MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF RAJGARDH WATERSHED OF MADHYA PRADESH

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 8, Issue 4, April 2017, pp. 1319 1328 Article ID: IJCIET_08_04_149 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?jtypeijciet&vtype8&itype4 ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316 IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed MORPHOMETRIC ANAYSIS OF RAJGARDH WATERSHED OF MADHYA PRADESH Indranil Singh Pursuing M. Tech. (WRE) Ruchi Khare Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, M A National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India ABSTRACT Morphometry means measurement and analysis of the configuration of earth and different landforms of it. In the present work morph metric analysis of Rajgardh district is done by using Arc Hydro tool. Rajgarh watershed is located at 23.42 N and76.32 E at R of 390 m from mean sea level (MS) in western part of the Madhya Pradesh. It receives moderate rainfall of about 985.8 mm. Different linear, ariel and relief parameters are evaluated to analyse the quantitative evaluation of watershed drained by Kalisindh, Parwati and Niwaz rivers. The study of Rajgarh drainage basin revealed that it is 6 th order drainage basin of dendrite drainage pattern. Total number of streams is 3532. The length of stream segment is maximum for first order stream and decreases as the stream order increases. The drainage density (Dd) of study area is 0.56 km/km 2 which shows that the area is not been much affected by structural disturbances, while drainage frequency (i.e., 0.77) and very coarse drainage texture (i.e, 3.96) specifies low relief and porous, permeable rocks beneath the ground surface. This study is helpful to utilize the water resources of Rajgardh watershed for sustainable development of the area. Key words: Drainage Density, Stream Order, Circularity Ratio, Aerial Aspect, Relief Pects Cite this Article: Indranil Singh, Ruchi Khare., Morphometric Analysis of Rajgardh Watershed of Madhya Pradesh, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(4), 2017, pp. 1319-1328 http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?jtypeijciet&vtype8&itype4 1. INTRODUCTION Morphology is used for the analysis of earth surface to find the dimensions of the land forms (Obi Reddy etc, 2002). Remote Sensing and GIS techniques are useful and efficient tools in the delineation, updating and morphometric analysis of drainage basin. It is very useful for hydrological investigation, identification of groundwater potential zones, groundwater http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/index.asp 1319 editor@iaeme.com

Indranil Singh, Ruchi Khare arrangement geomorphology and watershed characteristics. Many researchers i.e, Magesh et al. (2013), Mondal (2013), M..Waiker et al (2014), Monika Sharma et al (2016)[6,7,8,9], successfully utilized these tools to derive morphometric parameters. In the present paper effort has been made to derive drainage network from ASTER DEM by using ARC HYDRO tool. Different linear, arial and relief parameters are calculated and analysed. The study will be useful for the groundwater management of Rajgardh watershed. 1.1. Study Area The present study area is situated in Rajgarh district of Madhya Pradesh between the parallels of North latitudes 23 0 27' 12" and 24 0 17' 20" and the meridians of east longitudes 76 0 11' 15"and 77 0 14'. This area is drained by Chambal sub-basin. Figure 1 Map of Study Area Rajgardh district. All the rivers in the watershed are northerly flowing. A Kalisindh and Parwati river flows at western and eastern side respectively. Newaj River flows through the middle portion of the district. The average annual rainfall of this district is 985.8 mm. The maximum rainfall in this district is from southwest monsoon during June to September. About 92% of the rainfall is received during monsoon season. Average range of minimum and maximum temperature of the district is 11.3 0 C in December and 42.4 0 C in May respectively. The top layer of the soil consists of black soil, light red soil and sand. 2. METHODOOGY In the present study area, morphometric analysis of the watershed is done by using remote sensing and Arc GIS 10.3. For morphometric study of the area DEM is taken from http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov website. The downloaded DEM is mosaicked using the mosaic operation from arc tool box. The watershed is delineated using the Arc GIS Hydro Tool on mosaic ked DEM. Then various steps which are followed to delineate the drainage network in the watershed are shown in Fig.2. Morphometric parameters are computed using standard formulae (Horton 1932, 1945; Smith 1954; Strahler, 1964). The fundamental parameter namely; stream length, area, perimeter, number of streams and basin length are derived from drainage layer. The values of morphometric parameters namely; stream length, bifurcation ratio, drainage density, stream frequency, form factor, elongation ratio, texture ratio, circularity ratio and compactness constant are calculated based on the formulae suggested by Horton (1945), Miller (1953), Schumn (1956), Strahler (1964). Slope map and aspect are also drawn by using the spatial analysis tools for better interpretation of the land surface. http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/index.asp 1320 editor@iaeme.com

