NANOTECHNOLOGY THE KEY TO SUSTAINABILITY Ankara, Oct. 4, 2010
THIS IS NOT MEANT TO BE A GREEN CRUSADE IT IS A REMINDER THAT SCIENCE PROVIDES WHAT MANKIND NEEDS BUT MANKIND HAS TO MAKE THE CHOICE
WORKING AT AN EVER SMALLER SCALE SHAPED THE TECHNICAL REVOLUTIONS OF THE PAST
TECHNICAL REVOLUTIONS & MINIATURIZATION GEO REVOLUTION 1492 THE WORLD SCALE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION FROM MACRO- TO MICRO SCALE MECHANICS, ELECTRICITY 1698, 1769 IT REVOLUTION 1925, 1934, 1945, 1947 MICRO SCALE MICRO-ELECTRONICS, MICRO-MECHANICS NANO REVOLUTION?.... 1979.. NANO SCALE NANO-ELECTRONICS, -MECHANICS, -CHEMISTRY, -BIOLOGY.
TECHNICAL REVOLUTIONS GEO REVOLUTION EXPLORE THE WORLD THE WORLD SCALE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION FROM MACRO- TO MICRO SCALE MECHANICS, ELECTRICITY IT REVOLUTION PHYSICAL TASKS SIMPLE MENTAL TASKS MICRO SCALE MICRO-ELECTRONICS, MICRO-MECHANICS NANO REVOLUTION? COMPLEX MENTAL TASKS NANO SCALE NANO-ELECTRONICS, -MECHANICS, -CHEMISTRY, -BIOLOGY.
THE CONFUSION ABOUT SUSTAINABILITY RESOURCES: LESS RESOURCES IN A NO GROWTH WORLD? STAGNANT RESOURCES IN A GROWING WORLD? A LITTLE BIT MORE RESOURCES FOR MUCH GROWTH? MUCH LESS RESOURCES FOR NEGATIVE GROWTH? WORK: DO A JOB MORE EFFICIENTLY DON T DO SOMETHING AT ALL LIFE: IS POPULATION GROWTH SUSTAINABLE? IS AGING SUSTAINABLE
SMALL IS POWERFUL SMALL RULES LARGE
MICRO (ELECTRONICS) RULES TODAY s TECHNICAL WORLD NANO IS THE SCALE OF ATOMS AND MOLECULES AND RULES LIVING NATURE
NATURE is the PERFECT NANO-SYSTEM THE FUNDAMENTAL SHAPES, MOTIONS, PROCESSES HAPPEN TO BE ON the nm SCALE AND ARE SYNTHEZISED TO MICRO- AND MACRO- SHAPES, MOTIONS, PROCESSES THE TECHNICAL STRATEGY OF LIVINGATURE IS SENSE & ACTUATE: SMALL BY SMALL WEAK BY WEAK MANY BY MANY } AT THE NANO LEVEL e.g. ARRAYS OF NANOSENSORS
SMALL IS POWERFUL SMALL RULES LARGE SMALL IS SUSTAINABLE
SMALL MEANS SUSTAINABLE LITTLE ENERGY CONSUMPTION
REDUCTION OF ENERGY PER LOGIC OPERATION: 10 12
Nevertheless THE ENERGY BILL OF DATA PROCESSING INCREASED to: 300 BILLION USD / YEAR TOTAL ENERGY REQUIREMENT of a PERSON: 120 USD/YEAR THINKING of a THINKER: 15 USD/YEAR
SMALL MEANS SUSTAINABLE LITTLE ENERGY CONSUMPTION LITTLE BUT BEST SUITED MATERIAL
YEARLY PRODUCTION OF TRANSISTORS: 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 1 QUINTILLION 1 BILLION PER PERSON WITH THE SMALLEST RADIO TUBES WE WOULD STAND KNEE-HIGH IN THEM
YEARLY ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF RADIO TUBES OF 1 WATT 2 x 10 23 J 700 x YEARLY WORLD ENERGY CONSUMPTION
SMALL MEANS SUSTAINABLE EXAMPLE: COMPUTING LITTLE ENERGY CONSUMPTION LITTLE AND BEST SUITED MATERIAL SMALL FOR EXCELLENT PERFORMANCE
SMALL FOR EXCELLENT PERFORMANCE: SUCCESS of MICRO-ELECTRONICS SMALLER, FASTER, CHEAPER SMALLER : 10 4-10 12 FASTER : 10 4-10 8 CHEAPER : 10 4-10 8
HEAT DISSIPATION PER LOGIC OPERATION JOULE 10 3 10 20 CONTINUATION of MINIATURIZATION MINIATURIZATION IN DATA PROCESSING 10-5 10 6 10 9 10 15 THE SUCCES OF THE PAST 10-10 10 5 10 12 THE CHALLENGE 10-20 1 END 1960 1980 2000 2020
WORKING AT AN EVER SMALLER SCALE COMES TO AN END WHAT NEXT?
