. Ah _ kmapw Hen-sh-Æbpw c p sh n- m-{x-ß-fn h p ] n-bn sim p-h-cp- p. c pw Iq n tbmpn- n v Hcp sh n-`-c-wn-bn-em-bn-cn pw kq n- p- -Xv. sa{xm IqZm-i-sNbvX hn. -ssxew ] - m sh n- p- n-i-fn hmßn sim p-t]mbn D]-tbm-Kn- p- p. aqtdm ]pcm- X\-k-`-Iƒs mw Ds v CXn \n p hy -am-w-t m. ]pcm-x- \hpw ]cn-ip- -hp-amb Cu IqZmi \ΩpsS k`-bn Ct tbmfw \ne-\n p- p. Cu A -b-ssxew kt mjssxe-am-wv. sszhw Xºp-cm\p Xs k`-tbm-sp kt m-j-øns Zriy-amWp hn. -aq-tdm. \ΩpsS Bcm- [-\-I-sf- mw-xs kt m-j-øn-t -Xm-Wv. sszh-k- n[n Ft mgpw kt m-j-i-c-am-w-t m. FÆ Btcm-Ky-sØ- tzym-xn- n- p- p. sszhk- n-[n-bn Bcm-[-\-bv mbn ASp-Øp-h-cp- -h\p Xm simgp pw \n -e-xbpw \ Ip- p. \mw saen- p-h-c p sszh-k- n-[n-bn-te p {]th-in- p- p, F m Xm \sω simgp pw shsn- p-ap- -h-cm n Xncn- -b- p- p. AXmWp hn. -aq-tdm-\-`n-tj-iw -aqew km[n- p- Xv. sszh-ir-]-bpss ^e-amb kv\nkv -Xbpw tim`bpw aqtdm aqew e`n- p- p. \msa- m-hcpw hn.- aq-tdm A`n-tjIw {]m]n- -h-cm-wv. CXp \nan- Ø-amWp \mw cmp-iob ]ptcm-lnx h -am-bn-øo-cp- Xv. cmp-iob ]ptcm-ln-x-h -Øn\p am{xta \ΩpsS I Øm-hns Xncp-i-co-c-c- - ߃ ` n p IpSn- m A l-x-bp- p. BI-bm hn.- aq-tdm hn.ip _m-\-bn kw_- n- p- -Xn\pw A\p-`-hn- p- -Xn\pw tbmkyx \ Ip- p. hn. -Ip _m\ A n- p- -Xn-\p {]txyi hcamwv BNm-cy- m pw {][m-\m-nm-cy- m p-ap- -Xv. Ah sszh- Xp-ey-cmbn \ΩpsS CS-bn hkn- p-hm th- n-bmwv Cu Ir] Ah v \ I-s - n-cn- p- -Xv. Ah sszh-ap-ºm-sibpw a\p-jy-ap- ºm-sIbpw sszh-øns Zriy-{]-Xn-a-I-fmbn hkn- p-hm-\p- -h-cm-wv. AXn-\-\p-k-cn v Npa-X-e-Ifpw Ah p- v. k`bv v FXnsc ]nimnv AXns Akq-bbpsS Aºp-Isf \nc- cw FbvXp-sIm- m-wn-cn- p- -Xv. k`m-a- sf sx n- p-hm ]nimnv Ft mgpw ]cn-{i-an- p-sim- n-cn- p- p. AXn-\m ss]im-nn-i-i- n-

18 19 s -Xn-cmbn \nc- cw kacw snøp-hm \mw _m y-ÿ-cm-wv. aq p hn[-øn-ep ss]im-nn-i-i- n-i-fmwv B[p-\n-I-Im-eØv k`-bvs - Xn-cmbn Db p-h-cp- -Xv. 1. Ie-l-Øns Bflmhv sxc-s -Sp- s- - -h-sc-t mepw hogn p Ie-l-Im-cn-I-fm- m ]nimnp {]h Øn- p- p- v. F m hn.- aq-tdm sfiy-x, kvt\lw, kam[m\w Ch hnfn- -dn-bv p- p. hn. -aq-tdm k`mw-k-ßsf kvt\l- Øns Bflm-hn Hcp-an- p-iq- p-ibpw kam-[m-\-øn kpzr-vambn _ n- n- p-ibpw snøp- p. 2. {Zhym-{Klw {Zhym-{Klw k`sb \in- n- p- -Xm-Wv. {Zhy-Øn-s -ta-tem- [-\- Øn-s -tatem A k` ]Sp-Øp-b Øn-bn- p- -Xv. ]ns tbm {InkvXp Xs c w aqew kºm-zn- n- p- -Xm-Wv. Xs, hntizm-ø-c-amb ]cn- Xym-K-Øn-emWv AXp ÿm]n-x-am-bn- p- -Xv. aqtdm {Zhym-{Kl-Ønt -X- ( p-{z- m-c-\mb intam CXp hnebv p hmßp-hm B{Kln- Xp in m l-ambn hn. -]-t{xmkv Nq n- m-wn- n- p- v. At m. 8:20). aqtdm \sω _en-bmbn I Xr-k- n-[n-bn ka n- p- -Xn\pth- n-bp- -Xm-Wv. 3.- ÿm-\-tamlw ]e Ie-l-߃ pw ImcWw ÿm\-tam-l-am-wv. ÿm\-tam-l-øn- \p-th n a\p-jy GXv A[ Ω-Øn\pw apxn-cpw. aqtdm Xmgva-bpsS Bflm-hm-Wv. AXn-\m XΩn XΩn Xmgp-hm-\p a\ mwp \ap p th -Xv. B[p-\n-I-k-`sb Ae- p Cu aq p i{xp-x-iƒs -Xn-cmbn sszhm-fl-_-e-tøm-ss kacw snøp-hm \ap p km[n- -Ww. C p \n -ln- -s sszhn-i-amb Cu IqZmi AXn\p {]tnm-z\w \ Is. 2 ]cn-ip- - m-cpss a yÿx ]cn-ip- - m-cpss a y-ÿx {InkvXp-hns GI-a- y-ÿ-xsb Ah- K-Wn- p- txm eml-h-s -Sp-Øp- txm BsW p Nne B[p\nI kap-zm-b-hn-`m-k-߃ ]d-bp- p- v. F m AXv A -iq-\y-amb Hcp A`n-{]m-b-am-Wv. ]cn-ip- - msc BZ-cn- p-ibpw Ah-cpsS a yÿ-x-bn A`-b-s -Sp-Ibpw snbvi F Xv BZn-a-k-`-bn, hn.- kvtx m-t\m-kns c -km- n-xz-tømsp IqSn-Øs Bcw-`n- -XmWv. hn.- kvtx- m-t\m-kns Bflm-hns\ kzoi-cn- m I Øm-hmb tbip ]nxm-hmb sszh-øns he-øp-`m-køp \n p- -Xm-bn- mwv I Xv. kvtx m-t\m-kns {]m \ I Øm-hns a y-ÿ-x-tbmsp kwtbm- Pn- n- s -Sp-I-bm-Wp- m-b-xv. kvtx m-t\m-kns arx-i-cocw ` n ]q w AS- w- sn-ø-s - p. 2 mw \q m- m-b-t m-tg pw c -km- n- I-fpsS `uxn-im-h-in-jvs-߃ kºq-py-ß-fmbn kam-z-cn- -s - n-cp- p. Ah-cpsS I_ t{xmtwm-kmbn D]-tbm-Kn p hn. -Ip m\ A n p h p. am{x-a-, B n Hcn- knan- -dn-bn _en A n- p Hcp ]Xn-hp-IqsS-bp- mbn. 4 Dw, 5 Dw \q m- p-i-fn t{xmtwm-kns bpw X_vsseØm-bp-sSbpw IqZm-i-bv v, IS- p-t]mb Hcp ]cn-ip- s Aÿn- IqSn Ahiyw thw-sa mbn. _en-]o-t-߃ ÿm]n- p- -Xn\v Xncp-ti-jn v Hcp A\p-t]- -Wo-b -h-kvxp-hm-bn-øo p. ]n osp ] n-iƒ h n- p-h- -t mƒ AkvYnIƒ In m-\n- m-xm-bn. At mƒ Ahsc AS- n-bn- p ÿesø aæp -axn F p-h- p. AXpw In m-\n- m-xm-b-t mƒ Ah-cpsS I_-dn- simfp-øn-bn- p \ne-hn-f- nse FÆ-bm-bmepw axn-bmipw F p k` \n -bn- p. Pohn- n-cn- p- -h XΩn XΩn "F\n- p-th n {]m n - Wta' F p ]d-bpi B[p-\nI k`m-hn-`m-k-ß-fnepw km[m-c-w-amwv. CXp {InkvXp-hns a y-ÿ-xsb A\m-Z-cn- p H m-sw v Ah (1969 \hw-º 3 mw XobXn hn. -Ip m-\m-\- cw ]cp-ae skan- \mcn Nm -en snbvx {]kw-kw. kºm-z-i : ^m. n. hn. tpm Pv s\sp-amhv)

