Chemistry of organic compounds Bridge course
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds, excluding oxides, carbonates &bicarbonates. Organic chemistry deals with hydrocarbons and their derivatives. Organic compounds contains mainly carbon, hydrogen & oxygen. Vikasana Bridge Course 2012
The total number of organic compounds far exceed the total number of inorganic compounds formed by all the remaining elements. That is the wonder of organic chemistry.!! Vikasana Bridge Course 2012
Friederich Wohler (31.7.1800-23.9.1882)
Classification of organic compounds Aliphatic compounds Aromatic compounds Alicyclic compounds Heterocyclic clic compounds Vikasana Bridge Couse 2012
Aliphatic compounds: these compounds are Called open chain compounds and consists of Straight or branched chain. Ex; CH3 CH3,, CH3 CHCH3 CH3 Ethane propane Isobutane
Aromatic compounds : these are cyclic unsaturated compounds.the name aromatic has been derived from the Greek word aroma means smell.(odour). e.g. CH3 OH Benzene Toluene Phenol Vikasana Bridge Couse 2012
Alicyclic compounds: These are compounds containing rings or closed chains. e.g. CH2 H2C CH2 Cyclopropane opa cyclobutane Vikasana Bridge Couse 2012
Heterocyclic compounds: These are cyclic compounds containing hetero atoms like oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur etc. e.g. N S pyridine Thiophene Vikasana Bridge Couse 2012
Functional groups An atom or a group of atoms present in a molecule of an organic compound which h dt determines the properties is called a functional group. e.g. C C, C=C, C=O Alkane, alkyne, ketone Vikasana Bridge Couse 2012
Organic compounds containing tii carbon and Hydrogen only are called HYDROCARBON e.g. CH4, C2H6, C6H6, C6H5CH3. Methane Ethane benzene toluene
hydrocarbons aliphatic i aromatic saturated unsaturated alkenes alkynes
Saturated hydrocarbons: these compounds contains carbon carbon b single bond they obey the general formula CnH2n+2 e.g.ch4,c2h6,c3h8 etc. H H C H H3C CH3 CH3 H Methane Ethane
Saturated hydrocarbons usually undergo Substitution reactions rather than addition reactions. They are also called Alkanes. These compounds comes under homologous series. CH4 C2H6 C3H8 C4H10
Unsaturated hydrocarbons: These compounds contains carbon carbon double bond or triplebond. e.g. HCCH H2C=CH2 HC=CHCH Ethene Ethyne Vikasana Bridge Couse 2012
Unsaturated hydrocarbons with double bond are called alkenes.they obey the general formula CnH2n C2H4, C3H6, C4H8
Unsaturated hydrocarbons with carbon carbon triple bond are called alkynes. Their general formula is CnH2n 2. C2H2, C3H4, C4H6.
Aromatic hydrocarbons : Aromatic hydrocarbons contains a ring structure with double bonds. e.g. CH3 Benzene Toluene Naphthalene Vikasana Bridge Couse 2012
August kekule kl (1829 1896)
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Uses of hydrocarbons LPG CNG Gasoline Artificial ripening of fruits Paraffin wax Manufacture f of plastics and polymers Ink, carbon black Vikasana Bridge Couse 2012
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The structure of organic compounds can be represented by: Electron dot structure Dash line structure Condensed structure Bond line structure Vikasana Bridge Couse 2012
Electron dot structure: H H C H H O H H
Dash line structure H H C H H O H H Methane Water
Condensed structure CH3CH2CH2CH3 CH3(CH2)3CH3 Butane Pentane Vikasana Bridge Couse 2012
Bond line structure OH Butane propanol Vikasana Bridge Couse 2012
Substitutions and addition reactions In substitution reaction, one group replaces another. CH4+Cl2 CH3Cl +HCl Vikasana Bridge Couse 2012
chlorination of methane CH4+Cl2 CH3Cl +HCl CH3Cl+Cl2 CH3Cl2+Cl2 CHCl3+Cl2 CH2Cl2+HCl CHCl3+HCl CCl4+HCl
Addition reactions Unsaturated hydrocarbons undergo addition reactions and move towards saturation. CH2=CH2+H2 CH3 CH3 Vikasana Bridge Couse 2012
Addition reaction HC=CH+Cl2 CH=CH Cl Cl Vikasana Bridge Couse 2012
Thank You Prakash navilur G.P.U College Bidkalkatte. Vikasana Bridge Couse