NANO CANNOT BE JUST AN EXTENSION FROM THE MICRO- TO THE NANO-METER SCALE, IT HAS TO OFFER FUNDAMENTALLY NEW PROSPECTS IN ORDER TO SPARK A REVOLUTION AND IT DOES INDEED!
THE CONTINUATION OF MINIATURIZATION FROM MICRO TO NANO IS DISCONTINUOUS IT HAPPENS IN DISRUPTIVE STEPS
NANO is DIFFERENT IT IS THESE DISRUPTIVE STEPS WHICH MAKE THE DIFFERENCE AND POSE THE CHALLENGES
DISRUPTIVE STEPS FROM MICRO TO THE ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR NANO SCALE ANALYTICS COMPONENT SIZE
DISRUPTIVE STEP in COMPONENT SIZE TRANSISTOR SCALABLE MACRO 30 nm? NEW NANO ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS are INTRINSICALLY MUCH SMALLER: SINGLE ELECTRON TRANSISTOR ( at R.T.) BALLISTIC TRANSPORT (at R.T.) SPIN BALISTICS, SPINTRONICS MOLECULAR ELECTRONICS 1-3 nm 1-5 nm 1-2 nm 1-5 nm NOT SCALABLE
DISRUPTIVE STEPS FROM MICRO TO THE ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR NANO SCALE ANALYTICS COMPONENT SIZE PROPERTIES & FUNCTIONS
DISRUPTIVE STEPS in PROPERTIES & FUNCTIONS d < MEAN FREE PATH l m : d < WAVE LENGTH : d < l m, : d < e2/kt: ADHESION > GRAVITY : BALLISTIC REGIME, SPIN-TRONICS NEAR FIELD, Q-WELLS,- WIRES, - DOTS QUANTUM CONDUCTION COULOMBE BLOCKADE (d RT 2nm) ATOM & MOLECULE MANIPULATION N BULK N SURF N EDGE : NOVEL MECHANICAL, CHEMICAL, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES d ~ nm-range : REVERSIBLE PLASTIC DEFORMATION, ANTI-WETTING THROUGH NANO ROUGHNESS
CHANGE OF PARADIGMS SOLID STATE SILICON, METALS, OXIDES TO MOLECULAR MATERIALS CARBON NANOTUBES, MOL.TRANSISTORS, -SWITCHES
CHANGE OF PARADIGMS MINIATURIZATION TO (SELF) ASSEMBLY
ISSUES AND CHALLENGES NANO SCALE MATERIAL SCIENCE LOCAL GROWTH, NANO-PARTICLES,
NANO FOR NANO THE CENTRAL CHALLENGE OF NANOSCALE MATERIAL SCIENCE: GROWTH & FABRICATION OF GIVEN STRUCTURES OR COMPONENTS AT GIVEN LOCATIONS FOR GIVEN FUNCTIONS
ISSUES AND CHALLENGES NANO SCALE MATERIAL SCIENCE LOCAL GROWTH, NANO-PARTICLES, NANO- INTERFACE INTERFACE AS ACTIVE COMPONENT
INTERFACE, THE FACE OF ACTION N INTERFACE = ½ N PHASE (N PHASE - 1) NON-INVASIV - FUNCTIONALITY PROTECTING - TRANSPARENT
THE TUNNELING INTERFACE DECOUPLES ELECTRONIC WAVEFUNCTIONS FROM SUBSTRATE ALLOWS ELECTRON TRANSFER TO SUBSTRATE molecular switch - Electronic properties of atoms/molecules - Catalytic processes on insulators - Metallic nanostructures MEYER, IBM ZURICH RESEARCH
