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107-133 *+,- /1392 #$% "! / ( #$ ->0) 5 "&0"0,=!I- 2 1 : C Nv) ( 49 :0= 1392/11/24 : 1392/8/6: E(6T!.4 gf 8!4 8 3E ) 3 J9! 3N0+ = - : d- -] e w5 (U.q ` / gs 3, 3 J9 ' [+!; :@@A ) M - \ @ 3N0+ M 2> = ) 3N) ) 3. `+!1 2>! gf ` / : \q ) : TL) 0!K 1 - \ @ 4 :> [K)D? 2.3 -]!4 8 ) ) K\ @ U! :\) ] 24. 5 : 8 \ @ T :N9 ` /! * [M5 (E ;5!P* : n? \) 2.3 4 ; 8 E gs!k` / ]! * 8 :. / `., ) 4 : 8 ] (8 :K' ] ) );!K\ @! 2 `<9. 5: Q : ) `., ) : ) 5 K * 3K7 ) * 5 Q OK ` / (3 J9!4 8 ' [+ 8 b0 ) 3. ) 3N)!1 - \ @ T 4K: [K)D? -)MN 3 8 :/E ) : *! ) CJ ) `S 8 @ T!42>.4K: 2 - \ @ vc< ) : / J* 3 4 30 C 3 4 E. (3/) (!4 8 (: hk * ( :\) :#( DU&" email: mojtabi@gmail.com email: eslami.r@ac.au.ir :B :N/ \ 8 f 4 :!=.1 4 :) * @ :./ 3^K P/.2

)G.1 4>.3 K!4>!K) * ) * U.q )!4 :q P9 K (4 a+, - :C+!K 8! A 5 (: C tc+ K [ 3w5 4 - L9!K. E).<* : C!E!K 8 4 (4 ' :K7 t.1 m+ 4! :K4 ) 4: :* U.q!K< / 4:? :);!K M W m+ 4! Z9 2/.3 ); 8 : ) `., (: 4< [K)D? 2 3 8 \ @ T ) K); 2.OK I%"Z. #%I. " '&(%&.2 4) \ @ U Z0 (3. ) 3N)!1 zg'!e ) L9 [K)D??!K[? 4 :> [K)D? 2.3 TL) 0 :@@A zg' 3. ) 3N)!1 48 * TL) 0! :K`9 A 4) -1 : 4: 3-4 C `S - \ @ E ` / -2 3A K8 \ @! E 1? > -3 I%"Z. & #" " # <$.3 6Q I* " < j< n% ) +/ (K) /= (hk *. TE : hk * 4 3. ) 3N)!1.3-1 : hk *.4K: `J [ 58' ) 58' < 3 :>E )! *!K:K58 hk * 4 3. ) 3N)!1 W! N+ 2 ) 4: OQ : [ :> taa ) : -] 30 K8! 53E ) - :+.» : hk *. O* : ) : / * 3 : -] ZG, : hk *.«[3] 8!K (G K3' ) KL+ `40 48 * 8 aq!>n1 ) :Gq t= M.(105 z (1388 (-Q) 4K: K3 ) K!D O (!w53 ) 48 * (O _1 : hk * [JK ) 4N8 ` 5 8 0K ) -] 3/) T ) 0 (: v 1 O _1 :/L 2 O.4: _1.3 ) 8!!4 4) 3/B ) :./ (:!K! 53E 3 6C% 4 B# # "&A 6<$ / ( #$ -> 0) 5 "& 0 "0,=! I- 1. Hidden Factors 108

1392 $/ '+, -. '()" *%/ 1$0 " #,-&./ 109 ) d>* y9 : 3 3; ) (:!K) 5 ) tm9) :!K (4 * _1 2 3!w53 _1 (: hk * _1 2.3 v 1 8 C>; 2.: v 1 : hk * :q / K! 5OG -!K3N) 2 O.(158 :1380 (!8 ) 4! ) 3 (3N4/ (!8 4: K3N)!P/!K!K! 53E ) K\ @!48 : hk * (' ] ) ) 4N8 B ( 4A '!K[K)D? `<9 K8.(162 :1380 ( ).4 :* > > E :4 : : hk * T :. cgq K8 : ) :4 b E hk * T 2 :: (cq : hk * -1 3N) )4!K3' : hk * T 2.: 3* (3 :? _1 58 «:. : -]» : : I' )./ O+ B * (4: 2J hk * 2.(203 :1375 (:Q) 4: 3. e!p/ / ' ) 3.4 E) M : 3 ) 3 W4 3 J9 - >Q ) ].3 :. _1 : -] m0 :@K * 2A ::N>; :>0 : hk * -2 U>L ) - 9 H `N - { ( E) :. ) : :K58 :N>; : hk * 3;5 52 :.4: 3/B C>; ) A ) A: 3 J9!K' T 2. 