20 21 ]d-bp- n. Aß-s\-sb- n icocw hn p {InkvXp-hn-t\mSv Gsd ASpØp-Po-hn- p ]cn-ip- - m-tcmsv "R߃ p-th n {]m n- - Wta' F p ]d-bp- Xpw {InkvXp-hns a y-ÿ-xsb Ah-K-Wn- p- -Xm-I-bn-. \ΩpsS k`-bn kw`-hn- n- p h Im-cy-ß-sf mw Xs \ΩpsS _p n-i- n-simt m `c-w-ssh-`-hw-simt m BsW p \ap v Ah- Im-i-s -Sm \nhr-øn-bn-. \ΩpsS \ne-\n-ev]n-\p-x-s bpw ]cn-ip- - mcpss a y-ÿx CuSp klm-b-am-wv. Ah F m-bvt]mgpw \ap- p-th n {]m n- p-sim- n-cn- p- p. imco-cn-i- ]-cm-[o-\-x-iƒ v Ah hiw-h-z-c-. _e-lo-\-cmb \mw Ipsd kabw ASp- n p {]m n- p-tºm-tg pw own p p. F m IS- p-t]m-bh \nc- cw {]m n- p-sim- n-cn- p- p. Ah-cpsS Bfl-h \ {]m -\-bnemwv. BI-bm {]m n- p- -Xn\v Ah p Ign-hv, Pohn- n-cn- p- -h-cp-ts-xnt\- mƒ hfsc asßp IqSp-X-em-Wv. ]cn-ip ]cp-a-e- Xn-cp-ta\n \ap- p-th n \S-Øp a y-ÿx \ΩpsS I Øm-hns a y-ÿ-x-tbmsp kwtbm-pn- n- -s -Sp-Ibpw Aßs\ \ap v A\p- {K-l-Øn\pw hmgvhn\pw tlxphmbn-øo-cp-ibpw snøp- p. 3 {]`m-hhpw `mchpw \nß-sfs tbmky-s\ v {]Jym-]n- n-cn- p- p. Rm Cu ÿm\- Øn\v Atbm-Ky-\m-sW v F\n- -dn-bmw. sszhhpw AX-dn-bp- p. sszh-øn\p am{xta Fs tbmky-\mb Hcp \ CS-b-\m- n-øo phm Ign-bq. Fs sndnb B n Iq- -Øns Ip -a alm]ptcm-ln- X-\m- n-øo p-hm-\pw, Ah-cpsS a[y-øn {InkvXp-ÿm-\o-b-\mbn \ne-sim- p-, Ahsc tkhn- p-, Ah p-th n IjvS-s -Sp-, {]m n- p-, Fs c -I F\n- p-th n Poh h- -Xp-t]mse Ah mbn Fs Pohs\ hbv p, Hcn-S-b-\m- n-xo p-hm\pw sszh-ønt\ Ignbq. alm-]p-tcm-ln-x-\mb Al-tdms Awi-h-kv{X-߃ sszhw \n - bn- -hbm-bn-cp- p. kph Æ-\q, \oe-\q, Nph- p-\q, [qavd-\q, ]ncn ] n-\q F n-h-sim- p- -Xm-bn-cp p B hnip- -hkv{xw (]p-d. 28:5). Xncp-sh-gp-Øp -]-d-bp- -Xp-t]mse "al-xz-øn\pw Ae- mc-øn\pw' ]X- w, Gt^-mZv, \of- p- m-bw, Nn{X-Ø-ø-ep \ne-b n, apsn, \Sp-s v F n-h-bmwv sszhw Iev]n hnip hkv{x-߃. F n-\mwo al-xzhpw Ae mchp-sa mw? ]mh-s P\-߃ hkn- p-, Zmcn-{Zy-hpw, emfn-xyhpw hnip- n-bpss ]cym-b-ß-fmbn ImWp- \ΩpsS \msns\ kw_- n- n-s-tømfw hfsc {]k- -amwv Cu tnmzyw. {InkvXp-hns ÿm\-ømwv alm-]p-tcm-ln-x \n p- -Xv. \ΩpsS a y-ÿ-\mbn sszh-ap-ºmsi \nxy-ambn \n p GI bym alm-]p-tcm-ln-x-\mwv {InkvXp. {InkvXp-hns B al-xzsø-bmwv `uao-i-a-lm-]p-tcm-ln-x-\mb taev]- - m-c {]Xn-\n-[o-Icn- p- -Xv. AXn-\m _en-]o-t-øn- F{Xbpw al-ø-c-amb hkv{xm-e- m-c-tømss At±lw \n -W-sa v \ΩpsS ]mc-ºcyw \njvi jn- p- p. F m tzhm-e-b-øn\p ]pdøv Hcp (U ln `{Zm-k\ CS-h-I-bpsS `cww Gs -Sp-Øp-sIm v snbvx \b-{]-jym-]\ {]kwkw. 1976 Pqsse 11, k^vz Pßv sk v tacokv ] n, \yqu ln)

22 23 k\ymknbpss efn-x-amb hkv{x-[m-c-w-amwv At±-l-Øn-\p- th- - Xv. _en-]o-t-øn- \n p alm-]p-tcm-ln-xs "al-xzhpw Ae- m-chpw', sszh-k- n-[n-bn F m-h p-ambn a y-ÿ-x-b-w-bv p {InkvXp-hns al-xz-øn-s bpw Ae- m-c-øn-s bpw {]Xn-^-e-\-am- Wv. ]pd- msv ]pkvx-i-øn alm-]p-tcm-ln-xs thj-hn-[m-\-ß-fn ]d-bp ]X- w, Gt^m-Zv, Ddow XpΩow, IncoSw F n-h-sb- - n-bmwv F\n v C\nbpw ]d-bp-hm-\p- -Xv. Gt^m-Zv, blq-z-]p-tcm-ln-x [cn- p Hcp ta h-kv{x-am-wv. kz Æw, \oe-\q, Nph- p-\q, [qavd-\q, ]ncn- - ]- n-\q F nhsim- m-wv CXp- m- p- -Xv. AØ-c-sam pw \ap- n- n-. s\ nse ]X- -Øn\v apºn-embn txmfn-eqss CXv si n-ap-dp- p- p. Gt^m- Zns si p-i-fn kz Æ-Øn ]Xn- n- p c v tkmta-zi I p-iƒ, c p txmfn-ep-ambn D m-bn-cn- pw. Hmtcm I nepw Bdm-dp-hoXw ]{ p tkm{x-ß-fpss t]cp-iƒ B I p-i-fn simøn-bn-cp- p. s\ nse ]X- -hpw, Gt^mZv D m- nb hkvxp- ƒ Xs D]- tbm-kn v \n Ωn- p- -Xm-Wv. kz Æw, \oe-\q, Nph- -p\q, [qavd- \q, ]ncn- -]- n-\q F n-h-sim v D m- nb ka-n-xp-cm-ir-xnbn-ep- -XmWv ]X- w. AXn \mep-h-cn-i-fn-embn ]{ p I p-iƒ ]Xn- n-cp- p. Hmtcm I nepw Hmtcm tkm{x-øns t]cp-iƒ simønbn-cp- p. CXmWv alm-]p-tcm-ln-xs Nn{Xw. At±lw C{km-tb-ense ]{ p tkm{x-ß-fpss t]cp-iƒ Xs Npa-en-epw, lrz-b-ønepw hln- n-cp- p. P\-ß-fmWv At±-l-Øns A`n-am-\-hpw, al-xz-øns -bpw Ae- m-c-øn-s bpw {]`m-h-ÿm-\-hpw. Hcn-S-b Ip m-sns\ txmfn hln- p- -Xp-t]m-se, At±lw Ahsc Xs txmfn hln- p-i-bm-wv. At±lw Ahsc Xs lrz-b-øn-emwv hln- p- -Xv, ImcWw Ah-cpsS t a-amwv At±-l-Øns GI-e- yw. P\-ßfpsS t a-sø- - n-bp DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw; lrz-b-kv] i-i-hpw, A\n - f-hp-amb