Morphometric Analysis of Rajgardh Watershed of Madhya Pradesh, A SRTM DEM B-FITERD DEM C FOW DIRECTION D FOW ACCUMUATION E STREAM NETWORK F STREAM ORDER RASTER G STREAM ORDER VECTOR Figure 2 Methodology of Delineation of Drainage Network 3. FORMUAE AND DEFINITIONS Various morphometric parameters which include linear, aerial and relief aspects of Rajgardh drainage basin are as follows: 3.1 inear Aspects The network which has the single outlet through which the water and sediment of the system are transported is defined as drainage network. The order of the outlet stream is the highest order of the basin and considered as the order of the basin. According to Strahler s system [Horton (1945), Strahler (1952) which is a slight modification of Horton s system, the smallest, unbranched finger tip streams are designated as 1 st order, the confluence of two 1 st order channels give a channel segments of 2 nd order, two 2 nd http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/index.asp 1321 editor@iaeme.com

Indranil Singh, Ruchi Khare order streams join to form a segment of 3 rd order and two 3 rd order streams join to form the 4 th order and so on. 3.1.1. Stream ength (u) It is the total length of the stream of the individual order. Generally the stream length is highest for the first order stream and it decreases as the order of the stream increases. 3.1.2. Stream ength Ratio (R) It defined as the ratio of the mean length (mu)of the stream of a given order to the mean length of the streams of the next lower order (mui-1).it is calculated for each pair. It signifies the variations in slope and topography of the watershed mu u Nu R l mui mui 1 Bifurcation Ratio (RB)is the ratio of number of stream present in the given order (Nu) to number of segment of next higher order(nu+1)(schumn,1956,horton,1945). The bifurcation ratio of large basins is the average bifurcation ratios of all stream orders within it. R B N N u u+1 Basin length (B) is measured as the longest dimension of the basin parallel to the principle drainage line. 3.2 Aerial Aspects is a two dimensional aspect. It is defined as the total area projected upon a horizontal plane contributing overland flow to the channel segment of the given order and includes all tributaries of lower order. Different parameters related to arial aspects are drainage texture, drainage density, form factor, stream frequency, circularity ratio, elongation ratio and length of overland flow. Drainage density (DD) (Horton, 1932) shows the condition of the drainage system of a watershed. High drainage density is the resultant of weak or impermeable subsurface material, sparse vegetation and mountainous relief and ow drainage density indicates the basin has not been much affected by structural disturbances (Strahaler, 1964) M DD A (4) Number of stream segments per unit area is termed Stream Frequency or Channel Frequency or Drainage Frequency (Fs) [Horton, 1945] Strem frequency is related to the lithological characteristics of watershed. If total number of streams are NM F S N A M (1) (2) (3) (5) http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/index.asp 1322 editor@iaeme.com

Morphometric Analysis of Rajgardh Watershed of Madhya Pradesh, Drainage texture ratio (T) is defined as total number of stream segments of all orders per perimeter length of that area (Horton, 1945). N M T P (6) Where P is the perimeter of water shed. It depends on the lithology, infiltration capacity and relief aspect of the area. Form Factor (FF) is defined as the ratio of the basin area to the basin length (b). It represents the flow density and shape of the basin (Horton, 1945). A F F 2 b Circulatory Ratio (Rc) is the ratio of the area of a basin to the area of circle having the same circumference as the perimeter of the basin. [Miller, 1953].It signifies the shape of the basin. 4πA R c 2 P Elongation ratio (Re) is the ratio of diameter of a circle of the same area as the basin to the maximum basin length. (7) (8) R e A π b (9) ength of overland flow (g) is independent variables which affect both hydrological and physiographical development of drainage basins. It is the length of the water on the ground surface before it is changed into definite channels. G 1 2D D Constant channel maintenance (C) is inverse of drainage density (Schumm, 1956). C 1 D d 3.3. Relief Aspects In morphometric analysis the concept of relief shows the third dimension i.e, elevation or height. The trms basin relief, relative relief, ruggedness number are associated with it. Basin Relief (H) is the elevation difference of the highest and lowest point of the valley floor. It is an important characteristic to understanding the geomorphic processes and landform characteristics. (10) (11) http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/index.asp 1323 editor@iaeme.com