5: < 2? d ) 3 * Be 39 K) 5 ) > E m0!d ) :1. (e@n (d4? T :!K-] z' (: hk *.(159.z (1380 (!8 ).3 M Z>* [+ 4) (3 *? b E!D) hk * T 2 :: : hk * -3 4 :K58 : -]!K) ) K) *.4 > E > : : ) :!K-] m hk * T 2.4>.1 ' Ux) ) +9 @ 0/ ) o0 : -] K8 3' ) 4!4) :+. ' * e J (1974 () ) 4N8 159 :1380 (!8 ) 3 cn' ) t < bq) ON/ (: hk *!4O+ 2 3 E 4 0N @! 53E T ) ) 4N8 wn.: 4 K8 :0 K J. (4 E) hk * :>0 cq : hk * :4 : - 3 ' :.0Q!4O+!4`J.(8 z (1391 (:,<) : cq : hk * : :>0 : :,L OK 8 @E ) : hk *! 4: -d *,L E!> E :!> E w5.9 P `J ) (w5.9!4ˆ? ) 3>L) e!> E. 2 3>0 OK : hk *. Q 4 ) {4= 2/ (> 2 4: : hk * F 24. :.(205 z (1375 (:Q).4 : R ( : 2/ ) 4 : ) :>0 hk * R ( 4 109

: -] 4)!1 E) :K> ) KWC > E K : hk * -4Q T K 3 0/ : 3» (b E :; > (: (3*S).4: O] O9 tq!w5 gs! :>1+ ( : ) * (a* a* (0.B) O/ : J9 U.q v1 : 0K [M5 : /! (: /!K3 U > 2 (247 z (1380 (!?) «. 5 :Q R :Q!K\) (:. ) :.,! p49 3 (3-4/ 5 :>) UB 4: - : 3 (: 3 : : hk * ) ) 0N8!4O+ E.3 5 :4=5 @ ) 3 J9 - [+!> 1 3 J9 Z{>* 2 3 J9 :/L (: : hk * ) 4K :/L @E! - ) (- ) [+ ) 3 J9 3/) - 39 ) 4Q Z/ ( > 3K - [+ ) @E.1 3K - [+ ) @E.2 (: ) :>0 : hk *!5) [+ ) P9 2.4: 3 J9 Z>* :K@E! - @E ) [+ :4: 4? 3K ) 3/ 3 J9 30 (263-262 z z (1380 (K).3 J9!4 8 - @E 6Q =" I*.3-1-1 3 b0 A J ) WC A H 3 2 3/) 4E) : -] 2A» od) J > : -] e 3/) @ 0/. E (1381 (3)) «.4 3/B [ + ) 2Q - bq [o )] ) 3 : J9 a9 = O9 >0 A 3 2 «3/)» 2) _L 2! :55!K54. {E ) 3/B -)MN ) 4 V G /E 48 - ) 4@ OK 3/) ) - : O+ :. : 3 4 )4 54 e :- ) 3/) :@@.8 :g) :K?!K3 J9.4K ) ) 8 ) 4 d 3/) 4 ) 3{/) E) :K54 (Z) 54.454 2 :- a.1 :q 3/) («:».4: [+! 8! @ K ) @: - 8 `0Q O=? Q 28 vc1< 2!?.!E [q 2 : «!d- BC*.3 4 8 - H0N ˆK 2 3! ) - - 3 J9 :> : 8 5: C 0 K3 J9!K Kx 8 ) -;.t» 2 6C% 4 B# # "&A 6<$ / ( #$ -> 0) 5 "& 0 "0,=! I- 1. Active 2. Subjective 3. Legitimacy 110

1392 $/ '+, -. '()" *%/ 1$0 " #,-&./ U> ). 40 *! Kx M : (4: ; * 8 ) h@ - 3 p - :K) 5 4: : J9 :) 8!.3 4 :!4>.(114 z (1380 (:Q,) 4 Z/ ' : Z 4:!N+ ) 24E (I) :K54 :- 8 3N0+ 4' 8 3/).r 4: - 8 3N0+ (- I :q R! 3/) (3N0+ ) 3/).3 54 2 * 5 s :!d- :0 : C -].4-] e! Q 2 ) «N FG» 3 J9 3/) b0 (> 44 ) +* :> (54 2 09< (-G> 30R +* :N) ) 2 G> S ( 0?) : C O9 (4)4' :> 4: 3N0+ ].3 4' * ) 3/B. ) FG C!> E 0K Z/ ' ) 4K ` 3 J9! :K) 5 * - 5.3 «: \ w?» ;5 ( 5 `J - 3' H : J9 = ) 4 ) 5 * 8 V B 39! ) : K3 J9 ) 9 ( @ 0/.3 3N0+! 