Boardworks A2 Chemistry

Boardworks A2 Chemistry Organic Synthesis 34 slides 13 Flash activities Optical isomerism Introduction to light waves Animation illustrating the nature of polarized light Optically active compounds, enantiomers and chiral carbon atoms Identifying chiral carbons Animation illustrating how the optical activity of compounds can be measured Properties of optical isomers Optically active compounds Organic Animation illustrating how nucleophilic attack of carbonyl compounds can lead to the formation of optical isomers Optical isomers and drug manufacture, including the thalidomide tragedy Separating optical isomers and methods of obtaining optically pure compounds, including chiral catalysts Identifying true-or-false statements relating to optically active compounds Synthetic routes The importance of organic synthesis Overview of different functional groups Activity to identify the different functional groups present in a compound Overview of how compound properties can be predicted from the functional groups present in its structure Summary of organic reactions and synthetic routes Devising a synthetic route 1/22

Carbonyl Compounds 38 slides 16 Flash activities Aldehydes & ketones Introduction to the carbonyl group Representing and naming aldehydes and ketones Identifying the names of aldehydes and ketones Animations illustrating the synthesis of aldehydes and ketones from alcohols Properties of aldehydes and ketones Animated graph comparing the boiling points of aldehydes and ketones with alcohols and alkanes of similar M r Reactions of aldehydes & ketones Orgnaic Overview of the polarity of the carbonyl group as the basis for the reactivity of carbonyl compounds Animation illustrating the nucleophilic addition reaction mechanism of cyanide and the carbonyl group Animations illustrating the reaction mechanisms of the reduction of aldehydes and ketones with a reducing agent such as sodium tetrahydridoborate Virtual experiments illustrating the use of Tollens reagent and Fehling s solution to distinguish between aldehydes and ketones Animation illustrating the use of 2,4-DNPH (Brady s reagent) to identify an aldehyde or ketone Identifying the conditions needed for various reactions involving aldehydes and ketones Identifying true-or-false statements about reactions involving aldehydes and ketones Carboxylic acids Overview of the carboxyl group Identifying the names of carboxylic acids Animated graph comparing the boiling points of carboxylic acids with alcohols, aldehydes and alkanes of similar M r. Preparation of carboxylic acids by the oxidation of primary alcohols or aldehydes, and by the hydrolysis of nitriles Virtual experiment illustrating the preparation of carboxylic acids by the oxidation of primary alcohols 2/22

Reactions of carboxylic acids Overview of the type of reactions involving carboxylic acids Formation of the carboxylate ion, and the reaction of carboxylic acids with carbonates and alkalis Identifying missing words relating to carboxylic acids 3/22

Acyl Compounds 38 slides 17 Flash activities Esters Organic Introduction to esters Animation illustrating the formation of esters from carboxylic acids and alcohols Nomenclature of esters Activity to identify the names of esters from their structures Animations illustrating the hydrolysis of esters by hydrochloric acid and by sodium hydroxide Uses of esters Animation illustrating the structure of triglycerides in terms of glycerol and fatty acids Identifying true-or-false statements about esters Guide to saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, and the cis/trans configuration Trans fats, saturated fats, cholesterol and health Animations illustrating the formation of soap and biodiesel from triglycerides Acid chlorides & acid anhydrides Overview of acylation and acid derivatives Overview and nomenclature of acid chlorides and acid anhydrides Identifying structures as being acid chlorides, acid anhydrides or esters Activity to identify the names of acid chlorides and acid anhydrides from their structures Addition elimination reactions Overview of the reactivity of acid chlorides and acid anhydrides Animation illustrating the reaction mechanism of acid chlorides and nucleophiles Animations illustrating the reaction mechanisms of acid chlorides with water, alcohols, ammonia and amines Identifying the relative reactivity of nucleophiles in their reactions with acid chlorides Applications of acylation reactions Animations illustrating the reaction mechanisms of the formation of paracetamol and aspirin Identifying missing words relating to acid derivatives 4/22

