Candidate Name Centre Number Candidate Number 2 General Certificate of Education Advanced Subsidiary/Advanced 451/01 GEOLOGY GL1 Foundation Unit P.M. THURSDAY, 10 January 2008 (1 hour) Examiner Question 1 Question 2 Question 3 Question 4 Total 60 ADDITIONAL MATERIALS In addition to this examination paper, you will need a Mineral Data Sheet. INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the spaces at the top of this page. Answer all questions in the spaces provided in this booklet. INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES The number of marks is given in brackets at the end of each question or part-question. You are reminded that marking will take into account the use of examples and the quality of communication used in your answers. No certificate will be awarded to a candidate detected in any unfair practice during the examination. CJ*(W08-451-01)
2 Examiner GL1. FOUNDATION GEOLOGY Answer all questions. 1. Figure 1a is a simplified diagram of the rock cycle. Figure 1b shows features of a destructive (convergent) plate boundary. Sediments and sedimentary rocks Igneous rocks Metamorphic rocks Figure 1a (a) Three of the processes involved in the rock cycle are listed, with a corresponding letter, in Table 1 below. Rock cycle process Magma formation Weathering Metamorphism letter A B C Table 1 Indicate at which part of the rock cycle the processes A, B or C occur by inserting the appropriate letter in the blank boxes on Figure 1a. You must use each letter once. [2] (b) State the sources of energy responsible for the following processes. [2] Magma formation......................................................................................................................................................................... Weathering........................................................................................................................................................................................
locality S fluvial transport granite pluton 3 Examiner continental crust locality Y + + + + + fluvial transport deposition in a deep marine environment locality X ocean rising magma o c e a n c r u s t mantle Key: magma not to scale Figure 1b (c) Metamorphic rocks have formed at locality X and locality Y on Figure 1b. (i) Identify the types of metamorphism at locality X and locality Y. [1] Type of metamorphism at X.................................................................................................................................... Type of metamorphism at Y.................................................................................................................................... (ii) Describe how the temperature and pressure conditions differed during metamorphism at localities X and Y. [2] (d) (i) Mark on Figure 1b, with an arrow labelled M (M ), the locality at which magma is forming. [1] (ii) Describe the process by which magma is forming on Figure 1b. [3] Turn over.
4 Examiner (e) Sediments are being deposited at locality S on Figure 1b. State which one of the minerals quartz, biotite mica and feldspar, is most likely to accumulate in the sediment at locality S. Give reasons for your answer. You may wish to refer to the Mineral Data Sheet. [3]................................................................ (f) For one sedimentary structure which can be formed in a deep marine environment, 1. describe its appearance and 2. explain how it formed. [5] You may wish to make specific reference to your fieldwork (or other example you have studied) and illustrate your answer with a labelled diagram(s)................................................................................................................. [Total 19 marks]
5 Examiner 2. Figure 2a is a photograph of a regional metamorphic rock (Rock C). Rock C, a regional metamorphic rock. Mineral J is pink, has good cleavage in 2 directions and cannot be scratched with a steel pin. 0 1 cm Figure 2a (a) Refer to Figure 2a. (i) With reference to the Mineral Data Sheet, name mineral J in Rock C. [1]....................................................................................................... (ii) Describe the texture of Rock C. [3] (iii) Name Rock C. [1]....................................................................................................... Turn over.
6 Examiner Figure 2b is a geological cross-section through part of a mountain range. north Rock C - a regional metamorphic rock as seen on Figure 2a south fault limestone Q limestone P conglomerate - containing clasts of limestone P not to scale Figure 2b (b) Refer to Figure 2b. (i) Describe the following characteristics of the fault. [2] Dip angle Apparent dip direction (ii) Select, from the list below, the type of fault which best represents that shown in Figure 2b. Give reasons for your answer. [3] Normal Reverse Strike-slip Thrust Type of fault......................................................................................................................................................................... Reasons.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. (iii) The fault is a product of tectonic stress. Describe the tectonic stress involved in its formation. [2]
7 Examiner (c) Figure 2b shows four rocks, Rock C, limestones P and Q, and the conglomerate. State, giving reasons, which rock is the youngest and which is the oldest. [5] Youngest............................................................................................................................................................................................... Oldest..................................................................................................................................................................................................... Reasons................................................................................................................................................................................................. [Total 17 marks] Turn over.
8 Examiner 3. Figure 3a is a map showing part of the constructive plate boundary within the Red Sea. Figure 3b shows a constructive plate boundary system in the Middle East. N R E D S E A land 0 50 km oceanic ridge axis land Figure 3a ocean crust with normal polarity (see Q 3a(ii)) ocean crust with reversed polarity (see Q 3a(ii)) N area shown in Figure 3a 0 250 km Red Sea Arabian plate constructive plate boundary Indian plate African plate A B Figure 3b (a) The oceanic crust of the Red Sea contains magnetic stripe anomaly patterns made up of bands of varying width representing normal and reversed polarity. (i) Explain what is meant by reversed polarity. [1]
9 Examiner (ii) Draw on Figure 3a the pattern which the magnetic stripe anomalies, of varying width, might be expected to show on the floor of the Red Sea. Shade in the stripes showing normal polarity, as indicated in the key. [3] (iii) Explain how the magnetic stripe anomalies have formed. [3] (b) (i) Draw an arrow in each of the boxes at localities A and B on Figure 3b to indicate the relative directions of movement of the lithosphere at these points. [1] (ii) Suggest how the width of the Red Sea is most likely to change over the next two million years. Explain your answer. [3] [Total 11 marks] Turn over.
10 Examiner 4. Figure 4a shows two fossils from an assemblage preserved in a Jurassic limestone. Feature P left valve right valve 0 1 cm 0 1 cm 0 1 cm An ammonite Figure 4a Gryphaea (a) Identify feature P on the ammonite in Figure 4a and explain why it can be used to determine the ammonite s relative age. [2] Feature P........................................................................................................................................................................................... Explanation...................................................................................................................................................................................... (b) The fossil labelled Gryphaea in Figure 4a is a bivalve with some characteristics unlike those of a typical bivalve. For Gryphaea, describe: the size of one valve compared to the other; the symmetry within one valve. [2] Size of one valve compared to the other........................................................................................................................ Symmetry within one valve.................................................................................................................................................... (c) Using the evidence shown in Figure 4a, describe the environment of deposition of the limestone. Give reasons for your answer. [3]................................................................................
11 Examiner Figure 4b shows the time ranges of the ammonite and Gryphaea. Time range of the ammonites Time range of Gryphaea Time range of the trilobite Quaternary Tertiary Cretaceous Jurassic Triassic Permian Carboniferous Devonian Silurian Ordovician Cambrian Precambrian Figure 4b (d) The limestone is Jurassic in age. State in which one of the following eras (Palaeozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic) it was deposited. [1] Era.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... (e) A trilobite with an age range from upper Cambrian to upper Devonian was preserved in the limestone. (i) Draw the time range for this trilobite in the blank column on Figure 4b. [2] (ii) Explain how this trilobite can be preserved on the same bedding plane as the ammonite and Gryphaea despite the differences in age ranges. [3] [Total 13 marks] Turn over.
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