3 J9 8 : : O+ :. K8!1. Z/ ) 39 2 30R ) L!) > E e * ) - :K3 J9.1 4K: 4: 3/B 8 ) 0E!) > E e * ) - :K3 J9 ) 9.2.(53 z (1378 (!) 111? 6Q #(? E@,A " I*.3-1-2 2 3K ) ) L.3 8!4 8 (3/) G/ 3 J9!K? 2 : [?! : 3/) G/ (8 2' ) :E: < 3 49 4 3/)»!4 8 3E 2K. 5: `40 ' 4L 3/) 4 ) : 4 d- 3 J9 e» @.4 : («:@K 3/)» «:./ (134 z (1378 (?:.Q) «. M d- < 4 J. (4 d- Z< z (1379 ( @ )!4K) 3 V «V4K t +» ) «:q g» 4 :.!4 8 «3 s -= ) KV4K a+, 3+* M»!4 8 (3 4 9C1< hk *.(111 -].(55 z (1370 (:> ) 3 4 U > (3 V4K 4!E!4K ) 4K -= 4K bq 8-2 :;x) 4 :8 @8 (:!> )! (: (:/E (! * :54 0EK :0? (: -] e :.<!;x) z (1383 (!4SQ) 3 TE 8 e e 3 ) [8!4? D) (4)!K 8 «!4 8» x e :! [M* I0!Ky, :J ( /.(299 ) ) K3* x 4 ) 4 4 8 :.'!9 4! o^1.3 3 J9 111

:. 3 F L ( OK * [' 39 3, - *! :.1!K3< *.(72-71 z z (1379 (! G) 3 '! : 5: `J Z<!?!4 8 3;5 : wn!.3, ) ON (!Q 3 4 E) 3 J9!4 8!K :J :3 4 ' ' 5!K:5D) K).Q!).Q K ) 3 -d 55!K) 3 4 (3 O KV4K 2 ˆ8.4J Z0 :*4K ) V4K 4: : J9 K :V4K.2 K:5D) 2 5 K.3 8.1.3 : +9!4)8 ) (V4K t (V4K V;! KV4K V;.3 3 J9!4 8 8 4? 4 V4K ) V4K - 3 )!) L (Z>* 3K - D)) -! 8 [ J. (9 `/ ) K - < ) 4: MK 8! ) 4: 8 2? 3++9 ).4: - :? ) \M@ 2 )M* V4K t.3 2A M V4K t! OK ) 3 J9! OK ) K )8: E) K8 M :R)!K] (4: :5 ) (40 4 3 J9! KF8 52 4? ( :? :K!5 > E ) 4*: -.4K: [K 3 J9 : OO 3 ) OA :>0B B (4 ) : 9: : +9 :KV4K -=.4: u' ) 5 )! @) - O:!4.!J 2 (V4K 4 :5D) E = -272 z z (1380 (K) 4 : E )! [+ : J9!KV4K 2? 3++9 :4!> E!K)! 49 3N) :!K)» 3;5 : @.(273 :4!> E (3 :4!> E!w5 gs :? 4 K 3N) )... :@ (5 z (1377 (W)4A) «. w?: gs M 58' 6C% 4 B# # "&A 6<$ / ( #$ -> 0) 5 "& 0 "0,=! I- : C!E 0K (! ' œ 38! : )!d- 4`SQ 8.4: F? I* " <, #g.3-2 '!KZ :B 2q ) 2 :'! ) ) :0» (3* : C!E -] 20 ) U<!! ) 8 : C? ]! :N9 4 -]! KE 49) 3++9 e J. (3!d- ) 2 F!> :!d-.3 2J - \ w? )4 ( 5 `J 2!0 : ] 4 5 :> 3 : C (1382 (! ' :9) «.3 w?j 2 )4 OK :>Q)!d- a+, J8 2L 112

1392 $/ '+, -. '()" *%/ 1$0 " #,-&./ 113 @'. :> : C O? J. (3!44E 4 2 bq) (K Q n?.3 (T) FNB:2:./ 8 n? ) ((z) -C 0? 3 J9 (:!d- :K+* \ @ > 3 2N) 2 ():' œ38! 0K : C tc+ TQ) (20! ] ) :./ B ' J; ) (-4Q 3 J9 `J o 4 -G> - tr ) - 98 :> (!E :J :3? ) [2 ] : C!E».4 E ) ).4: 2> 3 4 ) :N) CJ )! 4K K8 3>E! 2A...3 : C 3> ) -C J;!? - 3 9 2 :> (-C! @ :9 `+ 1378 (: C.0 ) «.3K OK : C n? (3 : OG (4: tq - (:!d- : J9 :> (: C -] [2A ]» (46 z (! ' ) 3' 2 4 ' ' 0q.)! 3 ) 4 5: m < ) : vc* ) vc<!e ) M5 K [) 3] :N 34K! - 5! (1380/3/15 (! ' :9 `+ 15 z (1382 (!49) «.: u' O+ <, #g 6Q =" I* " E@,A.3-2-1 4)4' :> 3d) ) :N 3 J9 (3/)!A ) b0 (4 / [ H».4: 3/) :N 7 t ME :d) 5 K o ( 5: A 4: t=!