INTERFACE, THE FACE OF ACTION N INTERFACE = ½ N PHASE (N PHASE - 1) NON-INVASIV - FUNCTIONALITY PROTECTING - TRANSPARENT COLORFUL - FLAT CONTACTS: CLASSICAL, QUANTUM ELECTRICAL, CHEMICAL, MECHANICAL
OMPONENT ONNECTION CONTACT MACRO & MICRO SCALE: - BUILD COMPONENTS & CONNECT THEM NANO SCALE: - CONTACTING AND CONNECTING BECOMES VERY DELICATE - CONTACTS HAVE THEIR OWN FUNCTIONALITY BUILD CONNECTION NETWORK AND GROW COMPONENTS AT CONNECTION NODES - (e.g. TUNNELING JUNCTION)
INTERFACE, THE FACE OF ACTION N INTERFACE = ½ N PHASE (N PHASE - 1) NON-INVASIV - FUNCTIONALITY PROTECTING - TRANSPARENT COLORFUL - FLAT CONTACTS: CLASSICAL, QUANTUM ELECTRICAL, CHEMICAL, MECHANICAL FUNCTIONAL ACTION FUNCTIONAL INTERFACE SCIENCE : THE MODERN MATERIALS SCIENCE
ISSUES AND CHALLENGES NANO SCALE MATERIAL SCIENCE LOCAL GROWTH, NANO-PARTICLES, NANO- INTERFACE INTERFACE AS ACTIVE COMPONENT THE SOLID LIQUID INTERFACE AMBIENT, NATURE, ELECTROCHEMISTRY
LIQUID-SOLID, THE POWER INTERFACE INDISPENSIBLE FOR: ASSEMBLY SCENARIOS BIOLOGY / MEDICINE FUNCTIONALIZATION OF SURFACES EASE THE SURFACE TRAFFIC CONGESTION
NANO SMALL ULTRAHIGH DENSITIES: COMPONENTS, ENERGY INTENSITIES: CURRENTS, FLUXES, FIELDS, SPEED: SENSITIVITY: MECHANICS, RATES MOLECULAR RECOGNITION NANO SMALL : SMALL NUMBERS
ISSUES AND CHALLENGES NANO SCALE MATERIAL SCIENCE LOCAL GROWTH, NANO-PARTICLES, NANO- INTERFACE INTERFACE AS ACTIVE COMPONENT THE SOLID LIQUID INTERFACE AMBIENT, NATURE, ELECTROCHEMISTRY THE 1/ N ISSUE SMALL N
THE 1/ N ISSUE FLUCTUATION OF DOPANTS: 1/ N 3% N 1000 DOPANTS DOPING LEVEL: 10 20 cm -3, VOLUME: 30x30x30 nm 3 THE POSITIONS OF THE DOPANTS BECOME IMPPORTANT : ORDERED DOPING ATOMS FLUCTUATION OF CURRENTS: 1/ N 3% N 1000 ELECTRONS ps I 100 μa ; R contact ~ 1 kω Q 10 μj, (V 100mV) ns I 100 na Q 10 pj, (V 100μV) CONTROL by COUNTING
NANO SMALL ULTRAHIGH DENSITIES: COMPONENTS, ENERGY INTENSITIES: CURRENTS, FLUXES, FIELDS, SPEED: SENSITIVITY: MECHANICS, RATES MOLECULAR RECOGNITION NANO SMALL : SMALL NUMBERS LARGE SYSTEMS : ULTRALARGE NUMBERS OF COMPONENTS
ISSUES AND CHALLENGES NANO SCALE MATERIAL SCIENCE LOCAL GROWTH, NANO-PARTICLES, NANO- INTERFACE INTERFACE AS ACTIVE COMPONENT THE SOLID LIQUID INTERFACE AMBIENT, NATURE, ELECTROCHEMISTRY THE 1/ N ISSUE SMALL N THE ENERGY DISSIPATION ISSUE WE HAVE BEEN THERE BEFORE
The power problem: we've been here before! STEAM IRON