a y-ÿ-{]m \ Ch c p-amwv Hcp alm-]p-tcm-ln-xs al-xzhpw Ae- m-chpw. P\-ß-fpsS t a-sø- - n-bp DØ-c-hm-Zn- Xz-sØ-bm-Wv, txmfnse c v tkmta-z-i- - -piƒ Ipdn- p- -Xv. B DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-amWv P\-ß-sf- p-dn v {i m-ep-hm-b, Ahsc t]mjn- n- p-, ta n p-d-tø pw \ocp-d-h-bn- -te pw Ahsc \bn- p, sn m-bv -fn \n v Ahsc c n- p-, B n ] -Øns i{xp tfmsv AS-cm-Sp-, P\-߃ p-th n Poh hbv phm t]mepw Xøm-dm-Ip Hcp \ CS-b-\m n At±-lsØ Xo p- -Xv. {]m -\, a y-ÿ-x, Znh-tk-\-bp [q]m -Ww, F m P\-ßfp-sSbpw t ssa-iz-cy-߃ pw, Bflo-b-h-f bv pw hn. -Ip _m- \-b Ww CXmWv bym DØa alm-]p-tcm-ln-x-\mb {InkvXp snøp- -Xv. {InkvXp Xs P\-ßsf kzlr-z-b-øn hln- p- -Xpt]mse alm-]p-tcm-ln-x Xs P\-ßsf Aaq-ey-c-Xv\-ß-fmbn lrzb-øn hln- p-sim v ap n- mbn {]m n- p-i-bm-wv. s\ nse ]X- -Øn-\-Sn-bn-embn Ddow, XpΩow F -dn-b-s -Sp c p I p-i-fp- v. Rm A y-b\w \S-Øn-bn- p Atacn bnse tb bqwn-th-gvkn- n-bpss ap{zm-hmiyw Cu c p G{_mb hm p-ifm-wv. Ddo-apw, XpΩo-apw, AXm-bXv {]Im-i-hpw, [m Ωn-tIm- -a-\hpw; Adnhpw hniz-kvxx-bpw, hn m-\hpw kz`m-h-ssh-in-jvsy-hpw. Ch c pw Hcp \ CS-bs AXym-hiy tbmky-x-i-fm-wv. Gt^m-Zn-s bpw ]X- -Øn-t bpw ta -I-sfms [cn- p a\p-jy kz`m-h-ssh-in- y-an- m-ø-h-\m-sw- n shdpw si p-i-y-bm-bn-cn- pw. Xn sb sndp- p-hm-\pw, \ sb kss[cyw A\p-[m-h\w snøp-hm\pw At±lw Ign-hp- -h-\m-bn-cn- -Ww. amdnse ]X- -Øn-\n-S-bn Dudnapw XpΩoapw C mø ta - - m-c, ]utcm-ln-xy-øn\v A]-am-\-am-bncn- pw. ta - - mcs _mly-amb B `m-s-߃ v \oxo-i-c-ww e`n- p- Xv B -coi m\-øn-epw, Pohn-X-hn-ip- n-bnepw am{xamwv. Al-tdm\pw Hcp Inco-S-ap- m-bn-cp p; At±-l-Øns intcm-h-kv{x- Øn\p (ap-sn- v) Np p-ambn kz Æw-sIm- p Hcp ] w. AXn "btlm-hbv v hnip w' F v simøn-bn-cp p (]p-d. 28:36). "btlmhbv v hnip w' F v IncoSw hnfn- p-]-d-bp- -sx- n-s\- p-dn- m-swt m, Cu alm-]p-tcm-ln-xs\- p-dn pw, At±lw {]Xn-\n-[m\w snøp P\-sØ- p-dn- p-am-wv. P\-ß-ƒ p-th n alm-]p-tcm-ln-x Id]pc-fmØ hnip- n-bpss Pohn-X-amWv \bn- p- -Xv. kvt\l-øn, Icp-W-bn, {]m -\-bn, P\-ß-sf- nbp Icp-X-en, XymK-\n `c-amb Pohn-X-Øn F m A -Ønepw alm-]p-tcm-ln-x ka nx Pohn-X-Øns DØa \nz- i-\-am-bn-cn- -Ww. Xs P\-߃ hnip- n-bn Pohn- p- -Xp-t]mse At±-lhpw hnip- n-bn Pohn- p- p. AXn-\m Hcp ]ptcm-ln-xs AXym-h-iy -tbm-ky-x-iƒ Xmsg

24 25 ]d-bp \mep Imcy-ß-fm-Wv. 1) ]{ p I p-i-tfm-sp-iq-snb s\ nse ]X w: P\-ßsf kvt\ln- p-, Ahsc Icp-Xp-, Ah p-th n a y-ÿx bmnn- p Hcp ]utcm-ln-xy-ip-{iq-j-sb-bmwv CXp ImWn- p- -Xv. 2) Gt^m-Zns tkmta-z-i-i- p-iƒ ]Xn- n- p si p-iƒ (-Np-a - -߃). P\-ß-sf- p-dn- p- DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xzw, Ahsc txmfn hln- p-hm-\p IS- m-sv, sszh-ap-ºmsi Ah-sc- p-dn v DØcw \ ti ISa Ch-sb-bm-WnXv Ipdn- p- -Xv. 3) Dudnapw XpΩoapw: hnpvrm-\-tøbpw kz`m-h-ssh-in-jvsysøbpw Ipdn- p- p. s\ nse ]X- -Øn-\-Sn-bn-embn Ah ad-bv s - n-cn- p-i-bmwv; F m a\p-jys hy n-xz-øns ti{µ-ambn Ah \ne-sim- p- p. 4) "btlm-hbv v hnip w' F v hnfn- p-]-d-bp Xe-bnse ] w. {]m -\m-\n-c-xhpw Ip -c-ln-x-hp-amb Pohn-X-sØ- -hnip Pohn-XsØ- -B-Ip p CXp ImWn- p- Xv. AXn-\m Hcp taev - - m-cs sh n-øn-f-ßp thj-hn-[m-\-߃, At±-l-Øn \n p {]Xo- n s -Sp D -X-amb kz`m-h-øns {]Xo-I-am-Wv. ]{ p h j-߃ p-apºv Cu DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-Øn \n pw Fs Hgn-hm- -W-sa v Bh-iy-s -Sm Fs t{]cn- n LSIw CXm-Wv. F n-kvt m m ]Zhn F\n v B{K-ln- m Ignbm-Ø-hn[w A{Xbv v D -X-amb Hcp ÿm\-am-sw Nn -bm-sw- \n- p- -Xv. Cu ÿm\-sø- p-dn pw I Ømhv F n \n pw F mwv {]Xo- n- p- -sx- p- -Xn-s\- p-dn pw F\n p `b-ap- v. sszh-hn-fn p apºn `b-tømspw hnd-b-temspw IqsS-bmWv Rm XeIp\n- -Xv. kz w Ign-hp-I-fn B{i-bn- p-sim v bmsxm-cp-h\pw Cu ]Zhn-bn-te v hcp-hm km y-a-. sszh-øns Icp-W-bnepw Fs P\-Øns {]m -\-bn-epw, Ch c n-epta F\n v B{i-bn- m-\mhq. sszh-ir-]-bn-s - n Rmt\-Xp-an-. B Af-h Ir]-bnepw \nß-fpss lrz-bw-k-aamb {]m -\-I-fnepw kt -X-s - p-sim v sszhw Fs Ccp-Øn-bn-cn- p Cu sszhoi knwlm-k-\-sø, Rm kzoi-cn- p p. kz w P\-Øns ]uc-t\-xmhpw IqsS-bmWv Hcp taev - - m-c. B \ne-bn At±-l-Øns I Ø-hy-ß-sf- - nbpw Hcp hm p ]d psim -s. Hcp taev - - m-c\v F m A -Ønepw Hcp k\ym-kn-bm-bn-cn- m Ignbp X-. temi-øn \n pw cmjv{s-øn \n pw ]q Æambpw th s] p Pohn- p-hm At±-l-Øn\p Ign-bp-I-bn-. F m a\p-jy pw-th- n-bp Fs temi-hym-]-i-amb {]h Ø-\-߃, {]txy-in v ASn- -a