Indranil Singh, Ruchi Khare Relief ratio (Rf) is the ratio between the total relief of a basin and the longest dimension of the basin parallel to the main drainage line (Schumm, 1956). It shows the overall steepness of a drainage basin. It is used to indicate the of intensity of erosion processes operating on the slope of the basin. Relief ratio increases with decrease in drainage area and size of drainage basin (Gottschalk, 1964). R r H b Ruggedness Number (RH) combines slope steepness with its length. It is defined as the product of maximum basin relief and drainage density R H * h D d 4. RESUT AND DISCUSSION The metamorphic studies of Rajgardh district includes linear, areal and relief parameters of the area. Analysis of slope of the watershed is also an important parameter in geomorphologic studies. Slope map of the watershed shows that the slope of the watershed varies in between 1.2 0 to 33.0 0. as shown in figure 3. Aspect of the area is shown in figure 4; it denotes the direction to which the slope faces on the basis of the majority of raster cells. It is clear that north facing slope is mostly occurred in the Rajgardh basin. (12) (13) Figure 3 Slope http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/index.asp 1324 editor@iaeme.com

Morphometric Analysis of Rajgardh Watershed of Madhya Pradesh, Figure 4 Aspect 4.1. The linear parameters Various linear morhometric parameters are calculated as shown in Table I. The highest order of the stream in Rajgardh watershed is 6. The stream number of first order stream is 1684 which decreases with increase in order of the stream. The total length of the stream in the Rajgardh water shed is 2527.75 Km. The value of stream length ratio is having increasing trend towards higher order stream. The bifurcation ratio depends on the geology and lithology of the basin. It is seen that values bifurcation ratios are different for different stream orders because they are associated with the development of basin. The value of bifurcation ratio shows that drainage network of the basin is not influenced by geological structures. 4.2. Arial parameters The low drainage density of the area shows that this area is not much influenced by structural disturbances. The value of stream frequency obtained as per Horton,1945 is 0.77. The values of form factor and shape factors for the basin are 0.34 and 0.33 respectively which shows that area in Rajgadh watershed is elongated and it experiences lesser peak flows. 4.3. Relief Aspects The Relief ratio is 1.95 and Ruggednes number is 138.95 which indicates average relief and steep to moderate slope of Rajgardh Drainage basin. http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/index.asp 1325 editor@iaeme.com

Indranil Singh, Ruchi Khare STREAM ORDER Table 1 inear Morphometric Parameters STREAM MEAN STREAM MEAN ENGTH STREAM ENGTH BIFURCATION (km) EMGTH RATIO RATIO 1 ST 1343.74 0.8 2 ND 666.80 0.773 3 RD 269.31 0.67 4 TH 154.80 0.44 5 TH 92.95 0.4 6 TH 0.11 0.11 TOTA 2527.77 3.193 2.01 2.48 1.74 1.66 3.64 ENGTH OF OVERAND FOW BASIN PERIMETER (Km) BASIN ENGTH (Km) 1.4126 0.89 425 115.36 Figure 4 Stream Order http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/index.asp 1326 editor@iaeme.com

