Available online www.jocr.com Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 204, 6(5):2042-2047 Research Article ISSN : 0975-7384 CODEN(USA) : JCPRC5 Study on determinants of Chinese trade balance based on Bayesian VAR model Yajie Wang *, Yannan Duan and Chao Wang School of Management, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China ABSTRACT With the areciation and fluctuation of the RMB exchange rate, it is necessary to study the relationshi between exchange rate, stock rices and the resulting imact on the trade balance. Three of them are forecasted using the Bayesian estimation method, further, it can be tested that areciation of the RMB drive the stock rices u. While the stock rice and RMB exchange rate change on the trade balance contribution is not obvious. On the other hand, Consumtion has significant effect on Trade balance, becoming the main reason of its surlus. Keywords: Bayesian estimates; RMB exchange rate; stock rice; Trade Balance INTRODUCTION Since 994, Chinese economic growth raidly with the mode of exort orientation and comulsory foreign exchange settlement system, the current account has been in surlus state. Also, RMB exchange rate has been continuing to rise slightly since 2005. On the other hand, China stock market exerienced big us and downs, with the deeening of market-oriented reform, the breadth and deth of Chinese stock market in the strengthening, and increasingly erfect, which has also revealed the wealth effect to some extent. Profound changes in the stock market will reflect the changes in stock rices. This aer analyses the dynamic relationshi between stock rices, the RMB exchange rate and the trade balance. and the main logic of the study is stock rice affect consumtion through the wealth effect, at the same time to find the inner link between consumtion and exchange rate, and finally investigate the how the stock rice, exchange rate affect the trade balance and also find the relations between them. As for the wealth effect of stock rices, in theory, it means that investors decide to articiate in the stock market with their existing stock wealth which will fluctuate with the stock rice changes, and then imact on consumer demand. In this aer, the wealth effect of stock market is to exand to a broader sense, which refers to the influence of the stock market and wealth increasing or decreasing or its structure changes on consumtion demands. In fact, there have been a lot of achievements about the study on the relations among financial asset rices, the wealth effect, the real exchange rate and the current account, Zhu Mengnan and Liu Lin[] analyzed the relationshi between short-term international caital flow, exchange rate and asset rices in theory and further concluded that the shortterm international caital inflows will lead to the areciation of the RMB exchange rate and market areciation of the RMB exected. Dong Tiantian[2], from the money suly oint, concluded there is a long-term equilibrium relationshi between asset rices, exchange rate and money suly and exchange rate is to have a role of exectation. Zhao Jinwen[3] thought that the areciation of effective exchange rate of RMB will lead to short-term international caital outflows and stock rices falling. Chao Hui[4] consider there must be a ositive correlation between the RMB exchange rate and asset rices in normal circumstances, but when the change in the exchange rate and asset rices are driven by seculative, or instability caused by external factors,the correlation between them will disaear, and even in some cases showing significant negative correlation. Wang Junbin[5] interreted that Chinese technological rogress is romoting the areciation of the RMB and further imroving the trade balance, ositive demand shock cause the current account deficit shortly while increase in the current account surlus in the long- 2042
Yajie Wang et al J. Chem. Pharm. Res., 204, 6(5):2042-2047 term. RMB exchange rate and the current account does not exist the negative causal relationshi. Chen chuanglian[6] concluded that the effect of RMB exchange rate on trade term shows J curve effect, but the exchange rate reform esecially after the sub-rime crisis, the real exchange rate imact on the current account shows downward trend. For a long time the areciation of the RMB exchange rate are not efficiently means of balancing the current account. In the studying aroach, some scholars have used the BVAR(Bayesian SVAR) method to analyze and validate on the relationshi between the variables in recent years. Marcel Fratzscher[7]using the quarterly data from 974 to 2008, concluded that comared to asset rices, exchange rate on the current account of the imortance is not worth mentioning. And he also found significant factors imact on asset rices have 23.5% effects on America current account exressing the influence of asset rice changes on the current account is robust. This aer using BVAR method, analyze the interaction among stock rice RMB real exchange rate and trade balance with data of China, at last give some summaries and conclusions. 