Ø-s -Sp- -h-cpw, a ±n-x-cpw, Nqjn-X-cpw, Zcn-{Zcpamb a\p-jy p-th- n-bp {]h Ø-\-߃ XpS-cp- -Xn\v sszhw F\n v i n-x-cp-hm Rm {]m n- p- p. Z n-wm-{^n- -bnse Idp-Ø-h p-th- nbpw Ata-cn- sfiy-\m-sp-i-fnse Ata-cn- C Uym- m p-th- n-bpw, em n Ata-cn- -bn-epw, Gjy B{^n bnep-ap Zcn-{Z-hn-`m-K-Øn\pth nbpw D Fs Ffnb {]h Ø-\-߃ Rm XpS-cp- -Xm-Wv. Cu cmpy-ønse ]mh-s - hcpw Nqjn-X-cp-amb P\-߃ p-th n {]h Ø-n p-hm Rm kzbw ka n- n-cn- p- p. Ah-cpsS t aw Fs cmpy-øns t a-ambn Rm ImWp- p. Zcn-{Z pw a ±n-x pw \oxn- In- p-hm th n Rm DZyp- -\m-b-ncn- p- p. AXn-\m a\p-jy v ssz\w-zn\ Bhiy-Øn-\p Dev]mZnX-h-kvXp- -ƒ A\m-bm-tk\ e`n- p Hcp kmº-øni hyh-ÿn-xn- p-th n Rm \ne-sim- p- p. B hkvxp- ƒ kaq-l-ønse A]q hw Nnecmtem Kh sa n-\m am{xtam \nb-{ n- -s -ts X. hntz-i-i- n-i-fpss CS-s]-S-ep-I-fn \n pw kzx-{ -am-b; P\-ßsf _m[n- p kp{]-[m\ \nb-a-ß-fpss \n Ωm- W-Øn P\-߃ v ] m-fnøw e`n- p ; I - -S-Øp-Im, Icn- - - m, timg simsp- p-ibpw hmßp-ibpw snøp- -h, A[n- Imcw Zp hn-\n-tbmkw snøp- -h XpS-ßnb kmaqly hncp- - msc P\-߃ Xs in n- p Hcp cmjv{s-øn-\p-th n Rm \nesim- p- p. \ΩpsS cmjv{s-øns Xe-ÿm-\-Øp Cu knwlm-k-\-øns Npa-Xe kzoi-cn- p- Xv Hcp cmjv{stkh\w IqsSbmWv F \nebn cmjv{stømsp Xs -bp Hcp henb Npa-X-e-bpsS kzoi-c-wambn Rm CXns\ IW- m- p- p. P\-ß-fpsS lnx-a-dn v {]h Øn- p-hm Rm Ft mgpw Hcp- -am-bn-cn- pw. cmjv{s-tømsp \oxnsbbpw kam-[m-\-sø-bpw- Ip-dn v {]kw-kn- p-hm Rm {ian pw. C m- nse P\-t -a-øn-\p F m {]h Ø-\-ß-fnepw Ft -Xmb tkh\w \ Im Rm Xøm-dm-sW v Fs P\-Øns t\xm- - m-tcmsv Rm hmkvzm\w snøp- p.

26 27 tdma I-tØm-en- m, t{]m -à v, Hm Ø-tUmIvkv k`-i-fpss hnim-e-amb {InkvXob Iq m-bva- p-th n Ft -Xmb ] p hln- m Rm k - -\m-wv. P\-ß-fpsS t a-øn-\m-bp {InkvXob k`- I-fpsS F m {]h Ø-\-ßfnepw tkh-\-øns kt m-j-i-c-amb `mcw hln- p- -Xn ] p-sim- m Rm Hcp- -am-wv. Hcp D]-tZi-I-s\ \ne-bn Fs ]cn-an-x-amb Ign-hp-Iƒ Cu Xe-ÿm-\- \K-cn-bn-se ss{ikvx-h pw, a p- -h pw {]tbm-p-\-s -Sp-Øp-hm Ign-bp-sa pw Rm Bin- p- p. Cu \K-c-Ønepw Cu cmpy-ønepap _p -npo-hn-i-tfm-ssmøv {]h Øn- p-hm Rm\m-{K-ln- p- p. tzio-b-]- -Xn-I-fpsS Bkq-{X- W-Øn am{x-a-, tzio-b- Xm-ev]-cy-ß-fpsS ]p\x-nn- \-Øn-epw, ]pxnb tzio-b \b-ß-fpss Bhn-jv -c-w-øn\pw F\n v Xmev]- cy-ap- v. kwko-xw, -in-ev]-hn-zy, hmkvxp-in-ev]-th-e apx-emb Ie-IfpsS Bkzm-Z-\-Øn Rm Xev]-c-\m-Wv. Cu \K-c-Ønse kmwkv m-cni Pohn-X-Øn ] m-fn-bm-ip-hm Rm B{K-ln- p p. Cu Xe-ÿm-\ \-K-cn-bn apgp-h ka-bhpw Xma-kn- p-sim v Fs Cu Xmev]-cy-ß-tfmSv \oxn ]pe Øp-hm Ign-s - n F m-in- p-i-bm-wv. Fs k`-bpss thz-im-kv{x-hn-zym-`ym-k-øn-epw, k`-bpss _mly-im-cy-ß-fnepw F\n p Npa-X-e-Iƒ XpS-tc- -XpsIm v Fs ka-b-øns Gdn-b-]- pw, k`-bpss Bÿm-\-amb tim -bøv sne-hn-ts- n-h-cpw. Ime-{I-taW Xe-ÿm-\-\-K-cn-bn IqSp- X kabw Xma-kn- p-hm-\pw, Chn-SpsØ {]h Ø-\-ß-fn `mk-`m- m-ip-hm\pw km[n- p-sa v Rm {]Xym-in- p- p. 4 ta - - m-c\v D m-bn-cn-t A p tbmky-x-iƒ AXnal-Ømb Hcp s]cp- m-fn kw_- n- p-hm-\mbn \mw C v h p-iq-sn-bn-cn- p-i-bm-wv. k`sb kw_- n- n-s-tømfw C v Hcp henb s]cp- m-fmwv; ImcWw k`mw-k-ß-fn sxc-s -Sp- -s -, ]cn-ip kp -l-tzm-kn-\m AwKo-I-cn- -s -, sszh-øm hnfn- -s A v k\ym-k-h-cy- msc C v ta ]- - m-cmbn A`n-tjIw snøp-i-bm-wv. Cu sszhoi ip{iq-j-bn ]s -Sp- p \nß-tfmsv ta - - m v D m-bn-cn-t A v tbmky-x-i-sf- n hfsc Npcp- -ambn ]d-bp-hm-\mwv Rm I Øm-hn {]Xym-in- p- -Xv. Cu F m tbmky-x-ifpw F\n- n F v \ -hæw Adn- p-sim- p- Xs -bmwv Rm kwkm-cn- p- -Xv. Hcp ta - m-c\v AXym-hiy-ambn D m-bn-cn-t A v tbmky-x-iƒ Ch-bmWv: D]-tZiw; `cww; _en; {]m \; {]Xo-Iw. D]-tZiw Hcp ta - m-c Xs P\-ßsf D]-tZ-in- p-hm {]m]vx-\mbn-cn- -Ww. P\-ßsf hnizm-k-øn Dd- n p \n Øp-hm At±lw _m y-ÿ-\m-wv. sszh-h-n-\sø hnizm-kn-i-fpss lrz-b-ß-fn ÿm]n- p-i-bmwv At±-l-Øns {][m\ Npa-X-e. AXm-bXv P\- ß-sf At±lw hn. thz-]p-kvxiw ]Tn- n p simsp- -Ww. AXn-\mbn Hcp ta - m-c thz-]p-kvxiw {]m -\-bn, hmbn v [ym\n v P\-߃ v hymjym-\n p simsp- -Ww. -k`m-]n-xm- - m F m-h-cpw- Xs hn. thz-]p-kvxiw hmbn v [ym\n p-am-bn-cp- p. F\n- -dn-bmhp ta ]- - m-cmb k`m]nxm- - m F m-hcpw Xs thz- ]pkvxiw \ -hæw Ac- p-i-e n IpSn- n- p- -h-cm-bn-cp- p. Ah (1985 sabv 15 \p amth-en- cbn h p \S ta ] ÿm\mtcmlw ip{iqjmat[ snbvx {]kw-kw. kºm-z-i : ^m. si. hn. iapth )