+/ 2A.3K ) :K ' F9< ) t 4)4' (!49 +/ V G -M. (2Q O] ) 3 J9 =8 ) 5 < 4)4' 7 Q.q V G ) V B 4 ' ) a9 2! 3) :! 2 3K 0? - 3d) ) 3 J9 a9 3 +9 s 4)4' :Q) 4 tg ) )7s > E :N -J9 a9 ) 3 w5) -G> 2E ) (T) -G> ((z) v0g ) «3) K:' ) +9 ) :K!K 3 4 FG :!9 A (4?! ) 3' ' : -] 3/) (3 p ] :0.(40 z (1378 (!M!K-] `+ 4A K (4 T) 3 J9 8 4q : J9-5 3 2 8! d ) 3 - VC' 4A K ( 5: T) 3 J9 8 4 : J9 ' - 5 ) 4 - _NG.(104-103 z z (1377 (!M v0g ) 4J 3/ :QC'!K\ ) 4 3 9 - :? >.3 ); : R D) )!!K3 J9 > -C >» (:> :K+* O?!)? : R : )!!K3 J9 > ) 3 a9!)? : C 3 J9 ) 2!D) @E ) 3 0> 3 p `9 ) :P> : C -] 0N.3 3 p -+ ) 4: 30p ) 20 :N :9) a9 :>.a9 30p 3 a9 cq -+ K ]F9< ) 4 a9 cq! :K5 ) 3 5 3 p! a9! E _NG 113

: -] 3 p : );.3 > 3 p! (4 ]VC' @4J -4+ ) 3 p [? Q ) a9 (: C 3 J9 3 2 : C -] 3 p : R [? 3 p : R ) : -] :N).8 4N 3 a9 U 3 p ) (3 8 * 4 5 : 3.(91-90 z z (1378 (:. 8!E) «3 8!4)8 E) ) Q ) a9 <, #g 6Q )$* I* " E@,A.3-2-2.3 - : 3 (:!> O </ :J 2ˆK.3 : : -+ 2! 5-4/ (: -] 3N>* U.q v1 ) K3N>* gf 3 ([' 0K tq! 4) \C!> -; (25 z (1383 (!* (:qq8).3 3N) 3 2w5 gs ) : ) :/E : : -! ) [+ ) :. B :!d- 3 J9 4)4'! tg :N) 4Q Z+ 3E! ) : 3 J9 = 3.1 (3N0+ (106 z (1382 (2 ) : 3 J9 :? ) 39 ) ;9 (!4 8 3E 3 4' 2 (: C O9 3d) \ w? o ) ) 2 \ w? od) - 8 0K 5 :9 4 4!4E P9 ) 40,< - 5».4: 2 =).2 (:> 44 54 a+, > E 3 J9 2. 4Kq a* : C -] (4 (T)2 fn P9 W0 E) 49 (83 z (1378 (:. 8!E) «.: a+, -! : * 2 (z) 0?» :4 *:! ) 3' )4 5 K : C (44 5 : C 3 J9 4 (z) -C 0? n? ) 4 4Q 3 C 5 n?.3!4/ 2 3 3d)!FNB?! @! 5 :N) 5 4/ :? 4 ;!'!4 ' 3) 2.(180 z (1385 (H))B 2 4) «2 K ' Z9 8 (4 ) 3d) `< 2 3 4 tg 3d) (z).3 m) : 0?! (T) f \ w? ) 3N0+ ( P9 8 3d) Z/ o ).3 - od) 4K:! 3{=9 ) E) ) 0 543> P9 5» :4 * :0/ 2ˆK» :4 * M.(31 (1379 (:L4) «Ow5 3...4-2 :Q) :> : C -] 2.(70 (1379 (:L4) «4 : ( )? [ *!) 3 J9 / 3.>* y/ - ] ) (: tg 3d) 4)4'! : -] (:!d-.!4 :0 3 J9 2q (4 ;5 [? BK!E w5.4!w5? () :' œ38! 0K 3 : C!E 30 4A K (40 3 J9 `J ) TE J +*! 5» :4 *: 2 M : C 6C% 4 B# # "&A 6<$ / ( #$ -> 0) 5 "& 0 "0,=! I- 114

