Outline View of Life Defining Life Energy Respond Reproduction and Development Adaptations Natural Selection Biosphere Organization Complexity Human Population Biodiversity Taxonomy Relatedness of everything Taxonomic levels Dichotymous Key Scientific Method Which of these are alive You Cat Strawberry plant Snail Reniform nematode E. coli (bacteria) TMV (Virus) Fire Computer What is life? Five things required for life Require Energy Respond to stimuli Reproduce Adapt Levels of Biological Organization Atom Smallest unit of an element Molecule Union of two or more atoms Cell Structural and functional unit of life Tissue Group of cells common S&F Organ Tissues functioning together Organ System Organs working together Organism An individual Population Group of individuals Community Interacting populations in an area Ecosystem Community plus environment Biosphere Region of the Earth Emergent Properties Each level of organization becomes more complex and has properties beyond the preceding level interactions between different parts of the whole.
Energy Life requires Energy- the capacity to do work. If something is alive it has Metabolism encompasses all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell. Autotrophs can capture energy and synthesize organic material from it (photosynthesis) Heterotrophs must take in organic food can not synthesize organic material Response to Stimuli All living organisms will respond to a stimulus- Electrical Touch Wave Light Sound Environment Food Responses collectively constitute behavior Reproduction and Development Reproduction begins with the union of two gametes from different individuals or the clonal production of a new organism. Union of gametes--mixture of genes. Clonal reproduction Copies can be made quickly to fill a niche Niche- a specific job in a community Adaptations Life adapts Adaptation - Any modification that makes an organism suited to its way of life. Over time, organisms become modified by the process of natural selection. Natural selection is survival of the fittest or you have to be alive to reproduce Man has made manmade natural selection Evident in breeds Human Population The human population tends to modify existing ecosystems for its own purpose. Human beings depend on healthy ecosystems for food, medicines, other raw materials, as well as the benefits of various ecosystem processes. Does any other population modify ecosystems for its own purpose? Biodiversity Biodiversity is the total number of species, the variability of their genes, and the ecosystems in which they live. Extinction is the death of a species or larger taxonomic group. Why conserve biodiversity?
Taxonomy Why is classifying things important? How do we classify things? Classification of Living Things Taxonomy is the discipline of identifying and classifying organisms. Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Are there other groupings? Sub- Pathovar Breed Cultivar Race Domains Bacteria Microscopic unicellular prokaryotes Archaea Bacteria-like unicellular l prokaryotes Extreme environments Eukarya Eukaryotes Familiar organisms Swedish botanist Carl Linneus http://linnaeus.nrm.se/botany/fbo/welcome.html.en 16 Domains: The Archaea Domains: The Bacteria 17 18
Kingdoms Domains: The Eukaryote Kingdoms Archaea Kingdoms still being worked out Bacteria - Kingdoms still being worked out Eukarya Kingdom Protista Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia 19 20 Example Example Eukaryota Animalia Chordata Aves Galliformes Phasadae Gallus domesticus Eukaryota Plantae Anthophyta Liliopsida Commelianales Poaceae Zea mays Scientific Names Binomial First word represents genus. Second word is specific epithet of a species within the genus. Genus species Universal Latin-based Dichotomous Key Using taxonomy A dichotomous key is a series of yes no? s If yes go to 2, like a choose your own adventure After a key is done check extra organism. What did you find? Taxonomy is a living science
Scientific method Observe Question--hypothesis Experiment Data REPEAT Conclusion Experiments Experimental Variable Factor of the experiment being tested. Dependent Variable Result that occurs due to the experimental variable. Control Positive major effect Negative no effect Population How population size effects interpretation of data Correlation does not imply causation Scientific Theory Scientific Theory - Joins together two or more related hypotheses. Supported by a broad range of observations, experiments, and data. Scientific Principle / Law - Theory, or set of theories, generally accepted by an overwhelming number of scientists. Outline Defining Life Energy Respond Reproduction and Development Adaptations Natural Selection Biosphere Organization Complexity Human Population Biodiversity Taxonomy Relatedness of everything Taxonomic levels Dichotymous Key Scientific Method