Morphometric Analysis of Rajgardh Watershed of Madhya Pradesh, Table 2 Arial Morphometric Parameters SR. NO. PARAMETER CACUATED VAUE 1 DRAINAGE AREA (A) 4545 Km 2 2 DRAINAGE DENSITY (D D) 0.56 3 DRAINAGE FREQUENCY (F S) 0.77 4 TEXTURE RATIO (T) 3.96 5 CIRCUARITY RATIO (R C) 0.31 6 FORM FACTOR (R F) 0.34 7 EONGATION RATIO (R E) 0.33 ENGTH OF OVERAND 8 FOW ( G) 0.89 CONSTANT CHANNE 9 MAINTAINCE(C) 1.78 Table 4 Relief Morhometric Parameters SR. NO. PARAMETER CACUATED VAUE 1 MAXIMUM BASIN HEIGHT (Z) 357M 2 MINIMUM BASIN HEIGHT (Z) 604M 3 BASIN REIEF (H) 247M 4 REIEF RATIO (RF) 1.95 5 RUGGEDNESS NUMBER (RH) 138.32M 5. CONCUSION GIS technique is an efficient tool in morphometric analysis for hydrological studies of drainage basins. Rajgarh is a 6 th order drainage basin and shows a regular drainage pattern. The lower orders streams dominate the basin. The length of stream segment is maximum for first order stream and decreases as the stream order increases [12].The drainage density (Dd) of study area is.ow drainage density (i.e, 0.56 km/km 2 ) indicates that the basin has not been much affected by structural disturbances while drainage frequency and very coarse drainage texture specifies low relief and porous, permeable rocks beneath the ground surface. The formation of streams in the basin area is affected by rainfall, groundwater discharge. The elongated shape of the http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/index.asp 1327 editor@iaeme.com

Indranil Singh, Ruchi Khare basin indicates the low and delayed discharge of runoff and medium relief of the terrain. The study is very useful for planning and management of Rajgardh drainage basin. REFERENCES [1] Das, A.K. and Mukhrjee, S. (2005) Drainage morphometry using satellite data and GIS in Raigad district, Maharashtra. Jour Geol. Soc. India, v.65, pp.577-586. [2] G. E. Obi Reddy, A. K. Maji, and K. S. Gajbhiye, GIS for morphometric analysis of drainage basins, GIS India, Volume 11 (4), pp. 9 14, 2002 [3] Gottschalk,.C., Reservoir sedimentation. In. V.T. Chow (ed), Handbook of Applied Geology. McGraw Hill Book Company, New York, Section 7-1., (1964). [4] Horton, R. E., Drainage Basin Characteristics, Trans. Am. Geophys Union, 13, pp. 350 361, 1932. [5] Horton, R. E, Erosional Development of Streams and Their Drainage Basins: Hydrological Approach to Quantitative Morphology, Bull. Geol. Soc. Am, V.56, p. 270 275, 1945 [6] Magesh N. S., Jitheshlal K. V., Chandrasekar N., Jini K. V, Geographical information system-based morphometric analysis of Bharathapuzha river basin, Kerala, India, Applied water Science, Volume 3, Issue 2, pp 467 477, June 2013 [7] Magesh N.S., Chandrasekar N., Soundranayagam J.P, Morphometric evaluation of Papanasam and Manimuthar watersheds, parts of Western Ghats, Tirunelveli district, Tamil Nadu, India: a GIS approach, Environ Earth Sci, 64(2), pp 373 381.2011 [8] Mondal Prolay, Morphometric Analysis of Birbhum District, Asian Journal of Multi Disciplinary Studies, 1(4) 2013, pp 141 148, 2013 [9] Sharma.M,Mohapatra.S.N, Singh. M,(2016), Quantitative evaluation and analysis of morphometric parameters derived from ASTER DEM using ARC Hydro tool in a GIS Environment A study of Vaishali River Basin of Madhya Pradesh, International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE) Issue 09, Volume 3 (September 2016). [10] Basavarajappa H.T., Pushpavathi K.N., Manjunatha M.C, Morphometric Analysis of Precambrian Rocks in Part of Cauvery Basin, Chamrajnagar District, Karnatka, India using geometic technique, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, Vol.6, Issue 1, January 2015, pp 97-112 [11] Schumm, S. A, Evolution of Drainage Systems and Slopes in Badland at Perth Amboy, New Jersey, Bull. Geol.Soc.Am, v. 67, p. 597 646.,1956 [12] Waikar.M., Nilawar.A.P. (2014), Morphometric Analysis of a Drainage Basin Using Geographical Information System: A Case study, International Journal of Multidisciplinary and Current Research vol.2. http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/index.asp 1328 editor@iaeme.com