2. Forecasting using Bayesian method 2. Rationales of VAR model Vector autoregressive model is roosed and develoed by Sargent (978), Sims (980a, b) and Litterman (980), which is a single time series regression model, it choose a strong correlation between economic variables constituting a vector system, and the relationshi between each variable vector can be exlained by multistage lag regression[8]. The general idea of vector autoregressive models are as follows: Assuming on a linear dynamic system, outut vector t t t 2 t 2 t t t 0 X is comosed by n variable and meets: t X = C + A X + A X + A X + u, u N(, Σ) () Where C is a constant matrix n, A is n n coefficient matrix. Vector X includes various elements such as redictive variables named exchange rate, asset rice (stock rice) and so on. Error vector u is made of random error term for each equation, these errors meet the standard normal distribution with zero mean and covariance sigma ( Σ ). Because the model includes each variable lag value of P order, so it is called the VAR (P) model. The variable coefficient A in each equation is uniquely determined by the following general orthogonally condition: ( ) ( ) = 0 ( j, ) E u t X t j = (2) In the model n equations have the same exlanatory variables, including the indeendent variables from to order lag values and decision element. Each of the indeendent variables of the model is endogenous, which is a basic characteristic of vector auto regression model. The main idea to estimate vector auto regression model (take X,t as an examle) is as follows: ' Assuming estimated value X of the outut variables in the model contents that:,t X = a X + a X + a X + a X + a X, t, t 2, t 2, t 2 2, t n n, t (3) Then from (), we can obtain: X X = u, t, t t (4) Obviously, estimated value X, t u, minimizing error term t is the otimal estimation. Similarly, the otimal estimated value of the vector X comosed of a n elements must satisfy minimum of variance and covariance of error term matrix, and then this will be the estimation of equations. 2.2 Rationale of Bayesian VAR Bayesian vector autoregression model is an extension of the model of vector auto regression model. The technology was initially develoed in the USA University of Minnesota, since the early 80's it has been widely used in rediction and modeling[9]. In contrast, Bayesian vector autoregression model can rovide higher forecast accuracy, esecially short-term rediction, at the same time, also won't roduce the "not credible" structure of traditional model. Bayesian statistics use a kind of information, which is about distributed information of unknown arameters in the overall distribution. And the Bayesian school is in favor of subjective robability, which is that the subject of 2043
Yajie Wang et al J. Chem. Pharm. Res., 204, 6(5):2042-2047 cognition to the occurrence degree of robability, and does not deend on the event can reeat. The general model of Bayesian statistical inference is that a riori information lus samle information equal to osterior information. The commonly used vector autoregressive model usually need data sequence estimation and the actual data series are often very short, or even incomlete. Bayesian vector autoregression model uses a simle method to deal with these constraints, its rincile is when the arameters are determined in one value(such as zero), they are aroaching to this orientation instead of locking determined value. As long as the necessary data suort, so this method can get more accurate estimates. Bayesian considers the arameters in equation () as random variables, which have a rior distribution (A, ) The rior distribution is thought as containing some related information π that forecasters got before they redicted. If lack of this kind of information, we believe that there exist some indeterminate (or diffusion or not significant) rior distribution. The rior distribution is the basis and remise of Bayesian statistical inference method and the discussion is divided into non informative rior distributions and the conjugate rior distribution. This aer uses the matrix -Wishart distribution as conjugated rior distribution to study and discuss the results, to discuss the Bias vector autoregressive model including equation corresonding relationshi and inference for model orders. 2.3 Forecasting The basic thought of Bayesian statistics lies in the human exerience information as the known conditions, according to the ractical model for rediction, on the one hand, unexected events can be effectively overcome in the traditional statistical, on the other hand, it can use the relevant economic data to overcome the data too little, so as to imrove the economic forecast We must first understand several distribution density such as density of matrix normal distribution, density of matrix t distribution Tm, density of Wishart distribution and consider the following r dimensional P order autoregressive model: Y ( t) = φ Y ( t ) +... + φ Y ( t ) + e( t) (5) Suose e( t), t = 0, ±, is random error vector with r dimensional N( 0, W )Given the observation vector Y( ),, Y( n), write Si = ( Y( ),, Y( i)), S( n i)( = Y( i + ),, Y( n)),then S( n )concerning the conditional likelihood function ofs : f S S W W Y t Y t i W Y t Y t i n ( n ) 2 ( ( n ) ; φ, ) ex( ( ( ) φi ( ))' ( ( ) φi ( ))) 2 t= + i= i= ( n ) 2 W ex( tr( W ( S( n ) Xφ)'( S( n ) Xφ))) (6) 2 where ' φ φ = ' φ M, Y ( )' L Y ()' X = M O M Y( n )' Y ( n )' L Here, Φ is m r matrix, m r =,when n is comarative big to, we can use aroximate the exact likelihood function(6), this aer uses modeling is based on (6) as the starting oint. Choosing conjugate rior distribution family: matrix normal distribution -Wishart. Bayesian autoregressive models is the equivalent the following multile regression roblems: S( n ) = XΦ + E, E ~ N( n ), r( O, I, W ) (7) Prior distribution φ W N µ W W ~ Wr ( m, A ) ~ m, r (,, ), (8) 2044