Aromatic Chemistry 36 slides 15 Flash activities Bonding in benzene The history of the structure of benzene The Kekulé structure of benzene and problems with the Kekulé structure: evidence from hydrogenation, bromination and isomers of dibromobenzene Animation illustrating the role of thermochemical data in determining the structure of benzene: comparing hydrogenation enthalpies of benzene and cyclohexene Bond lengths in benzene: evidence from X-ray crystallography Identifying missing words relating to problems with the Kekulé structure of benzene Animation illustrating the delocalized structure of benzene Identifying true-or-false statements relating to the structure of benzene The evolution of scientific knowledge as illustrated by the history of benzene Organic Properties of arenes Overview of the arenes: physical properties and nomenclature Animation illustrating the conventions for naming aromatic compounds Activity to identify the names of arenes from their structures Reactions of arenes Overview of how delocalization affects the reactivity of arenes Animation illustrating the general mechanism of electrophilic substitution reactions Animation illustrating the mechanism of the nitration of benzene Uses of nitrated arenes Overview of Friedel Crafts reactions Animations illustrating the reaction mechanisms of Friedel Crafts alkylation and Friedel Crafts acylation Animation illustrating the reaction mechanism of benzene with bromine Animation illustrating the reaction of phenol and sodium Reaction of phenol with bromine Identifying components of electrophilic substitution reactions involving arenes 5/22

Amines 34 slides 10 Flash activities Properties of amines Overview of amines: structure and shape Identifying primary, secondary and tertiary amines from their structures Nomenclature of amines Activity to identify the names of amines from their structures Physical properties of amines Synthesis of amines Organic Synthesis of amines from ammonia and halogenoalkanes Synthesis of amines via the reduction of nitriles The preparation of phenylamine Identifying which conditions are needed to synthesize amines in different types of reactions Reactions of amines Aliphatic and aromatic amines Animation illustrating the action of amines as Brønsted Lowry bases Relative base strength of the amines, and the reactions of amines as bases to form salts Animation illustrating the action of amines as nucleophiles: reaction with halogenoalkanes to form secondary, tertiary and quaternary amines Uses of quaternary ammonium salts Animations illustrating the reaction of amines with acyl compounds (acid chlorides and acid anhydrides) The synthesis of diazonium salts and azo compounds, and uses of azo compounds Identifying true-or-false statements relating to the reactions of amines 6/22

Polymers and Amino Acids Boardworks A2 Chemistry Contents Guide 36 slides 16 Flash activities Addition polymers Overview of different types of polymer Naming addition polymers Guide to common addition polymers Identifying addition polymers Disposal of addition polymers Condensation polymers Organic Overview of condensation polymers Animation illustrating the formation of esters from carboxylic acids and alcohols, and the formation of polyesters from dicarboxylic acids and diols, including the formation of PET Animation illustrating the formation of amides from carboxylic acids and amines, and the formation of polyesters from dicarboxylic acids and diamines, including the formation of nylon-6,6 and Kevlar Disposal of condensation polymers Acidic and basic hydrolysis of polyesters and polyamides Identifying statements as referring to either addition polymers or condensation polymers Identifying types of polymer: addition, polyester or polyamide Identifying polymers from monomers Amino acids and proteins Overview of amino acids Guide to the 22 proteinogenic amino acids Animation illustrating the formation of zwitterions Overview of the acid base nature of amino acids Virtual experiment exploring the effect of changing ph on amino acids Animation illustrating the formation of a peptide bond between two amino acids Animation illustrating the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins The types of bonds in proteins The two main types of protein: fibrous and globular, including the structure of enzymes Identifying true-or-false statements relating to amino acids and proteins 7/22

Structure Determination 45 slides 21 Flash activities Mass spectrometry Overview of mass spectrometry Animation illustrating how fragmentation can help to identify compounds Animation illustrating the fragmentation of carbonyl compounds Activity to interpret mass spectra Uses of mass spectrometry Infrared spectroscopy Overview of infrared spectroscopy Infrared spectra of different functional groups Activity to interpret infrared spectra Uses of infrared spectroscopy Organic Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Animation illustrating how NMR spectroscopy works Uses of NMR spectroscopy Animation illustrating carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy Activity to interpret 13 C NMR spectra Chemical shift and the use of TMS as a reference compound Activity to assign peaks on 13 C NMR spectra Animation illustrating proton NMR spectroscopy Activity to interpret 1 H NMR spectra Integration of 1 H NMR spectra Animation illustrating the process of spin coupling, including the n+1 rule Activity to interpret splitting patterns on 1 H NMR spectra Activity to assign peaks on 1 H NMR spectra Uses of NMR spectroscopy Chromatography Overview of chromatography Animation illustrating thin layer chromatography Animation illustrating column chromatography Overview of high performance liquid chromatography Animation illustrating gas liquid chromatography Identifying true-or-false statements relating to chromatography 8/22

