CHEMISTRY GRADES 10-12 The Ewing Public Schools 1331 Lower Ferry Road Ewing, NJ 08618 BOE Approval Date: 11/29/10 Michael Nitti Revised by: Donald Wahlers, Supervisor, and EHS Staff Superintendent In accordance with The Ewing Public Schools Policy 2230, Course Guides, this curriculum has been reviewed and found to be in compliance with all policies and all affirmative action criteria.
TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Course Description and Rationale 1 Unit 1: Matter (2 Weeks) 2 Unit 2: The Atomic Model (3 Weeks) 5 Unit 3: Periodicity and Bonding (3 Weeks) 8 Unit 4: Reactions and Stoichiometry (5 Weeks) 11 Unit 5: Acids, Bases, Solutions and Equilibrium (5 Weeks) 13
1 Course Description and Rationale Chemistry, one of the main branches of science, focuses on the structure, organization and interactions of matter. Chemistry strives to explain natural phenomena in terms of the most basic models. The laws of chemistry describe the structure and interactions of the substance of our universe. The theories of yesterday inspire the experiments of today, which then evolve into the practical applications of tomorrow. The world around us is composed of objects whose structure is based on internal interactions. We take the result of these interactions for granted. Few of us consider what is occurring within the objects and substances we use to make them what they are. In some cases, we do have expectations of how substances behave when they are mixed or physical things are done to them. Experience throughout our lives has helped us develop an intuitive knowledge of what will occur. But knowledge and understanding are not the same thing. We may know what will happen (though not always!) but do we know why? Chemistry will explore the structures of matter and their interactions at a level not observable by ordinary means. Students will come to understand the how and why of these interactions. This course will discuss the components in the field of chemistry such as the structure of matter, properties of matter, interactions of matter, acids and bases, nuclear interactions, and other topics if time allows. The number one priority is to learn how to think critically, in a scientific manner, about matter and how it behaves. Chemistry here at Ewing High School incorporates problem-solving, hands-on activities, experiments and projects. Use of state-of-the-art technology equipment is specified, such as data collection probes with computers and/or interfaces. This course also includes real-world applications of the chemistry concepts, with the goal of helping students to become informed citizens that are not intimidated by new and emerging technologies.
2 Unit 1: Matter (2 Weeks) Why Is This Unit Important? This introductory unit will serve to develop a mindset that chemistry is a central science that is essential to advancements in technology. The big ideas embedded through this unit are: Utilize the tools of the chemist to determine properties of matter Matter can be described by its properties Enduring Understandings Understand how to group substances with similar characteristics together Understand how to use tables to help organize information Understand how to define the various types of matter Understand how to distinguish among the various types of matter Understand how to define pure substance, element, compound, atom and molecule Understand how to differentiate between homogeneous, variable and constant composition Understand how to distinguish between elements and compounds, atoms and molecules Understand the definitions of mixture, concentration, solute, solvent, homogeneous mixture and solution Understand how to define heterogeneous, mechanical mixture and phase Understand the basic units of measure for mass, volume, length, time and temperature Understand how smaller and larger units of the basic are derived Understand how to describe the relationship between the centimeter, milliliter and the gram Understand how to correctly use the tools for making the basic measurements Understand how to use the kinetic molecular theory to describe and contrast the properties of solids, liquids, and gases. Include an explanation of matter as it undergoes phase changes. The behavior of gases can be explained by the kinetic molecular theory. The kinetic molecular theory can be used to explain the relationship between pressure and volume, volume and temperature, pressure and temperature, and the number of particles in a gas sample. There is a natural tendency for a system to move in the direction of disorder or entropy.