Yajie Wang et al J. Chem. Pharm. Res., 204, 6(5):2042-2047 Where Φ W says Φ to W conditions distribution. A Bayesian multivariate regression model results is available immediately, in (5), (6), marginal osterior distributions of Φ and W, next ste redictive distributions for Y( n + )are matrix t distribution, Wishart distribution, multivariate t distribution. () Data Through the above analysis and using above method to redict we look at its rediction ability and the trend of three variable. Data selection of these three variables are the data from July of 2005 to Aril of 203 monthly. The aer select the imort and exort trade balance to relace the current account balance (TB),and the stock rice is said with stock market return on equity (RE), the real exchange rate of RMB is showed with real effective exchange rate (REER). (2) Forecasting Results The results include two arts.they are exressed as two arts. (a)the results in samle The statistical results are given in Table on the rediction accuracy of July of 202 to Aril of 203 according to the recursive method. (b)the result out of samle The rediction effects out of samle deend on the method which aims the series of forecasting results at one oint with the same variable. This aer obtain the forecast value of July of 202 to Aril of 203 using the data of July 2005 to June of 202, and then comared with the actual value. The estimated results are showed in Fig.. Table Forecasting results in samle Variable Ste Real value Forecast value U limit Down limit Absolute error mean square root 202.7 7.6542 7.6399 7.6399 7.6399 878.70 0 202.8 7.62438 7.6749 7.6853 7.6635 78.89 2.6634 202.9 7.64308 7.7845 7.73980 7.69664 662.028 48.5397 202.0 7.63476 7.73542 7.7784 7.69079 455.488 99.8677 Stock 202. 7.5909 7.9327 8572 7.85082 20.882 25.7 Price 202.2 7.6673 7.50232 7.62437 7.36329 889.47 235.230 203. 7.7773 7.86725 7.9725 7.75005 43.0500 288.697 203.2 7.76878 7.7470 7.8457 7.56390 8.63 33.70 203.3 7.7272 7.52285 7.68072 7.33529 68.43 36.358 203.4 7.6862 7.28522 7.49259 7.02330 874.84 336.05 RMB Exchnge Rate Trade Balance 202.7.84687.82859.82890.82827 0.33489 094 202.8.84687.85093.85766.8445 0.6424 0.04297 202.9.84055.8077.8678.79857 0.40347 0.05552 202.0.83896.87869.8975.86547 0.07498 0.08600 202..83896.82853.84242.8446 0.252 0.08700 202.2.83737.8648.8802.84798 0.06064 0.0366 203..83737.87668.89255.86056 0.88 0.0447 203.2.83577.88696.90289.87078 0.27932 0.0595 203.3.82777.8565.83778.79822 0492 0.065 203.4.82730.8345.85442.8356 30.320 0.0478 202.7 5.53457 4.0685 4.8767 2.65737 36.670 72.7288 202.8 5.57632 4.99 5.3870 4.3262 48.499 7.4492 202.9 5.6385 5.58242 5.8582 5.2884 53.04 69.853 202.0 5.7775 4.6873 5239 3.5674 2.3390 73.457 202. 5.2805 4.898 5.33048 4.0986 88.8047 73.3437 202.2 5.75637 5.293 5.60552 4.8300 05.03 73.3558 203. 5.65564 6.0826 6.25249 5.93966 27.756 69.7509 203.2 5.0860 4.7454 5.23254 3.75608 30.750 82.2444 203.3 2.7475 4.662 5.595 3.33885 69.4989 72.943 203.4 580 5.2707 5.48872 5.55489 22.6229 73.4263 Fig. shows the real value and forecasting value of stock market rice, the RMB exchange rate and the trade balance from July 202 to Aril 203. Thickened black line changes in the grahs reresent the rediction results at different time oints. The two dotted lines uer and lower is obtained through the rediction results which add and subtract RMS error t at different time oint resectively, and then they form an error band. If the actual value falls into the standard error band in any unilateral side,, it is considered that this rediction is accurate. By this in samle and out samle redicting method, this aer got rediction results, which showed that this tye of model can rovide accurate rediction for the rice of Chinese stock market, the RMB exchange rate and current account balance in the short-term, among which, very accurate rediction of stock rices and the trade balance trend, and forecast the trend of the RMB exchange rate there is error. We can see that the exchange rate on the stock rice imact on trade balance is not the only and the most critical factors. 2045
Yajie Wang et al J. Chem. Pharm. Res., 204, 6(5):2042-2047 () stock rice (2) RMB real exchange rate (3)trade balance Fig Real value of three varibles and their forecasts 3. Imulse resonse analysis In the VAR system, all variables are treated as endogenous variables which are symmetrically into various estimated equation, and can avoid the roblems of omitted variables. Because the economic meaning obtained from the test results is difficult to analyze directly using the VAR model, it is often using imulse resonse function (Imulse Resonse Function, IRF) to analyses[0]. Imulse resonse analysis reflected that adding one imulse in the disturbance shows the imact on the current value and future value of endogenous variable. Koo et al (996) resented imroved resonse function method (Generalized Imulse Resonse Function, GIRF) to carry on the analysis, the decomosition of the does not rely on sequential relationshi of the all variables in a VAR system, which imroves the stability and reliability of the estimation results. This aer investigates one standard deviation of return on equity, RMB real exchange rate and the consumer imact on the current account and the dynamic imact Using this the imulse resonse function. 