Boardworks A2 Chemistry Contents Guide 9/22

Kinetics 26 slides 15 Flash activities Introduction to rates of reaction Introduction to rate of reaction and activation energy Guide to factors affecting the rate of reaction Identifying true-or-false statements about rates of reaction Introduction to measuring rates of reaction Animation illustrating three common methods for measuring rate of reaction Identifying missing words relating to rate of reaction Rate equations Physical Introduction to the rate equation Animations illustrating zero, first and second order reactions Completing a table showing the effect of changing concentration on rate for zero, first and second order reactions The effect of temperature on the rate constant, k Identifying true-or-false statements about rate equations Calculations and experiments Example worked calculations relating to experimental data and the rate equation Calculations relating to experimental data and the rate equation, including full working out Introduction to the rate-determining step Animation explaining the rate-determining step in more detail Guide to using the rate equation to suggest a possible mechanism for a reaction Identifying the correct answer to questions about the rate-determining step 10/22

Equilibria Boardworks A2 Chemistry Contents Guide 33 slides 16 Flash activities The equilibrium constant, K c Recap of dynamic equilibria Animated graph explaining the position of equilibrium Introduction to the equilibrium constant, K c Guide to calculating the units of K c for a reaction, including full working out Multiple choice quiz about K c expressions and units Animation illustrating how to calculate the value of K c for a reaction Interpreting K c values Calculations involving K c, including full working out Physical The equilibrium constant, K p Overview of gas equilibria Guide to calculating partial pressures of gases Calculations involving partial pressures, including full working out Introduction to the equilibrium constant, K p Units of K p Multiple choice quiz about K p units Animation illustrating how to calculate the value of K p for a reaction Calculations involving K p, including full working out Factors affecting equilibria Recap of Le Chatelier s principle Overview of the effect of temperature and concentration on the value of K c Completing a table showing the effect of pressure changes on the equilibrium position The effect of a catalyst on K c Identifying true-or-false statements about Le Chatelier s principle Application of equilibria Guide to the effect of different factors on the value of K p in an industrial equilibrium Atom economy in industrial equilibria 11/22

Acids and Bases Boardworks A2 Chemistry Contents Guide 51 slides 31 Flash activities Acid base theory Guide to definitions of acids and bases Monoprotic and diprotic acids Conjugate acids and bases Identifying acids and bases, and conjugate acids and bases ph, K a and K w Physical Introduction to ph and strong and weak acids Guide to calculating the ph of a strong acid Calculations of the ph of strong acids, including full working out Calculating [H + ] from ph Calculations of [H + ] from ph, including full working out Weak acids, K a and pk a Animation illustrating how to derive the equation for calculating the ph of a weak acid Guide to calculating the ph of a weak acid Calculations of the ph of weak acids, including full working out Introduction to K w Animation illustrating the use of K w to calculate the ph of water and the variation of K w and ph with temperature. Guide to calculating the ph of a strong base using K w Calculations involving the ph of strong bases, including full working out Summary guide to the methods of calculating ph for strong and weak acids and strong bases Summary ph calculations, including full working out ph curves and indicators Introduction to acid base titration Animations illustrating ph curves for the following titrations: strong acid vs. strong base, weak acid vs. strong base, strong acid vs. weak base and weak acid vs. weak base Example worked calculations from the results of titration experiments Selecting an appropriate indicator Guide to selecting an appropriate indicator based on ph curves Animation illustrating approximations that can be made at the half-neutralization point, and how this can be used to find ph and K a Identifying missing words relating to titrations Example worked calculations of ph for strong acid strong base titrations 12/22

Calculations of ph for strong acid strong base titrations, including full working out Buffer solutions Introduction to buffer solutions Animations illustrating how acidic buffers work Buffers in the body Example worked calculations of ph for buffer solutions Calculations involving the ph of buffer solutions, including full working out Making a buffer from strong base and weak acid Example worked calculations of ph for buffers made from strong base and weak acid Step-by-step calculation of the ph for a buffer solution made from a strong base and a weak acid, including full working out Changes in buffer ph when small amounts of acid or base are added Example worked calculations of change in buffer ph when small amounts of acid or base are added Calculations involving the change in buffer ph when small amounts of acid or base are added, including full working out Guide to selecting the correct method to use for ph calculations 13/22