3 Essential Questions What is MATTER? What are the properties of s, l and g? How does kinetic molecular theory account for the states of matter? Major Assessments (Assignments, Quizzes, Tests, Projects, Performance Tasks, Authentic Assessments, Etc.) Lauric Acid Lab Physical and Chemical Changes Lab List of Applicable NJCCCS and Strands/CPIs Covered in This Unit 5.1.A1-4, B1,2 5.2.12.C.1 5.3 D1 (Graph) 5.4 A1, B1, C1 Suggested Learning Experiences and Instructional Activities Anticipatory Sets Boiling Water in a paper cup Decomposition of sugar Liter box demo In-Class Activities Physical and Chemical Changes The Paper Tower Lauric Acid Law of Conservation of Mass Classifying Matter Baggie Lab Technology http://library.thinkquest.org/10429/low/matter/matter.htm http://library.thinkquest.org/10429/low/sol/sol.htm http://library.thinkquest.org/10429/low/gaslaws/gaslaws.htm
4 Differentiation: Excelling Density of Solids Gas Laws Struggling Density of Liquids
5 Unit 2: The Atomic Model (3 Weeks) Why Is This Unit Important? This introductory unit will serve to trace the development of the atomic model from early Greeks through the current Quantum model that will lay the foundation for the understanding how atoms interact. The big ideas embedded through this unit are: Know that an atom's electron arrangement, particularly the outermost electrons, determines how the atom can interact with other atoms. Detail the mass, charge, location and behavior of subatomic particles Enduring Understandings Understand the relative size, charge and mass of the three major subatomic particles Understand and explain the term cathode ray and list several modern devices which use cathode rays Describe the arrangement of the subatomic particles according to Thomson s model of the atom Describe Rutherford s alpha scattering experiment Students will explain why Rutherford s model is called the nuclear atom or solar system model Explain the involved factors in keeping the nucleus intact Students will describe the relationship of distance and energy content for each energy level Students will explain how electrons can jump to higher energy levels Students will explain how excited electrons release their excess energy when they fall back to lower energy levels. Students will define the terms quanta, excited state and ground state Students will draw Bohr-Rutherford diagrams for the first 20 elements Students will write the electron configurations for the elements in the first five periods Students will explain flame tests in terms in the Bohr model and energy levels Students will define the term atomic number and atomic mass number Students will locate the name of the element given the atomic number on the periodic table Given the atomic number and atomic mass number, state the number of each of the subatomic particles in the atom Students will differentiate between the three isotopes of hydrogen Students will define the term isotope Compare the benefits of nuclear fission to the benefits of other energy sources Describe the types of nuclear decay
6 Describe fission and fusion reactions List some useful applications of radioactive isotopes Essential Questions How do the subatomic particles affect the stability of the atom. Discuss the development of the Quantum Mechanical Model. Major Assessments (Assignments, Quizzes, Tests, Projects, Performance Tasks, Authentic Assessments, Etc.) Scientist project Spectroscopy Lab Quiz: Complete the table List of Applicable NJCCCS and Strands/CPIs Covered in This Unit 5.1.A1-4 5.2.A1-4 5.2.12.A4, D4 5.3.B1, D1 (Technology and Graph) 5.4.A1 5.6.A1-3 Suggested Learning Experiences and Instructional Activities Anticipatory Sets Cathode Ray demo In-Class Activities Spectroscopy Lab Locating an Electron by Analogy Isotopes of Vegguim Cross-content Writing Activities Manhattan Project Atoms for Peace
7 Technology Power Point Presentations http://www.uky.edu/projects/chemcomics/ http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/index.html http://www.chemicool.com/elements/ http://library.thinkquest.org/10429/low/chemcomp/chemcomp.htm http://www.chem.wisc.edu/~newtrad/currref/bdgtopic/bdgtext/bdgintro.html http://library.thinkquest.org/10429/low/eleconfig/electron.htm Differentiation: Excelling Hydrogen Lab Struggling Review and reinforcement worksheets
8 Unit 3: Periodicity and Bonding (3 Weeks) Why Is This Unit Important? This unit will enable students to predict chemical and physical properties of elements based on their location in the periodic table. The unit will lay the foundation for understanding chemical reactions. Students will explore the type of bonds formed between two atoms in order to achieve a stable electron configuration. Valence electrons determine reactivity Periodic table is a tool devised by the collaboration of various scientists Formation of ionic bonds Formation of covalent bonds Nomenclature of ionic and covalent compounds bigger idea Enduring Understandings Understand how electron configuration can be used to predict metal and nonmetal properties Understand the periodic trend of: atomic and ionic radii, density, and oxidation number Understand the placement of unknown elements on the Periodic Table based on their physical and chemical properties Understand how the elements are arranged according to the number of protons (the atomic number). This organization illustrates commonality and patterns of physical and chemical properties among the elements Use atomic models to predict the behaviors of atoms in interactions Understand and model how the outermost electrons determine reactivity of elements and the nature of chemical bonds they tend to form Understand the use of electro negativity to determine bond type Ionic bonds are the interactions between atoms that hold them together between oppositely charged ions Covalent bonds are the interaction between atoms held together by sharing pairs of electrons Explain the formation of sigma, pi and simple hybrid bonds Understand the differences in the physical properties of solids, liquids and gases are explained by the ways in which the atoms, ions, or molecules of the substances are arranged and the strength of the forces of attraction between the atoms, ions or molecules Understand how to name and write formulae for ionic, covalent and ternary compounds Understand how to use VSEPR Theory to determine geometry