28 29 thz-]p-kvxiw hmbn v [ym\n v Bflob t]mjww {]m]n- p-ibpw P\-ßsf t]mjn- n- p-ibpw snøp- -h-cm-bncp p. `cww CS-b Xs BSp-Iƒ p-th n \S-Øp `c-w-øns Dt±-iyw, sfiy-øn-epw, cay-x-bnepw Ah hkn- Ww F p- -Xm-Wv. FhnsS F nepw A`n-{]mb hyxym-ktam `n nt m D m-bm AsXms ]cn-l-cn v k`-bn kam-[m-\hpw tbmpn pw D m-ip-hm-\mbn ta - - m-c {ian- -Ww. kaq-l-ønepw IpSpw-_-Ønepw Ie-l-߃ amdn, \ne-\n m-\mbn At±lw bxv\n- -Ww. BtcmSpw kv] -bn- msx Xmgva-tbmSp IqSn P\-ßsf tkhn- -Ww. cmpm- - m-sc-t mse A[n- Imcw snep-øp-i-b-, kvt\l-øn Xs P\-ß-fpsS t a-øn- \mbn {]b-xv\n- p-i-bmwv `cww sim v Dt±-in- p- -Xv. _en k`bpss {][m\ Npa-X-e-bmWv _en-b n- p- -Xv. `{Zm-k-\-Øn F m ÿeßfnepw _en- -hn. Ip m-\- \S p- -Xn\v Bh-iy-amb {Iao-I-c-W-߃ \S-tØ- Xv ta ]- - m-cs IS-a-bm-Wv. AXn\v Bh-iy-amb ] - m-sc At±lw G s Sp-Øp-I-bpw, A\p-tbm-Py-amb ÿe-߃ {Iao-I-cn- p-ibpw snø-ww. hn. Ip m\ am{x-a _en. _enbpss Dt±iyw a\p-jysc sszh-hp-ambn cayxs Sp-Øp-I-bm-Wv. hn. Ip m-\- -{In-kvXob _en, I Øm-hns Xncp-i-coc c -߃ hgn A\p-jvTn- p A\p-c-RvP\ ip{iq-j-bm-wv. temi-øns Imhepw c -bp-amwv hn. _en. B hnip _en-bpss {Ia-amb A - W-Øn\v ta t\m w hln- pi Hcp F n-kvtim- m-bpss I Ø-hyam-Wv. {]m -\ Øm-bpw, Xs Npa-X-e-bn-ep Bfp-Isf Xs {]m -\-bn Hm Ww. kz Imcy-Øn\p th n-b Hcp ta - m-c {]m n- p- -Xv. k`-bp-ss, `{Zm-k-\-Øns B ym-fln-i-x-bpss ASn-ÿm\w {]m -\-bm-wv. CS-h-I-bnse Hcp a\pjy t]mepw \in- p-t]m-im- Xn-cn- p-hm ta - - m-c {]m n- -Ww. Xs hna in- p- h p-th n t]mepw, Xs FXn p- -h p-th n t]mepw At±lw {]m n- -Ww. sszhw Xs G n- n- p P\-ßsf apgph\pw Xs lrz-b-øn hln psim m-bn-cn- Ww Hcp sa{xm-t meoøm {]m n- p-hm \n t - Xv. {]XoIw A m-asø KpWw, Hcp ta - m-c "{]XoIw' BWv F p- -Xm-Wv. "{]XoIw' F p ]d- m F m-sw v A[nIw t] pw a\- n-em-hp-i-bn-s v txm p- p. Hcp hn[-øn IqZmi F p ]dbmw. C v Chsc IqZmi snøp-i-bm-wv. ta - m-cmbn IqZmi snbvxv ip o-i-cn- p-i-bm-wv. Aßs\ Ch sszh-hm-ln-i-fm-bn- Øocp p. Ah sszh-øns "{]XoIw' Bbn Xocp- p. AXpsIm mwv \ΩpsS k`-bn sa{xm-t m-eo-ø m v dn -b sa v C møxv. Hcn- IqZmi snø-s p Ign- m Ah acww hsc B ÿm\øv XpS-cp- p. sa{xm-t m-eoøm Xs CS-h-I-bn I Ømhns {]Xo-I-am-Wv. a\p-jy-\m-bn-øo I Øm-hns ImW-s -Sp {]Xo-I-amWv Hmtcm sa{xm-t m-eo-øm-bpw. hni- p- -h\v ` Ww \ In; Zmln- p- -h\v sh w \ In, I Øm-hns {]Xo-I-ambn temi-øn sa{xm-t m-eoøm ImW-s -S-Ww. sszhw temi-øn ImW-s - Xv tbip-hn-eqssbmwv. tbip-hns\ t\m n-b-h sszhsø I p. AXp-t]mse sa{xm-t m-eo-øm-bn-eqss temiw sszhsø ImW-Ww. Hcp ta - m-c Ft mgpw Xs BSp-Iƒ pth n {]m n- -Ww. ]gb\nba Ime-sØ alm]ptcm-ln-x-\m-bn-cp p Al-tdm. At±lw sszhapºmsi \n p-tºmƒ Xs am n-s-øn Hcp ]X w AWn-bp-am-bn-cp- p. ]{ v hne-tb-dnb I p-iƒ ]Xn- -Xmbn-cp p B ]X- w. Hmtcm I nepw C{km-tb-ense tkm{x-ß-fpss t]cp-iƒ simøn-bn-cp- p. AXm-bXv 12 tkm{x-ß-fpss t]cp-iƒ Xs lrz-b-`n-øn- -SpØv ÿm]n- p-sim- m-bn-cp p alm]ptcm-ln-x-\mb Al-tdm sszh-ap-ºmsi {]m n- n-cp- -Xv. Hmtcm sa{xm-t m-eo-

30 31 5 ssh. Fw. kn. F. bnse bph-p\] m-fnøw \mj-w Iu kn Hm^v ssh. Fw. kn. F. Hm^v C y-bpss \qdmw hm jnithf-bn \µnkvtxm{xøn-epw, B\-µ-Ønepw ] mfn-bm-hpi F Xv Fs kw_- n- n-s-tømfw hfsc kt m-j-ap hkvxp-x-bm-wv. sszhw snbvx h Im-cy-߃ m-bpw, sszhw Xs ap ncntøm n-te v Is -Ønb alxv hy n-iƒ mbpw sszh- Øn\v \µn-b n-t ka-b-as{x CXv. Cu alxv hy n-i-fn, a a-d p t]mb _nj v A -dn-b, si. n. t]mƒ, ]n. Un. tzh-\m- \µ, kn. F^v. B {Uqkv XpS-ßn-b-h-cpw, Ct mgpw Y. M. C. A. aptj\ sszh-a-l-xz-øn-\mbn h Imcy-߃ snøp si. Fw. ^nen- n-s\-t mse D -hcpw Dƒs -Sp p. `mcx ssh. Fw. kn. F. Iƒ Cu \q m- nepw snbvx A p-xm-h-l-amb {]h Ø-\-߃ mbn sszhsø kvxpxn- mw. Bcw-`-Im-e-Øn Iemeb hnzym n {]h Ø-\w, kvt]m vkv, sndp- - m pw, B Ip- n-iƒ p-ambn tlmã-ep-iƒ, {KmaoW hni-k-\w, t\xr-xz-]-cn-io-e-\w, ASpØ Ime- Ømbn A`-bm n {]h Ø-\w, kmt -XnI hnzym-`ym-kw, sxmgn ]cn-io-e-\-ti-{µ-߃, hni-emw-k n-s-bn-ep {]h Ø-\-߃, BZnhmkn {]iv\-߃, kap-zmb sfiy-øn-\m-bp {]h Ø\w CXymZn taj-e-i-fn sszhw `mc-xob ssh. Fw. kn. F. sb i n-a-ømbn D]-tbm-Kn- n- p- v- \mw hf-sc-b-[niw \µn ]d-tb- -Xm-bn- p- v. sszh- Øn\v \µn-b n- p alxvkt m-j-øn Rm \nß-tfm-ssm w tncp- p. BZy-Im-e-L- -Ønse ssh. Fw. kn. F. 1854 I - -bn Bcw-`n p F v F\n v a\- n-em- m Ign- p. 1854 ssh. Fw. kn. F. Bcw-`n- m-\p Hcp A[n-\n-thi {iaam-bn-cp- p. ]t AXp ]cm-p-b-s - p. el-fbv pw ASn- -a Ø-en-\pw-tijw 1857 ssh. Fw. kn. F. ho pw Bcw-`n- p. I ssh. Fw. kn. F. ho