Thermodynamics 43 slides 24 Flash activities Enthalpy changes Introduction to enthalpy changes Guide to different types of enthalpy change Identifying the correct equation for various enthalpy changes Introduction to bond enthalpies Calculations involving enthalpy change using bond enthalpies, including full working out Born Haber cycles Animation explaining Born Haber cycles Guide to constructing a Born Haber cycle for NaCl Physical Born Haber cycle for MgCl 2 Completing Born Haber cycles and calculations based on them Identifying the correct answer to calculations based on Born Haber cycles Lattice formation enthalpies Animation illustrating polarizability, covalent character and their affect on lattice enthalpies Identifying missing words relating to polarization and lattice enthalpies Enthalpies of solution Standard enthalpy of solution and standard enthalpy of hydration Animation illustrating the use of Hess s Law to calculate enthalpy of solution Calculations involving enthalpies of solution Factors affecting enthalpy of hydration Entropy Guide to the need for another factor as well as enthalpy to explain spontaneous reactions Introduction to entropy Animation illustrating entropy changes for melting and evaporation, and for reactions involving changes in the complexity of molecules Identifying whether entropy changes for particular reactions are positive or negative Calculating entropy change for a reaction Example worked calculations of entropy changes for various reactions Calculations involving entropy changes for various reactions, including full working out Animation explaining what the entropy change for the surroundings is and how to calculate it Calculations involving the entropy change for the surroundings for various reactions, including full working out 14/22

Introduction to Gibbs free energy Example worked calculations of Gibbs free energy change for various reactions Calculations involving Gibbs free energy change for various reactions, including full working out Discussion of when a reaction is feasible and how to find the lowest temperature at which a reaction will be feasible Calculations involving temperatures at which various reactions become feasible, including full working out Using G sol to work out whether a substance will be soluble in water at a particular temperature Using both thermodynamic and kinetic considerations to decide whether a reaction will occur 15/22

Periodicity in Period 3 35 slides 16 Flash activities Physical properties Guide to the physical properties of period 3 elements Identifying the physical properties of period 3 elements Reactions with water and oxygen Inorganic Animations illustrating the reaction of sodium, magnesium and chlorine with water Summary of the reactions of period 3 elements with water Animations illustrating the reaction of period 3 elements (Na S) with oxygen Summary of the reactions of period 3 elements with oxygen Calculating the oxidation states in reactions of period 3 elements and oxygen Identifying missing words relating to the reactions of period 3 elements with water and oxygen Reactions of oxides Guide to the physical properties of period 3 oxides Virtual experiment investigating the reactivity of period 3 (Na P) oxides with water Virtual experiment investigating the reactivity of sulfur oxides with water Na 2 O and MgO as alkaline oxides Al 2 O 3 and SiO 2 as insoluble oxides P 4 O 10, SO 2 and SO 3 as acidic oxides Matching period 3 oxides to the ph of the solution they form after reacting with water Identifying true-or-false statements about period 3 oxides and water The reactions of Na 2 O and MgO with bases The amphoteric nature of Al 2 O 3 The reactions of SiO 2, P 4 O 10 and SO 2 with bases Identifying missing substances in the reactions of period 3 oxides with acids and bases Identifying key trends in period 3 elements and their oxides 16/22

Redox Chemistry and Electrode Potentials 35 slides 15 Flash activities Redox reactions Identifying reactions as being redox or not Identifying statements as referring to either oxidation or reduction Guide to the general rules for assigning oxidation states Identifying the oxidation states of different elements Identifying missing words relating to oxidation states Inorganic Balancing redox reactions Guide on how to combine and balance half equations Balancing equations when given two half equations Half cells Introduction to half cells Animation introducing electrode potentials and the creation electrochemical cells using two half cells, a salt bridge and a voltmeter Virtual experiment to combine different half cells to create electrochemical cells Animation introducing the standard hydrogen electrode Virtual experiment to combine different half cells with a standard hydrogen electrode Cell diagrams and he electrochemical series Guide on how to calculate E cell by combining half cell equations Activity to calculate E cell for different combinations of half cells Feasibility of reactions Guide on how to determine the feasibility of reactions using standard electrode potentials Identifying whether different redox reactions are feasible or not feasible 17/22

