Unit 1 The Study of Life Student Notes 1.1 Introduction to Biology What is Science? is a special way of looking at and learning about the. a. Looks into relationships between. b. Tries to those relationships by. c. to see if it holds up under different circumstances. is a branch of science that deals with For example: Biologists attempt to explain how living things: Basic Concepts in Biology 1. There is a wide variety of living things ( ). All living things have certain things in common ( ) such as: 2. All living things are affected by and affect the things around them. They interact with members of the 3. Organisms have different structures depending on in the Example: Eagles ---- claws and sharp beak Ducks ---- webbed feet and flat bill Only rarely in nature will a structure have no specific function. The organism will likely This is called and is the basis for the.
4. All living things die, but if the organisms is successful, its. 5. allows an organism to survive temporary changes in its environment. Without homeostasis, periods of dry weather or drastic temperature changes would cause widespread extinction. Example: The human body is maintained at for optimal operation regardless of the outside temperature. 6. Environments change over time. A species must be able to take advantage of new resources as old ones give out. If not, the species becomes extinct. 1.2 The Scientific Method What is the Scientific Method? 1. The scientific method is a specific method by which scientists gain about the. 2. Doing science involves application of the. 3. Although the steps involved may vary, Experiment Design 1. Characteristics of a Valid Scientific Experiment Part of the Scientific Method involves which will. These experiments are based on the testable prediction. Although the design of the experiments varies considerably, most include the following characteristics: 2. An experimental variable: This can also be referred to as the. It is and there should only be experimental variable in an experiment. 3. A dependent variable: Also called the, it is the is being observed as it. 4. One or more experimental groups: Groups within the experiment in which the experimental variable is varied. 5. A control group: with the. must have a control group. 6. Constant factors: These are. These include all factors except for the experimental variable. 7. Large sample size: This ensures that results are valid..
8. Repeatable: An experiment If it is then the results would be as there would be no way to check them. Steps in the Scientific Method 1. State your - general statement which is being tested 2. State your - hypothesis written as an if/then statement 3. Identify the 4. Identify the 5. Describe the group 6. Describe the group 7. Include a large size or many sizes or many Repititions 8. Identify at least 5 factors Example A scientist notices that people who eat foods that contain a lot of vitamin C(eg: fruits & veggies) seem to get fewer colds. The scientist wonders if vitamin C prevents colds. Design an experiment to test this idea. : People who ingest more vitamin C will get fewer colds. 1. Testable Prediction: 2. Experimental Variable: The amount of 3. Dependent Variable: 4. Control Group: People consuming the (according to the recommended daily intake values) 5. : People getting 25% less than the required amount of vitamin C People getting 50% less than the required amount of vitamin C People getting 25% more than the required amount of vitamin C People getting 50% more than the required amount of vitamin C 6. : Intake of all other required vitamins and minerals Intake of daily calories Amount of sleep Amount of exercise Exposure to viruses Theories Most explanations for biological processes are in the form of. Theories are that have
. You can. You can say a theory is Fact Vs Data Fact - Data (hypothesis) What is a Hypothesis A Hypothesis is a. An by some authority on the subject. A hypothesis is made. This allows you to collect only relevant data and ignore the unnecessary facts. Hypothesis should be written in the form of an Example: Does changing temperature result in a change in bacteria growth? Hypothesis #1: IF the temperature of a bacterial culture is raised by 5 C THEN the bacteria will grow faster. Experiment to be done? Prediction. If (Something is done) to the test group then (Something should) happen. A valid hypothesis MUST do 3 things: 1) It must be able to explain the observations that led to its development. 2). 3).