3.Choice of variables and Data As for variable selection, this aer mainly analyses three variables about Exchange rate, stock rices and the current account balance based on above Bayesian estimates. In the following analysis, in order to enhance the robustness of the test, this aer surveys with two variables about the consumer rice index (CPI), the level of consumtion (CONSUM), and further investigate imact of the wealth effect of the financial market on current account. The data is from the July of 2005 to December of 203. All variables are using monthly data. The data of real effective exchange rate of RMB (REER) is from the Bank for International Settlements, other relative data is from the National Bureau of Statistics. In order to reducing heteroscedasticity, all data were log rocessing. 3.2 Imulse resonse analysis The testing results of imulse resonse function strongly deend on of the hyothesis that the error vector satisfies the white noise sequence vector, we first do stationary test for time series variables, and then through the different variables, such as the real exchange rate, return on equity, the level of consumtion, the rice level, this aer imoses a standard error on trade balance, and after that, investigates its different imulse resonse..25.5.0.05 -.05 -.0 Resonse of TB to Generalized One S.D. CONSUM Innovation.5.0.05 -.05 -.0 Resonse of TB to Generalized One S.D. REER Innovation -.5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 -.5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Resonse of TB to Generalized One S.D. CPI Innovation.24 Resonse of TB to Generalized One S.D. RE Innovation.5.6.2.08.04.0.05 -.04 -.08 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 -.05 -.0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Fig 2 Imulse resonse of Trade of Balance Figure 2 shows that the resonse of trade balance to residual fluctuations of consumtion, real effective exchange rate, inflation rate and the stock returns.first of all, it is can be seen that from the one standard unit imact of consumtion, the trade balance has been from ositive resonse to negative, and ositive reaction reach its 2046
Yajie Wang et al J. Chem. Pharm. Res., 204, 6(5):2042-2047 maximum value in the second eriod. In the 2-6 eriod will emerge strong or weak small fluctuation, at last, after sixth eriod, the reaction is stable and close to 0. Second, there is a ositive resonse for the shocks from the real effective exchange rate in -3 eriod, After the third eriod it gradually turn to negative resonse. And till the seventh eriod the reaction is close to 0. It can be seen that the imact of real effective exchange rate fluctuations on trade balance is more comlex, which In different eriods there have different effects. But in general, ositive reaction is greater than the negative one, the ositive reaction is u to the maximum in the second eriod.the trade balance resonse for the imact from inflation rate and stock returns are basically showing ositive. The reaction to the inflation rate is exerienced larger, ersistent ositive until 3rd eriod and then decreased raidly to near 0. However, the resonse to equity return rate has a fluctuation change until the sixth eriod it is reduced to 0. In contrast, the trade balance resonse to each variable imact, such as consumtion and inflate rate, show aarently larger, than those such as real effective exchange rate and stock rice. The largest ositive reaction of the real effective exchange rate and stock rice is equal. CONCLUSION This aer theoretically analyses conduction athway of exchange rate and stock rice and the current account. First, using the Bayesian estimation method to redict the trade balance, the stock rice and RMB exchange rate, it was concluded that there exists a certain relationshi among the three variables, and forecasting the trend of the trade balance and the stock rice is very accurate, the rediction of exchange rate is relatively low. In the subsequent analysis of ulse resonse, the consumtion and the inflation rate of two intermediate variables are introduced in the aer. And we find that consumtion have the more larger role the formation of Trade balance surlus of China than other factors such as RMB exchange rate and stock rice. The effect of exchange rate to the trade balance are hysteretic.while the stock market on the trade balance surlus contribution is not obvious. REFERENCES [] Zhu Mengnan, Liu.Lin. Financial Economy,200(5):38-46 [2] Dong Ting. Journal of Zhejiang Industrial and Commercial University, 200(0):0-8. [3] Zhao Wenjun. Study on World Economy,200():3- [4] Cao Hui, Wang Wensheng. Journal of Economical Sdudy,2008(9):56-58 [5] Wang Junbin, Guo Xinqiang. Financial Study,,20():47-6 [6] Chen Chuanglian. Journal of Shanxi Economic University,203(9):3-40 [7] Marcel Fratzscher. 20, International Finance Discussion Paer.2:20-80. [8] Zhao Jinwen, Zhang jiangsi. Financial Study,203():9-23 [8] Jarkko P. Jääskelä, David Jennings. Journal of International Money and Finance,20,30:358-374 [0] A. Carriero, G. Kaetanios. M. Marcellino. International Journal of Forecasting09.25:400 47 2047