9 Essential Questions Why is the design of the periodic table valuable in the study of chemistry? How does an atom go about satisfying the octet rule? What factors influence the physical and structural properties of compounds? Major Assessments (Assignments, Quizzes, Tests, Projects, Performance Tasks, Authentic Assessments, Etc.) Lab Activity: Graphing Periodic Trends Lab Activity: Reactivity of Metals List of Applicable NJCCCS and Strands/CPIs Covered in This Unit 5.1.12.A.1-4, B.1-2, C.1 5.2.12.A.2-3, C.2 5.3.12.D.1 Suggested Learning Experiences and Instructional Activities Lab Activity: Graphing Periodic Trends Lab Activity: Reactivity of Metals Project: Periodic Family Posters (Test) Project: The Study of an Element Anticipatory Sets Estimating Periodic Properties Tug of War In-Class Activities Drawing electron configurations activity Periodic table puzzle Technology http://www.dreamwv.com/primer/page/s_pertab.html http://library.thinkquest.org/10429/low/chemcomp/chemcomp.htm http://library.thinkquest.org/10429/low/bonding/bonding.htm http://library.thinkquest.org/10429/low/nomen/nomen.htm http://library.thinkquest.org/10429/low/eleconfig/electron.htm http://www.faidherbe.org/site/cours/dupuis/vseprev.htm
10 Differentiation: Excelling Hybridization Struggling Review and reinforcement worksheets Bohr Rutherford flash cards
11 Unit 4: Reactions and Stoichiometry (5 Weeks) Why Is This Unit Important? This introductory unit will explore the five basic types of chemical reactions will be explored. The big ideas include: Predicting the products to be formed in a chemical reaction. Quantitative evaluations of reactions Enduring Understandings Understand how to perform stoichiometric calculations Understand ways to identify a chemical change is taking place Identify synthesis, decomposition, single displacement, double displacement and combustion reactions Understand how to predict the products of chemical reactions Understand how the activity series controls reactions Understand how to write and balance a chemical reaction Understand that a balanced equation follows the Law of Conservation Understand how to identify a reduction-oxidation half reactions Understand exothermic and endothermic reactions Understand how to solve mass-mass and mass-volume stoichiometric problems Understand the role of redox reaction in the environment Understand how to calculate percent yield from experimental data Essential Questions What determines the type and extent of a chemical reaction? How can stoichiometry be used to quantify reactions? Major Assessments (Assignments, Quizzes, Tests, Projects, Performance Tasks, Authentic Assessments, Etc.) Complete and balance equations of the four basic types List of Applicable NJCCCS and Strands/CPIs Covered in This Unit 5.1.A1-4 5.1.12.B.3 5.2.12.B.2-3. D2-3
12 Anticipatory Sets Five (5) pounds each of peanut butter and jelly, and a loaf of bread In-Class Activities Copper + Silver Nitrate Salt Lab Study of Reactions Lab Metallic Crystals Technology http://library.thinkquest.org/10429/low/balequa/balequa.htm http://library.thinkquest.org/10429/low/balequa/balbody.htm http://library.thinkquest.org/10429/low/redox/redox.htm http://library.thinkquest.org/10429/low/stoich/stoich.htm http://library.thinkquest.org/10429/low/redox/redoxbody.htm http://library.thinkquest.org/10429/low/redox/redoxbody.htm#oxnum Differentiation: Excelling Balance by redox Hess Law Struggling Review and reinforcement worksheets
13 Unit 5: Acids, Bases, Solutions and Equilibrium (5 Weeks) Why Is This Unit Important? This unit will account for the physical properties of solutions and the factors that influence equilibrium. Students will explore the special substances classified as acids and bases. They will investigate what makes substances acidic or basic and how such properties leads to expected behaviors. Students will relate the ph scale to the concentration of various acids and bases. The big ideas embedded in this unit are: External factors effecting internal factors Acidity versus basicity ph scale Enduring Understandings Understand the terms used in solutions such as solute, solvent, dissolve and dissociation Understand how to describe the process by which solutes dissolve in solvents Understand how to prepare and calculate the concentrations of solutions in terms of molarities, molality and a % by mass Understand the differences between an unsaturated, saturated and supersaturated solution Understand how structure determines solubility in water Explain how the factors of concentration, temperature, pressure, particle size and catalyst affect reaction rate Describe when an equilibrium state is established Explain how concentration, temperature, and pressure changes can shift the state of equilibrium Define the terms enthalpy and entropy State the Arrhenius Theory of Acids and Bases Identify an Arrhenius Acid or Base from a chemical formula Name common acids and bases from their formulas Define the term amphoteric Define the term salt Demonstrate by specific example how a salt forms Describe the organization of the ph scale Use ph measuring tools to measure the ph of various solutions Use common acid/base indicators to identify solutions as acid or base Define a buffer Give examples of buffers in our everyday life
14 Essential Questions Looking at solutions of liquid do you notice differences? What makes a solution strong or weak? How can solutions be made stronger? How are some of the energy changes observed in previous reactions involved here? How do the properties and concentrations of acids and bases impact on the world around us? Major Assessments (Assignments, Quizzes, Tests, Projects, Performance Tasks, Authentic Assessments, Etc.) Identify the characteristics and properties of an acid and base and its relationship to the ph scale List of Applicable NJCCCS and Strands/CPIs Covered in This Unit 5.1.A1-4 5.1.12.A3 5.2.12.A5-6, D5 Suggested Learning Experiences and Instructional Activities Anticipatory Sets Water and food color Kool Aid Acid Rain In-Class Activities Spot plate dilutions Cabbage Juice indicator Chameleon Concentration Lab Technology http://library.thinkquest.org/10429/low/acidbase/acidbase.htm http://library.thinkquest.org/10429/low/sol/sol.htm
15 Differentiation: Excelling State the Bronsted-Lowry Theory of Acids and Bases Identify the conjugate acid and base pairs in a hydrolysis reaction State the Levis Theory of Acids and Bases Compare and contrast the Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis Theories of acids and bases Struggling ph investigation at home project Use of acid and bases in daily life research/presentation