Valid Experiments In order to be valid, experiments must be: 1) Others wishing to test the hypothesis must be able to duplicate the experiment make the same observations and collect similar data. 2) The experiment must be conducted systematically so it is clear what factors caused the results. Controlled Experiment: Example: Tomatoes vs Soil Group 1 - Sand Group 2 - Clay Group 3 - Sand/clay Group 4 - Topsoil. Each group gets the same light, water, temperature, etc. : A group used as a standard of comparison in a control experiment. : A group of subjects that are exposed to the variable of a controlled experiment. 1.3 Classification What is Taxonomy? The branch of biology that is called and specialists in this area are called. The goal of taxonomy is to. Why is Taxonomy Important? Taxonomy: is the. Must create a catalogue/inventory of life s species before its all gone. Example: Okanagan Mountain Park Fire. Carl Linnaeus: The Father of Taxonomy In order to classify organisms biologists use the of the organism. focused on (what the organism looks like) of an organism when classifying them. The phenotype is controlled by the genotype (the genetic make-up of the organism). Although there was very little understanding of genetics or of the mechanism of inheritance during Linnaeus' time, he was quite accurate in his phylogenetic classification. He devised a nested hierarchy/taxa of 7 different levels of organization. The 7 Taxa Are:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Remember! ing hilip ame ver or ood oup Taxon (pl. Taxa)- 7. Species The that but. 6. Genera (Genus) If but are they are classified as. Example: Mountain lions and cats share similar features so they both belong to the genus Felis 5. Family This is a than a genus with that are similar to each other and yet are. Example: A house cat genus (Felis) and the leopard genus (Panthera) both belong to the family Felidae Note:. Order - are grouped into Orders and is the next largest taxon. 4. 3. Class - Orders are grouped into classes. For example all members of the Order Carnivora share characteristics such as being They are grouped with humans and chimps (Order Primata) into the Class Mammalia. 2. Phylum and placed into a phylum (pl. Phyla). Although all the organisms may they all share some 1. Kingdom is an of classification. Is the **Has been changed since Linnaeus s time from.** 5 Kingdoms vs 3 Domains
For many years most biologists favored a consisting of Kingdom Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. They were placed into categories by their type of cell (prokaryotic or eukaryotic), level of organization (unicellular or multicellular), and how they acquire their nutrition. It is suggested that protists evolved from the Monerans who are the simplest organisms (note: the monerans have recently been divided into the archea and eubacteria - which accounts for a new 6 kingdom system). Fungi, Plants and Animals evolved from the Protists in three separate evolutionary lines. The five kingdom system of classification is based on. 3 Domains A New Proposal: The Three Domains of Life In the 1970's scientists began to find evidence for a previously unknown group of prokaryotic organisms. These organisms lived in extreme environments such as the Dead Sea, acid lakes, and salt evaporation ponds. These are environments that scientists never suspected of maintaining life. They appeared to be prokaryotic and so were ('ancient' bacteria). However, it became obvious from biochemical characteristics and DNA sequence analysis that ). It was realized that these archaebacteria were. Today, these bacteria have been renamed. From this work scientists proposed that there should be a. The Domain is a classification category The traditional five Kingdom system says nothing about how organisms within Kingdoms or between Kingdoms may be related to each other via evolutionary relationships among the Kingdoms. A New Proposal is the. The three domains are. Unlike the Kingdom system the three-domain system of classification is based on that show they are three vastly different groups of organisms. Binomial Nomenclature We often refer to organisms by their but did you know that each organism also has a? A scientific name for an organism is the same. In other words, it is. All scientific names stem from words because these languages are unchanging. Linnaeus (1707-1778) was the scientist who developed the system for. Each organism's scientific name must have, this is called. Part 1 Genus name -must be. Part 2 Species name must be *Note if the name is hand written it must be.
Why is it so Helpful? Scientists can communicate about any organism using its, regardless of what country or language is spoken. Classifying Humans Kingdom=Animalia Phylum=Chordata Class=Mammalia Order=Primates Family=Hominidae Genus=Homo Species=sapiens In humans the Binomial name is. The 7 levels of classification for the. Kingdom=Animalia Phylum=Chordata Class=Mammalia Order=Carnivora Family=Canidae Genus=Canis Species=familiaris Classification of a Big Cat (Leopard). A dog is named. Comparative Classification of 3 different mammals. Kingdom Animalia Animalia Animalia Phylum Chordata Chordata Chordata Class Mammalia Mammalia Mammalia Order Family Hominidae Felidae Equidae Genus Homo Felis Equus Species sapiens domesticus caballus Modern Classification - The classification of organisms based on evolutionary history A is a that depicts the that are thought to exist between groups of organisms. is a system of according to and is constructed by a set of.
Cladograms Example: Wolves (mammals) all have hair no other groups have hair, therefore hair evolved within the mammal group. Here is a cladogram for winged insects.