pw {]bm-k-a-\p-`-hn- m XpS-ßn. ]t ssh. Fw. kn. F. bpss {]h Ø\w {InkvXy bph-p-\-ß-fpss CS-bn am{x-am-bn-cp p F - Xm-bn-cp p {]iv\w. ^nem-u ^nb ssh. Fw. kn. F. bpss ]n pwbp tuhnuv a v timtwm-kn, `mcx ssh. Fw. kn. F. sb C y-bnse sndp- - m p-th- n-bp ssh. Fw. kn. F. B n- Øo Øp. Hcp {InkvXob {]ÿm-\-sa \ne-bn ssh. Fw. kn. F. kzm{ y-øn-\p-th- n-bp t]mcm- -Øn-epw; `mcx kzmx-{ y- Øn\pw th n hln ] v \nkvxp-e-am-bn-cp- p. si. n. t]mfns\ t]mse-bp t\xm- ƒ \ap- p- m-bn-cp-s - nepw `mcx kzmx-{ y- Øn\p th n-bp t]mcm- -Øn \mw ap ]- n-bn D m-bn-cp- p. (YWCA, WSCF CXymZn kwl-s-\-iƒ YMCA bn \n s{x DS-se- Sp-Ø-Xv. thƒuv Iu kn Hm^v N -kns Cu n- hpw YMCA Bbn-cp- p.) \ΩpsS YMCA `mc-xsø Hcp ImeØv `cn- n-cp {InkvXob cmpy-hp-ambn D _ -Øn-em-bn-cp- p. \ΩpsS kz CjvS-{]-Im-camWv \mw (YMCA) kztz-i-tø- mƒ D]-cn-bmbn hntz-io-bsc ]n p- W- -sx v \mw Nn n- pw. \ΩpsS t]cv C pw `mc-x-ønse hensbmcp hn`mkw P\-߃ kwi-b-_p ym ho n- p- p. ss{ikvxh kap-zm-b-sø-bpw, YMCA tbbpw, ]m mxy Xev]-ccmbn ap{z-ip-øn-bn-cp- p. ]t Ct m? hntzi Bi-b-ß-fn \n pw hntzi kn nx t\xr-xz-øn \n pw tamn\w {]m]n- m \ap v Ign- n- pt m? `mcx YMCA kmº-øn-i-ambn kzbw]cym]vxn t\sn F -dn-bp- -Xn F\n v BÀm-Z-ap- v. CXv Hcp henb kwk-xn-bmwv. ]t Bi-b-ß-fp-sS-bpw, ]cn-]msn-i-fp-ssbpw Imcy-Øn-epw, \mw F p snøp- pthm AXn-\p hgn-im- enepw \mw ]m m-xysc Ct mgpw B{i-bn- p- p. \mw F{Xbpw Imew Cßs\ XpS-cp- pthm A{Xbpw \mƒ `mc-xo-b-cn \n pw AI- n-cn- p- p. YMCA bv v CXn \n pw Fs - nepw hgn I p]nsn- m\pt m? hntz-io-bm-{ibw YMCA bv v am{x-a- `mc-x-øns apgph t\xr-xzhpw ]cn-io-e\w kn n Xv ]m mxy kwkv m-c-øn \n pw, \mk-cn-i-xz-øn \n pw Bbn-cp- p. Ah-cpsS Hmtcm Bibhpw ]m mxy \mk-cni-xz-øn \n pw DS-se-Sp-Ø-Xm-Wv. ]m mxy \mk-cn-i-xz-øns aqey-ß-fpss ASn-a-Xz-Øn \n pap tamn-\- sø- p-dn v YMCA bpw, YWCA bpw, k`-ifpw F m {InkvXob kwl-s-\-ifpw Kl-\-ambn Nn n-t - -Xp- v. YMCA bpss Ysb p-dn v Fs F m kplr-øp- tfmspw tnmzn- p-hm Rm B{K-ln- p- p. YMCA, MMMM F p ]p\ \maw

32 33 snø-w-sa v Btcm Hcp Znhkw A`n-{]m-b-s - p. MMMM F n\p th n \nev p p? Middle Class, Middle Aged, Men's Movement (a yh-b-kvi-cm-b, kmam\y P\-߃ p th n-bp {]ÿm\w). YMCA AwK-ß-fn-epw, \bm-hn-jv -cw hn`m-k-ß-fn-epw, 1/3 `mkw 39 hbn Xmsg-bp- -h-cm-bn-cn- Ww F v `cw-l-s\ Ct mƒ A\p-imkn- p- -Xn F\n v kt m-j-ap- v. 1/3 `mkw am{xw sndp- - mcmbxpsim v AXv sndp- - m-cpss kwl-s-\-bm-ip- n-. YMCA AwK-ß-fnepw \bm-hn-jv -cw hn`m-k-ß-fn-epw 51%, 30 hb- n Xmsgbp sndp- - m-cm-bn-cn- Ww F Ah-ÿ-bn-te v YMCA \oßpw F v {]Xym-in- p p. YMCA, YWCA t]mep sndp- - m-cpss kwl-s-\-i-fn, 1/3 `mk-øn\p ta {]mb-ap- -h-cm-bn-cn- Ww F Imcy-Øn Rm \ymbo-i-cww H pw ImWp- n-. \ΩpsS cmpy-øn\v al-ømb Hcp ss]xr-i-ap- v. {]mb-ap h \ΩpsS sndp- - m p-th n Nn n- m B{K-ln- p- p. sndp- m \ΩpsS hgn-im- -en-epw, ta t\m- -Ønepw Bbncn- -W-sa v \mw B{K-ln- p- p. \ΩpsS cmpy-ønse sndp- - m p th n \ tx-sx v \n -bn- p-hm \ap v am{xta ]Iz-Xbpw, m\-hpap-s v \mw Nn n- p- p. \ΩpsS kwc- -W-Øm \mw kwl-s- \sb A[nI`mc-ap- -Xm n. a y-h-b-kvi-cmb \ΩpsS Cu kwc Ww ]n h-en- -s -Sp- -Xp-h-tcbpw bph-p-\-ß-fpss krjvsn ]c-amb i n D]-tbm-Kn- p-hm \ap v Ign-bpI-bn-. k`-i-fn-ep Fs ]cn-n-b-øn \n pw Xmsg-bp sndp- - m v Ct mƒ temi-øn F p \S- p- p-sh v icn-bmb {Kmlyap-s v ]d-bm Ign-bpw. Fs -t mse 60 hb- n-\p-ta {]mb-ap- -h temi-øn Ct m-gp bmym y-ß-sf- p-dn- v- s]-s v a\- n ]Xn-bp kz`m-h-ap- -h-c-. Hcp ]pxnb temiw krjvsn- msa ip`m-]vxn- hn-izm-khpw ss[cy-hp-ap sndp- - m-cpss Ic-ßfn {]ÿm-\-øns krjvsn-]-c-amb i n BIpI F Xv YMCA, bpss-tbm, YWCA bptstbm `mhnsb kw_- n- -ns-tømfw {][m-\- s - -X-t{X. a p- -h-cpss tzmj-hiw am{xw Is -Øp ÿnxn-bn \mw FØn-t n- p- v. \mw Hcp hnj-a-l- -Øn-em-Wv. ]m m-xy \n Ωn LS-\-I-fn \n pw ]pdøpnmsm \ap v Ign-bp- n-. Cu AhÿIƒ \ΩpsS k`-i-fn-epw, \ΩpsS cmjv{sob kwl-s-\-i-fnepw \ngen p ImWmw. ]gb Xe-ap-d v CXp am p-hm km[n- pi-bn-. bph-p-\-߃ ss[cy-]p-c- cw Ah-cp-tS-Xmb {iaw \S-Øpw. Rm ]d-bm B{K-ln- p as mcp hkvxp-x, sndp- - msc Dƒs -Sp-Øn-s m v {]h Ø-\-ta-J-e-bn-ep am -amwv. YMCA, sb p-dn pw Rm CXv ]d-bm B{K-ln- p- p. bph-p-\-kw-l-s-\- I-fpsS {i "bph-p-\-߃ v tkh\w' F Xv Bbn-Xo n- p- v. {]mb-ap- -h-cp-ss, sndp- - m m-bp tkh\w F Bi-b-Øn \n pw bph-p-\-ß-fpss apgp-h kaq-l-øn-\p-th- n-bp tkh-\w F -Xn-te v hyxn-bm\w