1392 $/ '+, -. '()" *%/ 1$0 " #,-&./ 115 3 J9 J.: IQ 8 3d) FG :N) 4)w> : C 3 J9 ns -4/ (466 z (1369 (:'! ) «4 3d) 2. H; J. ) 2. (44 -] `J =8.3 :?!8 t o/ (: ]9C BK :4: F.E [+ 2 :J. 2N^ E wn 4: - 39 m : 3E 2...48:! 4 ) 3N) (40 3. Q8 4 E» - 3L 4J [ 4 K (4K ' :K8 ) K Q8 ) K (379-378 z z (1378 (b :'! ).«...!K 4 F.E 3 J9 ' - N 3 J9 30p ) [4? - [+ @ @K 4 ;5 ˆ8 K = -) E). -30R +* 3 J9 ' ) (T) -G> ) (z) œz (3 3 J9 «!4 8» E) x :> : C -] 8 [+ ) - : 3 Ux).E - 3 -C od<» 3* : : C b Gq : ( œ ;.' ( T 3!4> 8 Q 8.:. - / ) :0' :9 K 4 8.. )! w?3n^ ) ' ( 4)4' 3 : 4+ ) 3 2> ' 4 ' `d 2K.3 :N +9 2q =8 zg' : b (76 z (1383 (: :N) «.4 3 ' (T) :./ P9.3 * 2 2q (M 4 8 9 ) - `+ `+g M (2 [q -J,!K» :45: 2A -! RC0N 53!01' (: ) :N n : (2./ 5J? 4K= O]/!K) ) : C /E 2 2 :? ) «: 4* B ) K ) [ 5 4 2.4K -! / 2-2 :+9» :4:!)8 K8 K8 Ux) (- [+!, @ : @K ) 4 2 ' ' 2 30R ) P9 ) 4 *) (3>? 3 M ) (85 z (1379 (:L4) «4 * (OK * : ) 45? 2 / Oq :K vc<! E ) (4J h O' * A ) (4 2 3/B 48 FE) )» _ < x» M ) (540 z (1379 (:L4) «.4)) * K! u a9 ) (4 (755 z (1379 (:L4) «.4J!' (Z4/ (a9 2q 4: 3 J9!4 8 2P @4J Z0Q - ) 3 J9 Ux)! ((T) :./ P9 - a9 ) (- O9 a9 (3 * 4)4' :Q+9 2 O» :4 *: =8 M/ ) 3;N -] 8 ) ( FE)! @ 30 e K! 4)4' a9 2.3 O9 ME 4 ) ( @ [? vc< (4 vc< ME -! A.3 Q a9 (4 2A M O9 ) 4 O9 a9 3. 5.4 w vc< (-!4? ) : ) (4 5 ) '!= K3 ( * Z4/ 3 ( 5 -Q 2 4/Q (4 M/ 2JN. 5 *!4 Z ) (4 :)M* 3N)!+ K4 ) ( vc< 5) = 115

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- :K)D? ) : 8 f.n Q :."".D-).5EH".(1388) :.>N40/ (-Q. :.".^/( ' "F_ H'/".(1383) :OQ."?(I / ' k-l;".(1377) 0:./ (::N :+4, (!M v0g.1 u (:' - :K)D? ) : 8 f :OQ."+ ".(w".(1378) :+4, (!M v0g.!) ) :."! ' ( O;+d> ' 5 ' 05(N".(1370) - :K)D? ) : 8 f :OQ."lN ^' F tt "51".(1387).2 u.:'! < (:>!4 4, (:Q!.():'.: :.(1381) 29 (."H'/.5(w".)4 (3) (9!.=.""I ( cl< (w! -; / /( (9!.=.""I ( cl< (w! -; / /( 1,".(1380) 294 (K.273-272 c< (108 ) 107 1,".(1380) 294 (K.108 ) 107 Addams, H., Q methodology. In H. Addams, & J. Proops (Eds.), "Social Discourse and Environmental Policy: An Application of Q Methodology", 2000, pp 14-40. Almond, G.A. and SIDNEY VERBA (1974). "The Civic Culture". Princeton: Princeton university press. Amin, Z. (2000). "Q Methodology A Journey into the Subjectivity of Human Mind". Singapore Medical Journal, 41 (8): 410 414. Brown, S.R., 1996, "Q Methodology and Qualitative Research", Qualitative Health Research, 6(4), pp. 561-567. Brouwer, M. (1999). "Q is Accounting for Tastes". Journal of Advertising Research, 39 (2): 35-39. Donner, J. (2001), "Using Q-Sort in Participatory Processes: An Introduction to the Methodology". In