The Compton backscattering Polarimeter of the A4 Experiment

A4 The Compton backscattering Polarimeter of the A4 Experiment Yoshio Imai Institut für Kernphysik, Universität Mainz Polarimeter Group: J. Diefenbach, Y. Imai, J. Lee, M. Sikora, S. Taylor 07.10.2004 pesp 2004 Polarized Electron Sources and Polarimeters Satellite Workshop of SPIN2004 Institut für Kernphysik, Universität Mainz

A4 The Compton backscattering Polarimeter of the A4 Experiment Yoshio Imai Institut für Kernphysik, Universität Mainz Polarimeter Group: J. Diefenbach, Y. Imai, J. Lee, M. Sikora, S. Taylor 1. Introduction 2. Compton Polarimetry 3. The A4 Compton Polarimeter 4. Status and Results 5. Summary and Outlook

1. The A4 Experiment Objective: Determine the strange quark contribution to the nucleon properties. Calorimeter : PbF 2 Method: Measure the parity-violating cross-section asymmetry in the elastic electron-nucleonscattering with polarized beams (cf. talk by F. Maas) e Target: H 2 Dump Measured quantity: A exp exp. asymmetry = P A phys e beam polarization physics asymmetry E I P = 855MeV, 570MeV = 20µA = 80% absolute polarization measurement needed

Scattering of Photons on Leptons 2. Compton Polarimetry f g e g e g g Detector Lipps, Tolhoek Physica XX(1954) Compton cross-section: 0 1 Q VP e long long VP e trans cos trans Q,V : Stokes parameters Q linear polarization V circular polarization cross-section asymmetry for circular light (Q=0, V=+/-1)

Scattering of Photons on Leptons 2. Compton Polarimetry f g e g e g g Detector Lipps, Tolhoek Physica XX(1954) Compton cross-section: 0 1 Q VP e long long VP e trans cos trans cross-section asymmetry for circular light (Q=0, V=+/-1) Asymmetry for f-averaging detector (longitudinal polarization): A d d d d long 0 right right left left V P e long Asymmetry proportional to beam polarization

Measuring time Angular dependence of cross-section and asymmetry: ds s 0/dW W [Mb/sr] 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 q 1 2 3 g q lab [mrad] backscattered photons concentrated to small cone 4 asymmetry [%] 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0-0.5 0 1 2 3 4 q lab [mrad] q g E g k in = 854.3 MeV = 1671.8 = 2.41 ev q g k fmax = 0.6 mrad = 26.2 MeV calorimetric detectors will be f-averaging

Luminosity Luminosity requirements (assumption: green light, 514.5 nm, 80% electron polarization) DP/P [%] t [min] L [khz/b]: 855 MeV 570 MeV 10 53 1 15 15 15 15 Numerical calculation of achievable luminosity 1.15 4.59 12.76 114.86 2.51 10.05 27.91 251.16 L [khz/barn] 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0 Laser focusing: z= R 0.5m z= 1.0m R z= 1.5m R z= 2.0m R z= 2.5m R z= 3.0m R 0 5 10 15 20 a [mrad] Laser Electron assumptions: laser light, 514.5 nm laser power 10 W gaussian beams E laser hor E e vert E e = 26p p µm mrad = 7.8p p µm mrad = 1.0p p µm mrad a antiparallel geometry desireable more laser power needed

1. Fabry-Pérot external cavity (e.g. JLab Hall A) 3. Layout of the A4 Polarimeter Methods of increasing the laser power

1. Fabry-Pérot external cavity (e.g. JLab Hall A) 3. Layout of the A4 Polarimeter Methods of increasing the laser power resonance buildup leads to intensity gain

1. Fabry-Pérot external cavity (e.g. JLab Hall A) 3. Layout of the A4 Polarimeter Methods of increasing the laser power gains of up to 5000 have been reported Drawback: gain-bandwidth-product g const 2.Internal cavity (A4 polarimeter) Laser is already Fabry-Pérot-cavity frequency stabilization necessary extend cavity, make all mirrors high-reflective but: maximum power smaller than with external cavity no frequency stabilization necessary

Schematic View of the Polarimeter magnetic chicane fibre detector Stokes parameter measurement wire scanners M45 M30 lens waveplate (rotatable) 2.42 m plasma tube Ar-Ion laser l=514.5nm M1 2.7 m waveplate quadrant diode M2 g detector quadrant diode for laser beam stabilization total cavity length interaction zone : 7.8 m : 2.7 m

Optical System - optical system designed around commercial laser system (Coherent Innova 400) - subject to boundary conditions: 1. maintain beam profile in laser medium 2. keep optics accessible 3. fit system into chicane 4. optimize beam profile in interaction region for high luminosity - challenges: sensitivity of beam axis to vibrations in the optical elements depends on optics spacing sensitivity of luminosity to beam axis fluctuations depends on focusing perform MC-simulations for optimization Mean luminosity as function of vibration amplitude L [Hz/barn] 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 laser focusing: z R2 =0.5m z R2 =1.0m z R2 =1.5m z R2 =2.0m z R2 =2.5m z =3.0m 0 20 40 60 80 100 with stabilization max[ rad] without stabilization R2 compromise: z R2 L max = 2.5 m = 2.1 khz/barn per 10W power