THE CRUCIAL ISSUE OF POWER DISSIPATION POWER DISSIPATION IN PRESENT CMOS TECHNOLOGY: 50% BY ACTIVE COMPONENTS, 50 % BY LEAKAGE CURRENTS OFF -STATE DISSIPATES SAME OR MORE THAN ON -STATE NUMBER OF COMPONENTS : ~ d -2 LEAD RESISTANCE : ~ d -2 CONTACT RESISTANCE R Q : ~d -4 LEAKAGE CURRENTS : exp (d)
NONVOLATILE SWITCHES BASED ON BISTABLE NANOSTRUCTURES FOR MEMORIES AND PROCESSORS CRITICAL ISSUE is SPEED REVIVAL OF TWO TERMINAL DEVICES DOES NOT DOWNGRADE AN AMPLIFIER TO A SWITCH
MAGNETISM & FERROELECTRICS e.g. MRAM s, FRAM s MECHANICS & CHEMISTRY ATOMIC & MOLECULAR SWITCHES CANTILEVERS and ALIKE
Atom Switch D.M. Eigler, C.P. Lutz and W.E. Rudge, Nature 352, 600 (1991).
Atomic Switch Realized with Ag 2 S) Ag wire Ag 2 S coating Platinum wire Terabe, Hasegawa,Nakayama, Aono Nanomaterials Laboratory, NIMS, Japan
FURTHER BISTABLE COMPONENTS CONFORMATION CHANGE GRANULAR FILAMENTS.. AND OTHERS
THE CHALLENGE GRANULAR FILAMENT OVONICS (OVSHINSKY) EXPERIMENTS of Andreas Moser + HR, 1974 Rh SiO 2 GaAs Rh FILAMENT FORMATION: DISCHARGE E > Ecrit FILAMENT: Ga + CONTACT - GRAINS in As MATRIX ELECTRICALLY ISOLATED FROM GaAs
FURTHER BISTABLE COMPONENTS CONFORMATION CHANGE GRANULAR FILAMENTS.. AND OTHERS MECHANICS, MECHANICS, MECHANICS,.
MANY NONVOLATILE, BISTABLE SWITCHES HAVE MECHANICAL COMPONENTS ALL-ELECTRONICS TO ELECTRONIC-MECHANICAL SYSTEMS REVIVAL OF MECHANICS
MECHANICAL COMPONENTS CANTILEVER OR SIMILAR THE CHALLENGE S EXCURSION S FORCE STRAIN FREQUENCY r : FORCE GRADIENT : DISSIPATION KEY CHALLENGE: FUNCTIONALIZATION OF CANTILEVER ADJUSTABLE HOLES close open SWITCH GATE SIEVE COUNTING GUIDES (RAILS, TUBES) CONTROLLED TRANSPORT
MICRO WAS THE DOMAIN OF ELECTRONICS NANO : MECHANICS PLAYS A DOMINANT ROLE MECHANICS UNDERSTOOD AS MOTION OF ATOMIC CORES (or generally MASS ) AND DEFORMATION OF THEIR ARRANGEMENT
ISSUES AND CHALLENGES NANO SCALE MATERIAL SCIENCE LOCAL GROWTH, NANO-PARTICLES, NANO- INTERFACE INTERFACE AS ACTIVE COMPONENT THE SOLID LIQUID INTERFACE AMBIENT, NATURE, ELECTROCHEMISTRY THE 1/ N ISSUE SMALL N THE ENERGY DISSIPATION ISSUE WE HAVE BEEN THERE BEFORE ENERGY SUPPLY and INFORMATION TRANSFER LOCAL CHEMICAL ENERGY, FIELDS
WIRELESS ENERGY SUPPLY TO AUTONOMOUS NANO- SYSTEMS NANO ENERGY HARVESTING WIRELESS COMMUNICATION BETWEEN & WITH AUTONOMOUS NANO- SYSTEMS FIELDS, MESSENGERS
FUTURE LARGE SYSTEMS : ULTRALARGE NUMBER OF COMPONENTS e.g. GIGA-COMPONENTS / CHIP, PETA- BYTE STORAGE SMALL SYSTEMS : MODERATE NUMBER OF COMPONENTS e.g. NANO ROBOTS, LOCAL SENSOR - ACTUATION - PROCESSOR SYSTEMS POCKET SIZE TERABITS ULTIMATE GOAL PERVASIVE BRIDGES BETWEEN THE REAL WORLD OF ACTION & VIRTUAL WORLD OF DATA PROCESSING
