Name: Class: Outcome C&D Study Guide Identify the layers of Earth s interior Lithosphere the upper most layer of the earth that includes the crust and the hard outer mantle. It is fractured into tectonic plates Asthenosphere the layer under the Lithosphere where convection currents cause the rocks to move and shift. Mesosphere the layer under the Asthenosphere and next to the outer core Outer Core the outer layer of the core of the earth that is hot molten metal Inner Core the very dense, solid metal center of the earth Mantle the middle layer of the earth that is composed of magnesium, aluminum and silicon Crust the top layer of the earth that is composed of oxygen, silicon, and aluminum Identify the Physical Layers of the Earth Inner and outer core, mesosphere, asthenosphere and lithosphere Mantle Outer Core Crust Identify the Composition of the Earth Crust, mantle and core Inner Core What is the difference between the physical and compositional layers? The compositional layer is defined by the chemical composition of the layers and the physical layer is defined by the layers physical properties (solid, liquid, or how waves move through the layer). Lithosphere Asthenosphere Mesosphere Where do Convection currents flow? Asthenosphere The magnetic field results from movements in what layer(s)? *Test wants Outer Core as answer. Movement between the Inner and Outer core. How do geologists determine what the inside of the earth is made of? Direct way They look at the rocks that have made their way to the earth s surface Indirect way The record the seismic waves from an earthquake and how they are transmitted through the earth s interior.
Describe and explain the theory of Continental Drift. Pangaea Supercontinent that Wegener believed existed as a single land mass before being separated apart as separate continents. What was Alfred Wegner s theory and what proof did he have? Continental Drift Theory from 1910. Wegner believed that the present day continents started out as a single land mass that drifted across the ocean floor to their present locations. He used landforms, fossils and climate to support his theory. Why did other scientists reject Alfred Wegener s idea of Continental Drift? Other geologists rejected his theory because Wegener could not identify a force powerful enough to move the continents. Describe and explain the theory of Sea Floor Spreading Divergent plate boundary Mid Ocean Ridge the area in the ocean where the sea floor is spreading and new crust is being created. This is a divergent plate boundary. What is the theory of Sea Floor Spreading? The theory where the sea floor is continually renewing itself at the midocean ridge with fresh material from the mantel. Who first introduced this theory? Harry Hess in the 1960 s Explain how the theory of Plate Tectonics is supported by continental drift and sea floor spreading. Divergent Boundary plate boundary where the tectonic plates are moving away from each other. Convergent Boundary plate boundary where the tectonic plates are colliding into each other. Transform Boundary plate boundary where the tectonic plates are sliding past each other Subduction the process by which the ocean floor sinks beneath a the continental crust and creates a deep-ocean trench and goes back into the mantle Ocean Trench the area created when two tectonic plates collide and the denser oceanic crust sinks below the continental crust.
Explain the theory of Plate Tectonics? The geological theory that states that pieces of Earth s lithosphere are in constant, slow motion. What is the most common theory of tectonic plate movement and how does it work? Convection currents in the asthenosphere where hot rock from deep within the earth rises and cooler rocks near the surface sink. Label the three different plate boundaries. Transform Divergent Convergent
Boundary Diagram Name of stress Tension Divergenttwo plates move away from each other Name of fault Normal- hanging wall falls downward in relation to footwall Effects/landforms New seafloor, volcanoes, Earthquakes, rift valley, Transformtwo plates move past each other in opposite directions Shearing Strike-Sliprocks on either side slide past each other with little up or down movement Earthquakes Convergenttwo places move toward each other Compression Reverse- hanging wall is pushed up over the footwall Mountains, earthquakes, volcanoes, trenches Why do earthquakes and volcanoes occur at plate boundaries? Most earthquakes and volcanoes occur because of movement of the plates, especially as plates meet at their boundaries. Earthquakes happen when rock below the Earth's surface moves abruptly. Volcanoes occur when magma rises along the gap between plates. What is the point beneath Earth s surface where rock breaks under stress and triggers and earthquake? Focus The Hawaiian Islands formed over what? Hot spot
Define the Ring of Fire. The zone of volcanic activity surrounding the Pacific Ocean. Identify the land feature at C Trench Identify and describe the process at point C. Your answer should include how the earth s crust is changing as a result of this process. Subduction- compression of the ocean floor/crust and continental crust Describe the change in the earth s surface at point A due to Plate Tectonics, and the forces that caused that land formation. Mid-ocean Ridge; tension within ocean floor causing molten material to rise and moving the plates away from each other