Applications of Redox Chemistry 30 slides 16 Flash activities Cells and batteries Inorganic Overview of electrochemical cells How an electrochemical cell works Introduction to primary cells Guide to different types of secondary cells Identifying the reactions in a zinc carbon cell Identifying primary and secondary cells Definition of a battery Guide to a lead acid battery Calculating the e.m.f. of cells and batteries Fuel cells Overview of fuel cells, and the reactions taking place in a hydrogen fuel cell Animation illustrating how a hydrogen fuel cell works Labelling species in a hydrogen fuel cell Methods of producing hydrogen gas Guide to different methods of storing hydrogen Introduction to hydrogen-rich fuels Animation illustrating how a direct methanol fuel cell works Identifying the reactions taking place in a direct methanol fuel cell Development of an ethanol fuel cell Identifying properties of fuel cell vehicles and conventional vehicles Guide to different opinions about a hydrogen economy How fuel cell technology has been applied to modern breath alcohol testers 18/22

Introducing Transition Metals 33 slides 16 Flash activities Properties of transition metals Definitions of a transition metal Completing the electron configurations of transition metal atoms and ions Successive ionization energies as evidence of transition metal electronic structure Graphs of successive ionization energies of vanadium, chromium and manganese Distinguishing between transition metals and d block elements Identifying transition metals and d block elements Inorganic Variable oxidation states Variable oxidation states in transition metals Ordering the oxidation states of transition metal compounds Ordering the oxidation states of vanadium compounds How oxidation state affects bonding Guide to common oxidation states of transition metals Transition metal complexes Introduction to ligands Features of bidentate and multidentate ligands Identifying the bonding atoms in ligands Identifying unidentate, bidentate and multidentate ligands Co-ordination numbers Guide to complex ions Identifying properties of a complex ion from a structural diagram Guide to the different shapes of complex ions Cis trans and optical isomerism Identifying true-or-false statements relating to transition metal complex ions Identifying the shape and co-ordination number of complex ions 19/22

Transition Metals: Colours and Reactions 43 slides 14 Flash activities Transition metal colours How we see colour Why transition metal ions absorb light Animation of energy changes in d orbitals Factors affecting the colours of transition metal complexes Identifying true-or-false statements relating to colours of complex ions Using UV Vis spectroscopy to determine concentrations of complex ion solutions Animation illustrating how to determine the concentration of a solution using spectroscopy Improving UV Vis spectroscopy by exchanging ligands Inorganic Hydrolysis reactions Overview of hydrolysis reactions Differing acidity of aqua ions Ordering aqua ions by acidity, using charge and ionic radius Hydrolysis reactions of M 2+ and M 3+ ions Reactions with bases, including ammonia, hydroxide ions and carbonate ions Virtual experiment exploring the reaction of bases with aqua ion solutions Selecting the correct numbers to balance hydrolysis equations Amphoteric character Matching reaction terms with their definitions Ligand substitution reactions Introduction to ligand substitution reactions Virtual experiment exploring ligand substitution reactions Identifying reactants and conditions in acid base and ligand substitution reactions An overview of stability constants The chelate effect Predicting the direction of reversible ligand substitution reactions based on entropy Ligand substitution in haemoglobin 20/22

Redox reactions Redox reactions in transition metals Oxidation of cobalt(ii) Reduction of chromium(vi) Identifying the type of reaction Boardworks A2 Chemistry Contents Guide 21/22

Uses of Transition Metals 40 slides 14 Flash activities Catalysis Inorganic Introduction to transition metals as catalysts; heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis Animation illustrating the process of heterogeneous catalysis Improving catalytic efficiency Catalysts in the Haber and Contact processes, and the production of methanol Identifying missing words relating heterogeneous catalysts Introduction to homogeneous catalysis Reaction of iodine and peroxodisulfate ions Introduction to autocatalysis Oxidation of ethanedioic acid Matching industrial products to the catalysts used in their production Development of new catalysts Identifying true-or-false statements relating to industrial catalysts Redox titrations Introduction to redox titrations Identifying missing words relating to the oxidation states of manganese Virtual experiment exploring a potassium manganate(vii) titration Guide to calculating potassium manganate(vii) titration results, including full working out Introduction to potassium dichromate(vi) titrations Identifying missing numbers in ionic equations for the reaction of potassium dichromate(vi) with Fe 2+ ions Guide to calculating potassium dichromate(vi) titration results, including full working out The reaction of iodine and thiosulfate ions Calculations involving the reaction of iodine and thiosulfate ions, including full working out Applications of transition metals Uses of transition metal in catalytic converters, polychromic sunglasses, chemotherapy drugs specifically cisplatin paints and dyes and alloys Matching transition metal properties to their uses 22/22