ISSUES AND CHALLENGES NANO SCALE MATERIAL SCIENCE LOCAL GROWTH, NANO-PARTICLES, NANO- INTERFACE INTERFACE AS ACTIVE COMPONENT THE SOLID LIQUID INTERFACE AMBIENT, NATURE, ELECTROCHEMISTRY THE 1/ N ISSUE SMALL N THE ENERGY DISSIPATION ISSUE WE HAVE BEEN THERE BEFORE ENERGY SUPPLY and INFORMATION TRANSFER LOCAL CHEMICAL ENERGY, FIELDS THEORY COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCES
COMPUTATIONAL METHODS ARE THE THEORY OF NANO
COMPUTATIONAL METHODS FOR NANO: AT THE TRANSITION OF CONDENSED MATTER BEHAVIOR TO ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR ROPERTIES NO A PRIORE DIMENSION AND SYMMETRY INTERFACING OF VERY DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS PROCESSES COMPLEX SYSTEMS
THE CHALLENGE COMPUTERS AND COMPUTATION 10 9 RELATIVE PERFORMANCE (INDEPENDENT SPIN FLIPS PER CPU sec) 10 6 10 3 COMPUTER SPEED 1970 1980 1990 2000
NANO & COMPUTATION FROM HARDWARE TO SOFTWARE HARDWARE: COMPONENTS & COMPONENT CLUSTERS SENSORS AND ACTUATORS SOFTWARE (SW): THE WAY TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM SW IN COMPUTATION: DAWN AT THE HORIZON ARCHITECTURES, ALGORITHMS, PROGRAM BRAINCELLS INSTEAD OF PETA-FLOPS SW IN NANO: A LONG WAY TO GO UNTIL DAWN SENSOR, ACTUATOR, AND PROCESSOR SYSTEMS STRAGIES OF NATURE
ISSUES AND CHALLENGES NANO SCALE MATERIAL SCIENCE LOCAL GROWTH, NANO-PARTICLES, NANO- INTERFACE INTERFACE AS ACTIVE COMPONENT THE SOLID LIQUID INTERFACE AMBIENT, NATURE, ELECTROCHEMISTRY THE 1/ N ISSUE SMALL N THE ENERGY DISSIPATION ISSUE WE HAVE BEEN THERE BEFORE ENERGY SUPPLY and INFORMATION TRANSFER LOCAL CHEMICAL ENERGY, FIELDS THEORY COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCES COMPLEX NANOSYSTEMS CELLS (SYSTEMS BIOLOGY),
CELL, THE NANO-WORLD OF SMART SENSORS SMART ACTUATORS PROCESS CONTROL WITHOUT CENTRAL PROCESSOR
Cell Odyssey Project Conductive tip Understanding signal transmission in single cells Near field optical fiber Light emission Ultra thin carbon nanotube Current Photochemical reaction Ion transport Nakayama, Aono Nanomaterials Laboratory, NIMS, Japan
Neural Network Odyssey Project Conductive tip Understanding signal transmission between cells Near field optical fiber Input signal Ultra thin carbon nanotube Nakayama, Aono Nanomaterials Laboratory, NIMS, Japan