h pimwphm Rm B{K-ln- p- p. apgph kaq-l-tøbpw tkhn-bv p-hm-\p Ah-kcw bph-p-\߃ v {]mb-ap- -h-cmb \mw Hcp- n-s m-sp- -Ww. "bph-p-\-߃ v tkh\w' F Bi-b-Øn \n pw bph-p-\-ß-fn-ep tkh\w F - XpsIm v Rm Dt±-in- Xv CX-s{X. bph-p-\-߃ AXp snøp-hm \mw ss]xriw Dt]- n-t Xm-bn- p- v. \ΩpsS cmpy-øp `mjm- ]-c-hpw, {]mtz-in-i-hp-amb kwl- -\-ß-fm \ΩpsS cmjv{s-øns sfiyw A]-I-S-Øn-em-sW v cmjv{s-]-xn-t]mepw Ign Znhkw A`n-{]m-b-s - p. temi-øns \m\m-`m-k-ßfn \n- p-ap sxc-s - Sp- -s Bbn-c- -W- n\v sndp- - msc Ne-\m-fl-I-ambn \ndp-ønbm h o-b-x-bpss _ -\ßsf XI p-hm Ah p km[n- p-i-bnt? {]mtz-in-i-xz-hpw, `mjm-{]-iv\-ßfpw \ΩpsS cmjv{ssø \in- n- p-sim- n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. ]t \mw AXv A\p-h-Zn-bv -cp-xv. h o-b-x, {]mtz-in-i-xzw, `mjm-{]iv\w CXymZn kwk-xn-iƒs -Xnsc t]mcm-sp-hm sndp- - msc \mw k -am- p-i-bm-sw- n \ap v Ahsb Hs t`zn-bv m km[n- p-sa v Rm hniz-kn- p- p. \ΩpsS cmpyw ssi q-en-sim- pw, Agn-a-Xn-sIm pw \nd- n-cnbv p p. F m-hcpw lnwkm-fl-i-ambn in n- -s -S-cp-sX v Rm B{K-ln- p- p. sndp- - m-cmb hy n-isf \mw A\p-h-Zn- p-sa- n, Ah kmaqlyxn -bvs -Xnsc Xß-sf-Xs {]Z in- n- p-ibpw Aßs\ kaq-l-øns A -co- -Øn am w hcn-ibpw snøpw. CXmWv hmkvx-h-øn YMCA sntø- Xv. Ai-c-Wcpw AwKsshIeyap -hcpw tncn-bnse Ip n-i-fpw, Xo -bmbpw {i n-bv s -S-Ww. apgpcmjv{s-øn-te pw apgp-tem-i-øn-te pw \ΩpsS {i - Xn-cn-b-s -Sp- Xpw Xpey-\n-e-bn {]m[m-\y-ap- -Xm-Wv. bph-p-\-߃ am -Z in-iƒ am{xw Bbm t]mcm, t\xrxzw \ Ip-Ibpw thww. 19 mw \q m- n krjvsn-bv -s YMCA bpss henb {XntIm-Wsa al-ømb AS-bmfw ico-cw, a\- v, Bflm-hv, Bcm-[-\, tkh- \w, ]T\w F n-ßs\ AXv F m-bn-cp- mepw B {XntIm-W-Øn\v \mw ]p\ hym-jym\w \ ti- -XmWv. Ct mƒ ImWp- -Xn\v

34 35 hncp ambn {XntIm-W-Øns injcw api-fn sim p-h-cp-hm Rm B{K-ln- p- p. api-fn sszhhpw XmgsØ c p aqe-i-fn H n am\-h-cm-in-bpw, at aqe-bn a p krjvsn-ifpw. sszh-øn\pw Ahs krjvsn-iƒ pw a y-h Øn-bmbn h Øn- pi F Xv am\-h-cm-inbpss Npa-X-e-bs{X. sszhhpw krjvsn-ifpw XΩn crvpn- ns A\p- `-h-øn sim p-h-cn-i- -YMCA bpss ASn-ÿm-\]-c-amb I Øhyw AXm-bn-cn- -Ww. Hcp {InkvXym\n Xs a\- n-t\bpw ico-c-søbpw Bflm-hn-s\bpw hni-kn- n-s -Sp- p- -Xm-bp {XntIm-W-a-. Cu temisø Hcp {XntIm-W-ambn I psim v sszhw api-fn-epw, Xmsg Hcp aqe-bn a\p-jycpw at aqe-bn a p krjvsn-i-fp-am-bn-cn- p Ahÿ ho n- p-i. Ch aq pw tn v kaqlw C v A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-bv p henb {]iv\-߃ pw \oxn, kam-[m\w F n-hbv v FXn-cmb {]iv\- ߃ pw ]cn-lmcw ImWpw. \mw 19 mw \q m- n {]Imcw Hcp hy nbpss ico-c-øn-t -bpw, a\- n-t bpw, Bflm-hn-t bpw hnimkw F \ne-bn Nn n- p-tºmƒ, \ap v hnpbw Bin- p-hm km[n- pibn-. sszh-øm kvt\ln- -s -Sp-I-bpw, \ne-\n-ev -s -Sp-Ibpw snøp a\p-jycpw a p krjvsn-ifpw Xmsg Ccp-aq-e-I-fn-ep-ambn hc- Ø- -co-xn-bn YMCA {XntIm-W-Øns Hcp ]p\ hym-jym\w Bhiy-amsW v Rm Icp-Xp- p. \mw krjvsnsb sszh-hp-ambn A\p-c-RvP-\-Øn sim p-h-cptºmƒ am\-h-cm-in-bpss apgp-po-hn-xhpw A ]q Æ-am-Ip- p. 1855 se ]mcokv t_knkv 19 mw \q m- nse hy n-po-hn-xsø {]Xn-\n- [o-i-cn- p- p. ]mcokv t_knkv ]p\-x]-cn-tim-[n- pi F Xv _p nap- p kwk-xn-b-s{x. F p-sim-s - m F m cmjv{so-b-ßfpw hmz- {]-Xn-hm-Z-Øn\v hcpw. 1855 se ]mcokv t_kn-kns\ ]p\-x]-cn-tim-[n- pi hnj-a-ap kwk-xn-b-s{x. ]t am\-h-cm-in-bpss ]pxp-apjw \mw Z in-t kabw AXn{Ian n-cn- p- p. k` am{x-sa- -Xn-t\- mƒ D]cn apgph am\-h-cm-in-sb- p-dn pw \mw Nn n- -Ww. a p ax-ß-tfm-sp-iqsn \mw XpS w Bcw-`n-t -Ww-. -C{]-Imcw apgp-kr-jvsn-iƒ pw sszhm- \p-{klw {]m]n-bv m Ign-bp- p. \oxn-bpw, kxyhpw hkn- p-tºmƒ, ac-߃ Nncn-bv p-i-bpw, ]pg-iƒ B\-µ-Øm ]msp-ibpw, ] -X-߃ AÀm-Zn- p-ibpw snøp p F v ]g-b-\n-b-a-øn ]dbp- -Xmbn \ap p ImWm Ign-bpw. a\pjy-a- ƒ sszth-jvs-{]-imcw Pohn- p-tºmƒ apgp-kr-jvsn pw AXns {]tbm-p\w e`n- p- p. a\pjykaq-l-øn-epw, Np p-]m-snepw \oxn-bpw kam-[m-\-hp-am-bp At`-Zy-_ w kv]jvs-am-bn-cn- p-i-bm- Wv. \ΩpsS Cfw Xe-ap-d-bpsS ZrjvSn ChnsS Bbn-cn-t -Ww. 1991 epw bp w \S- p. ]t Cu bp w \sω F p ]Tn- n- p p? imkv{x-hpw, kmt -XnI hnzy-bpw, am\-ho-i-x-bpw, ]ptcm-k- Xn- pw, ]p\ \n Ωm-W-Øn\pw D]-cn-bm-bn, am\-h-cm-in-bpss \mi- Øn-\mbn hnimkw {]m]n p F v sszhw \ap v ImWn- p-x p. \mi-øn-t -bpw, ac-w-øn-t bpw i n-i-fpss XS-h-d-bn imkv{xhpw, kmt -XnI hnzybpw AI-s p F ZpxJk-Xyw- -C-Xs{X \ΩpsS `oj-wn. \ΩpsS CfwXe-apd