CHAPTER 3: STATES OF MATTER 3.1 Solids, Liquids, and Gases 3.2 The Gas Laws 3.3 Phase Changes
SECTION 3.1 SOLIDS, LIQUIDS, & GASES n VOCABULARY: n solid n gas n liquid n kinetic energy n OBJECTIVES: n Describe the 5 states of matter. n Classify materials as solids, liquids, or gases. n Explain the behavior of gases, liquids, and solids, using kinetic theory. 1/13/14 CHAPTER 3: STATES OF MATTER 2
SECTION 13.1 SOLIDS, LIQUIDS, & GASES 2007-2008 StoneCrop. Artist: Caleb Charland 1/13/14 CHAPTER 3: STATES OF MATTER 3
DESCRIBING THE STATES OF MATTER n On Earth, almost all matter exists in 3 states: gas, liquid, & solid. n Materials classified as solids, liquids, or gases based on whether their shapes & volumes are definite or variable. n Shape & volume are clues to how particles within a material are arranged. 1/13/14 CHAPTER 3: STATES OF MATTER 4
WHAT IS A SOLID? n solid - state of matter in which materials have a definite shape & a definite volume n particles packed close together in orderly arrangement n rigid structure - not easily compressible & doesn t flow easily definite: shape & volume won t change if moved; changing container doesn t change shape or volume. However, definite doesn t mean shape or volume can never change. Copyright by Houghton Mifflin Co. 1/13/14 CHAPTER 3: STATES OF MATTER 5
WHAT IS A LIQUID? n liquid - state of matter in which a material has a definite volume but NOT definite shape n particles packed close together but have a random arrangement n not easily compressible but flows easily n always has same shape as its container Copyright by Houghton Mifflin Co. 1/13/14 CHAPTER 3: STATES OF MATTER 6
WHAT IS A GAS? n gas - state of matter in which a material has neither a definite volume nor a definite shape n particles are well separated & arranged randomly n compressible & flows easily n takes shape & volume of its container Copyright by Houghton Mifflin Co. 1/13/14 CHAPTER 3: STATES OF MATTER 7
STATES OF MATTER: SOLIDS, LIQUIDS, GASES 1/13/14 CHAPTER 3: STATES OF MATTER 8
STATES OF MATTER: SOLIDS, LIQUIDS, GASES 1/13/14 CHAPTER 3: STATES OF MATTER 9
VENN DIAGRAM: COMPARE & CONTRAST STATES OF MATTER Solid Liquid Gas Arrangement of Particles: A. B. C. D. 1/13/14 CHAPTER 3: STATES OF MATTER 10
VENN DIAGRAM: COMPARE & CONTRAST STATES OF MATTER Arrangement of Particles: Solid Liquid Gas packed close together in packed close together but not arranged in a regular pattern (random arrangement) an orderly arrangement in a random arrangement A. Definite Shape B. Definite Volume C. Variable Shape D. Variable Volume 1/13/14 CHAPTER 3: STATES OF MATTER 11
OTHER STATES OF MATTER: PLASMA & B.E.C. n plasma v v v v not common to Earth but 99% of all matter observed in universe exists in this state exists at extremely high temperatures e.g. on sun, in lightning, flames, & auroras 1/13/14 CHAPTER 3: STATES OF MATTER 12
OTHER STATES OF MATTER: PLASMA & B.E.C. n Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC) v Einstein (after reading Bose s paper) predicted 5 th state could exist at extremely low temperatures v groups of atoms behave as if single particle 1/13/14 CHAPTER 3: STATES OF MATTER 13
IS JELLO CONSIDERED A SOLID OR A LIQUID? n at normal room temperature & under normal pressure does Jell-o have a v v definite volume? definite shape? 1/13/14 CHAPTER 3: STATES OF MATTER 14
IS JELLO CONSIDERED A SOLID OR A LIQUID? n at normal room temperature and under normal pressure does Jell-o have a v definite volume? Yes v definite shape? Yes Therefore, it could be considered a solid 1/13/14 CHAPTER 3: STATES OF MATTER 15
IS JELLO CONSIDERED A SOLID OR A LIQUID? v Gelatin in Jell-o is made of long solid chains of protein molecules v when gelatin mixes w/ hot water, protein molecules break apart & become suspended in water; however, individual molecules remain solid (therefore, not a solution) v as mixture cools, protein molecules come back together to form long chains again; however, these chains go in random directions & form a lattice that traps water molecule w/in its structure. à mixture of solid & liquid 1/13/14 CHAPTER 3: STATES OF MATTER 16
IS JELLO CONSIDERED A SOLID OR A LIQUID? n actually it is neither (or technically both) v when it s hot - solid suspended in a liquid v when it's cold - liquid suspended in a solid n thus it is classified as a colloidal suspension (or more simply a colloid) rather than as being either solid or liquid 1/13/14 CHAPTER 3: STATES OF MATTER 17
WHAT IS THE KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER? n kinetic energy - energy object has due to its motion v faster object moves, greater its KE is n kinetic theory of matter v states that all particles of matter are in constant motion v explains behavior of each state of matter, including what occurs within substance as it changes from 1 state to another 1/13/14 CHAPTER 3: STATES OF MATTER 18
EXPLAINING THE BEHAVIOR OF GASES n kinetic theory of gases: constant motion of particles in a gas allows a gas to fill any container (of any shape or size) 1/13/14 CHAPTER 3: STATES OF MATTER 19
EXPLAINING THE BEHAVIOR OF GASES n 3 main points: in a gas 1. particles are in constant, random motion 2. attraction forces among particles can be ignored under ordinary conditions n particles apart & moving fast à attraction too weak to have an effect 3. particles, unless collide, won t affect each other s motion 1/13/14 CHAPTER 3: STATES OF MATTER 20
EXPLAINING THE BEHAVIOR OF LIQUIDS n 2 main points: in a liquid 1. particles can flow to new locations à takes container s shape 2. attraction forces keep particles close together & limit motion à volume is constant this is why particles in a liquid can t spread out & fill entire container 1/13/14 CHAPTER 3: STATES OF MATTER 21
EXPLAINING THE BEHAVIOR OF SOLIDS n 2 main points: in a solid 1. particles vibrate around fixed locations à have definite volume & shape (vibration - repetitive back & forth motion) 2. strong attraction among atoms restrict their motion 1/13/14 CHAPTER 3: STATES OF MATTER 22
RECAP: BEHAVIOR OF GASES, LIQUIDS, & SOLIDS n all made up of atoms, molecules, &/or ions, but behaviors of particles differ in the 3 phases n forces of attraction hold solids & liquids together but not gases Microscopic view of gas liquid solid animations from http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/liquids/character.html 1/13/14 CHAPTER 3: STATES OF MATTER 23