R. A. Krueger, M. A. Casey, J. Donner, S. Kirsch, & J. N. Maack, Social Development Papers (Vol. June). Washington, D.C: Social Development Department of the World Bank. pp 24-49. Mrtek, R. G., Tafesse, E., & Wigger, U. (1994), "Q-Methodology and Subjective Research". Journal of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 13, pp 54-64. Ten Klooster, P. M., Visser, M., & de Jong, M. D. (2008). "Comparing Two Image Research Instruments: The Q-Sort Method Versus the Likert Attitude Questionnaire". Food Quality and Preference.19, pp 511-518. 6C% 4 B# # "&A 6<$ / ( #$ -> 0) 5 "& 0 "0,=! I- 132

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Exploring Attitudes toward Relationship between Government and Nation in Iran: A Q-Methodology Study Mojtaba Ahmadian, Rohollah Eslami Received: 28 October 2013 Accepted: 13 February 2014 In an Islamic democracy system, people have an effective role in creating acceptability for government, in order to make it efficient. But according to some different factors, people s attitude towards their role and its extent in the government changes during the time; that is an effective factor in determining the interaction between nation and government, and thus determining the acceptability and effectiveness of the government. This study aims to examine Iranian s attitudes about the ways to improve situation and life standards in Iran and to identify the influence of probable factors in their attitudes. For this purpose, Q methodology is used to explore the attitudes and factors in it. This methodology after identifying the existing discourses, chooses attitudes of different people who were polled and then checks them out, and detects and analyzes the mentality of individuals in each group. The result of this study indicates that, the type of people s attitude towards relationship between the nation and the government and consequent their role in making government efficient is a determining factor in their approach towards the national issues and problems and the style of their social and political behaviors as well, thus it clearly shows that how senior managers should pay attention to manage public opinion and modifying public attitudes in this case. Key Words: Q-Methodology, Political Culture, Islamic Democracy, Legitimacy, Effectiveness. 7