Cu {]iv\w ImW-Ww. F psim v imkv{x-hpw, kmt -Xn-I-hn-Zybpw H p-in bp -Øn-t -bpw, As - n em`-øn-t bpw ASn-a-Xz-Øn-embn F v Ah I p a\- n-em- -Ww. Cu taj-e-i-fn-te v \ΩpsS CfwXe-ap-dsb \mw FØn-t - Ww. \ap v CXp-hsc ImWm Ign-bm-Xn-cp ]expw Ah \sω ]Tn- n- pw. Xs A p-x-߃ {]h Øn- p-hm X -h-æw, YMCA k am-ip-hm sszhw C\nbpw ImØn-cn- p-i-bm-wv. \mw \sω apgp-h- \mbpw Ahs Ic-ß-fn G ]n- p-tºmƒ, \sωbpw, \ΩpsS Cfw Xe-ap-d-tbbpw sszh-øns D]-I-c-W-߃ B n-øo p-hm X hæw sszh-øns Bflmhv \ΩpsS ta B -Sn- -s -Sp-Ibpw snøpw. YMCA bv pw, k`-bv p-ap hnfn CX-s{X. B henb ZuXyw k^-eo-i-cn- p-hm-\p Ir] sszhw \ap v \ I-s. Cu \qdv h j߃ \sω \bn- -h, Cu 21 mw \q m- nepw \ap v hgn-im- n-bm-bncn- -s. sszhw \sω Gh-tcbpw A\p-{K-ln- -s. (1992) Hcp kaqlw A\oXn {]h Øn- p-tºmgpw, bp -߃ \S-Øptºmgpw, Np p-]mspw apgp-h\pw thz\ A\p-`-hn- p- p. kaq-l-øn

36 37 6 ]pxn-sbmcp kwkv mcw si n- -Sp- pi adp-]sn {]kwkw ]d-tb- Xv Fß-s\-bm-sW v F\n- -dn- p- IqSm. \nß-ƒ Bflm -X-tbmSp IqSn-bmWv F mw ]d- -sx- v Rm hniz-kn- p- p. ChnsS tim -bøv ]e N -Ifpw \S-Øp ]Xn-hp- m-bn-cp- p. ticf ÃUn-{Kq v F p ]d- v ]e {][m-\-s hnj-b-ßfpw Nn n- p-ibpw ]Tn- p-ibpw snbvxp-sim- n-cp- p. Cu si nsw (tkm-^nbm sk ) D m-ip- -Xn\v apºv Xs XpS-ßn-b-XmWv ticf ÃUn {Kq v. skan-\m-dp-i-fn tic-f-ønse {]Xn-`m-im-en-I-fmb ]e Bfp- Ifpw h v kw_- n- n- p- v. kn. ANyp-X-ta-t\m, si. Fw. snd-nbm, ]n. tkmhn-µ- n-, ]n. Sn. `mkv -c-]-wn- XpSßn At\Iw Bfp-Iƒ A m-eøv h v skan-\m-dp-i-fn kw_- n- p-am-bn-cp- p. ]e-t mgpw ]e ]pxnb Bi-b-ßfpw tic-f-øn DZn- n- p- Xv Cu ÃUn {Kq n \n m-bn-cp- p. Trans-National Corporations s\ p-dn p hfsc {][m-\-s Hcp skan-\m 1977 ChnsS \S- p-i-bp- m-bn. B skan-\m-dn ]e {]K- -cp-ssbpw {]kw-k-߃ D m-bn-cp- XpsIm mwv T.N.C. F p ]d-bp- Xv a\p-jy-cm-in-bpss Hcp {][m- \-s {]iv\-am-sw- p- Xv A v ]e pw t_m[y-am-b-xv. AXpt]mse a p ]e Imcy-ß-sf- p-dn pw ChnsS ]e N -Ifpw \S- n- p- v. \ΩpsS k -I-em-ime A ym-]-i-cpss Initiative D m-bn- p Hcp kwl-s-\-bmwv imkv{x-km-lnxy ]cn-j-øv. tic-f-øn-ep P\- ßsf t_m[-hm- m-cm- p- -Xn\v imkv{x kmlnxy ]cn-jøv \S- Ønb {ia-ß-ƒ hfsc hne-s - -Xm-Wv. AXp-t]mse C v ChnsS (1992 sk]v w-_ 13 \v tim bw tkm^nbm sk -dn h v ticf-ønse hnhn[ ]cn-ÿn-xn, kmwkv m-cn-i, cmjv{sob kwl-s-\-ifpss B`n-ap-Jy-Øn sa{xm-t m-eo-øm-bpss k]vxxn BtLm-jn p. B k-tω-f-\-øn snbvx adp-]sn {]kwkw.) ]s -Sp- p F m kwl-s-\-ifpw a\p-jysc {]_p cm- p-hm th n {]h Øn- p kwl-s-\-i-fm-wv. Ah-tbmSv Hcp-an v F\n pw {]h Øn- p-hm `mkyw D m-b-xn Rm kt m-jn- p- p. ChnsS Nne ]d-bp-i-bp- mbn, Rm apx-em-fn-ø-øn\v FXn-cm- Wv; West \v FXn-cmWv F v. F m a\p-jy-cm-inbv pw A\p-Iq-eamWv Rm. apx-em-fn-ø-øn\v FXn-cmWv Rm F p ]d-bm H - Øn. A\o-Xn v FXn-cmWv. A\oXn FhnsS\n phcpt m, B {]ÿm-\-߃ v FXn-cm-Wv. A msx West D a\p-jy-tcmsv FXn-scm- p-an-. henb timso-iz-c- m-tcmsv t]mepw Nne-t m-sgms h Ø-am\w ]d-bp-hm am{x-ap kulrzw F\n- p- v. A msx hy n-]-c-am-bn v Ah-tcmSv hntcm-[-an-. timso-iz-c- m-tcmsv t]mepw F\n- -ßs\ hntcm[-an. C v temi-øn \ne\n p A\o- Xn-bpsS {][m\ Npa-Xe C sø ]m mxy hyh-ÿn-xn-bv m-sw v Rm km[m-cw Nn n- p- XpsIm v ]e-t mgpw ]m mxy hyhÿn-xn-bpss {]m_-ey-øn-s\-xn-cmbn kacw sntø- p Npa-Xe F\n- p- m-bn- p v F - msx Fs efn-x-amb XXzw ]d- m F m a\p-jy-cm-in pw A\p-Iq-e-amWv Rm. a\p-jycmin v FXncmbn {]h Øn- p- -h-tcmsv FXn -t - p Npa-Xe F\n- p-s - - msx Bscbpw hy n-]-c-am-bn v Rm FXn p- n-. Ahcpw Imcy-߃ a\- n-em n ]pxnb Hcp coxn-bn-te p hcww F m-{kln- pi A msx Ahsc sim -W-sat m Ah-tcmSv _ew- {]-tbm- Kn- -W-sat m Rm B{K-ln- p- n-. ]m mxy kwkv m-c-sø- p-dn- m-sw- nepw AXns\ \in- n- -W-sa- Fs B{K-lw. Hcp ]cn-h Ø-\-Øn-eqsS ]pxnb Hcp kwkv m-c-øn-te v hcp-hm temisø apgp-h klm-bn Ww F p B{K-l-am-sW-\n v D Xv. Fs Cu Zo L-bm-{X-bn Cu Fgp-]Xmw hb-kn \nßfo ]d hm p-iƒ F\n v hf-sc-b-[niw {]tnm-z\w \ Ip p. ]et mgpw \ΩpsS \m n \Ωƒ snøp {]h Ø-\-߃ v th {X appreciation In p- pt m Fs mcp kwibw hcp ka-bøv Cßs\-bp \nß-fpss {]Xn-I-c-W-߃ {]tnm-z-\hpw t{]m m-l-\hpw F\n v \ Ip- p- v. `mhnsb kw_- n v Nn n- p-tºmƒ C\nbpw {]h Øn- -W-sa v B{K-l-ap- v. Nne Imcy-ß-fn Ct mƒ Rm Nne ]pxnb hgn-iƒ Is -Øn-bn- p- v. H m-a-tøxv, \ΩpsS C sø kwkv mcw F p- ]-d-bp- Xv ]m m-xy -kw-kv m-c-øn \n pw Dcp-Øn-cn- n- p Hcp kwkv m-c-amwv. ]pxn-b-xm-bn v Nne-sXms Ds - nepw \ΩpsS