Polarization Polarization of the laser light enters directly into the asymmetry: A V maximize circular polarization measure polarization state 1 1. Analysis of polarization state inside laser resonators - calculate polarization using Jones/Stokes-formalism 0.5 - result: need two waveplates - one waveplate rotatable to select light helicity Stokes parameter V 0 round-trip attenuation -0.5-1 0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360 [ ]

Polarization Polarization of the laser light enters directly into the asymmetry: A V maximize circular polarization measure polarization state 1. Analysis of polarization state inside laser resonators - calculate polarization using Jones/Stokes-formalism - result: need two waveplates - one waveplate rotatable to select light helicity Stokes parameter V round-trip attenuation 1 0.5 0-0.5 V = +/-1 possible -1 0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360 [ ] 2. Stokes parameter measurement - use vacuum window as beamsplitter (0.6% reflectivity) - method: rotating quarter waveplate and linear polarizer - result: transmitted intensity modulated I ( 1 4 Q ) (2I Q) 2V sin2 Usin4 cos4 linear circular linear linear waveplate polarizing prism photodiode

Detector Photon arm: NaI calorimeter, 3 crystals, 4 PMT each - length: 12 X 0 - diam.: 5.2 r M Electron arm: - electron involved in scattering loses energy - dispersion in last half of chicane leads to displacement with respect to main beam install SciFi-array behind chicane to detect recoil electron measure photons in coincidence with electrons to improve data quality

4. Status and Results 1. Magnetic chicane - installed the magnetic chicane for the polarimeter in MAMI experimental Hall 3 (Dec 2002) - no degradation of the beam quality on A4 target 2. Optical system - installed the optical system in two steps: first, the laser resonator, then the polarization components - system works reproducibly this way beam intracavity power [W] 80 60 40 20 0 20.04.2004: with waveplates 13.08.2003: without waveplates 20 30 40 50 60 tube current[a] maximum power measured: P = 90W

3. Photon calorimeter - first successful overlap test in Aug 2003 - measured backscattered photon spectra with NaI 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 pola.17998.0 Entries pola.18006.0 NaJ Spectrum with 20 mua, laser off NaJ Spectrum with 20 mua, laser on, 49W intracavity power No coincidence Compton rate Background rate SNR : 2.6 khz : 18.6 khz : 1:7.1 2000 1500 1000 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 500 pola.18006.0-17998.0 Difference laser on - laser off No coincidence ADC channel 0-500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4. Photon-electron coincidence - installed the SciFi-array behind the chicane in May 2004 - data quality improved by coincidence condition Compton rate Background rate SNR : 60.5 Hz : 125 Hz : 1:2.1 Kanal 0 ohne Laser 80 70 60 50 20 µa, Laser off 20 µa, Laser on, 63W with coincidence Kanal 0 Differenz 60 50 40 30 difference with coincidence - despite non-optimal beam conditions (overlap, fibre position...) 40 30 20 10 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 20 10 0-10 -20 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

First Asymmetries - measured first Compton asymmetries with polarized light (July 2004) asymmetries due to switching of electron helicity - asymmetry clearly changes sign when inserting GHS at source cumulative spectra /data/kpha4/onl15/beam170504/pola/daten//comptonnaifaserdetektoren_21883.info.dat 13000 NaI(Tl) analog sum raw spectrum with polabit /data/kpha4/onl15/beam170504/pola/daten//comptonnaifaserdetektoren_21767.info.dat 56000 54000 NaI(Tl) analog sum raw spectrum with polabit 12000 52000 11000 50000 48000 10000 46000 44000 9000 42000 200 250 300 350 400 200 250 300 350 400 GHS out GHS in runwise asymmetry 0.03 0.02 0.01 NaI(Tl) analog sum integ. asym. vs. runno, backgr. corr. GHS out 0-0.01-0.02-0.03 GHS in 21720 21740 21760 21780 21800 21820 21840 21860 21880 21900

Photographs Piezo system and electronics for laser beam position stabilization laser light from 45 window waveplate stepping motor Glanlaserprism photodiode Stokes parameter measurement system

5. Summary and Outlook Achieved: - planned and installed a magnetic chicane for a Compton backscattering polarimeter - planned and installed an optical system for the polarimeter, for the first time using the internal cavity concept maximum polarized laser power: 90 W - comissioned a NaI calorimeter and measured backscattered photon spectra - comissioned an electron detector and improved data quality by using the coincidence technique - planned and installed a stabilization system for the laser beam position - measured first Compton asymmetries with polarized light NEW! Next steps: - refine the Stokes parameter measurement to extract quantitative data on electron polarization - improve vacuum to reduce background ready for longitudinal physics programme