Genetic Frequency and Natural selection Team Awesomeness Presenter Names: Alicia Nordstrom 101604292 Renee Hamlin 101579999 Felix Weiss 101700575 Pancras Katto 101612879 Rebecca Fuston 101170617 Robyne DeLaPaz 000117031 April 17 th 2012
Gene Frequency Natural Selection Gene Frequency is the ratio of a particular allele to the total of all other alleles of the same gene in a given population. Organisms that adapt to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring. survival of the fittest Darwin s theory is believed to be the main process of evolution. Mutations in gene frequency affect the overall process of Natural selection
Gene Frequency methods Case 2, 3 Case 4 1. Mix 50 black beads and 50 white beads into one cup 2. Distribute randomly picked pairs into separate cups 3. Determine genotype and phenotype and record data 4. Remove beads according to these set of rules: 33% homologous white pairs removed 100% homologous white pairs removed 5. Repeat this step 1-6 until you reach generation six 6. Calculate the frequency of each genotype and allele, and record their frequencies 1. Mix black beads, white beads, 20 red beads into one cup 2. Distribute randomly paired beads into separate cups and identify/record genotype Sets of pairs include: Homozygous dominant BB Heterozygous Bw Homozygous recessive ww Mutation RR Dominant with mutation BR Recessive with mutation wr 3. Mix the new population then repeat steps 2-5 until generation 6 4. Calculate the frequency of genotypes
Results: gene frequency Case 2: -33% of White (pressure in the environment) 1st Gen 2nd Gen 3rd Gen 4th Gen 5th Gen 6th Gen BB 14 13 16 17 13 18 Bw 22 24 18 12 20 14 ww 10 6 6 5 4 4 Total 46 43 34 37 36 Case 3: -100% of White (pressure in the environment) 1st Gen 2nd Gen 3rd Gen 4th Gen 5th Gen 6th Gen BB 13 18 21 24 24 25 Bw 24 14 8 2 2 0 ww 13 5 3 3 0 1 Total 50 37 32 29 26 26 Case 4: 20% Mutation * (positive pressure in the environment) 1st Gen 2nd Gen 3rd Gen 4th Gen 5th Gen 6th Gen BB 7 13 16 21 24 28 Bw 17 14 17 6 7 3 ww 7 3 2 0 2 2 BR 9 9 19 29 61 212 RR 1 8 13 30 65 262 wr 9 6 9 10 5 5 T 50 53 76 96 164 512 *Case RR is more Adaptive/Competitive
Natural selection methods 1. Obtain colored hole punches in separate cups: Light blue Orange Light orange Light green Black Beige 2. Strategically place 20 dots on the 1 st board (black environment) Place species to estimate a higher chance of survival Try to camouflage the dots 3. Dots were randomly picked by a predator from the board and placed in a cup; these were the species who had not survived 4. Record the number of death/survival of each species 5. Determine the outcome of surviving couples and double the population (offspring) this population will be the new generation 6. add the offspring of each species to the board 7. Repeat steps 2-4 Add another predator to the 3 rd generation Switch to a different environment in generation 4 A natural disaster wiped out a random number of species in the 4 th generation 8. Record and analyze data
Results: Natural selection G1 Dead Surviv Surviving Offsprin ors Couples g Lt Blue 20 17 3 1 2 Orange 20 0 20 10 20 Light Orange 20 0 20 10 20 Lt Green 20 14 6 3 6 Black 20 0 20 10 20 Beige 20 0 20 10 20 G4 Dead Survivors Surviving Couples Offspring 4 0 4 2 11 16 24 12 16 33 7 3 6 20 9 11 5 10 21 2 19 8 16 12 28 14 12 G2 Dead Survivors Surviving Couples Offspring 5 1 4 2 4 7 33 16 7 11 29 14 11 12 2 10 5 10 6 34 17 6 17 23 11 17 G5 Dead Survivors Surviving Couples Offspring 15 1 14 7 14 12 28 14 12 13 4 9 4 8 21 6 15 7 14 35 12 23 11 17 20 20 10 20 G3 Dead Survivors Surviving Couples Offspring 8 6 2 1 2 17 23 11 17 14 26 13 14 20 10 10 5 10 29 11 5 10 10 30 15 10 G6 28
Natural selection methods Environment 1 Gen. 1-3 black background with flowers green, pink, red colors Environment 2 Gen 4-6 pink background With flowers Pink, red, green, tan - Natural disaster in this environment
Lt Blue Orange Light Orange Lt Green Black Beige Gene Frequency vs. Natural Selection 250.0% 200.0% 150.0% 100.0% 50.0% 0.0% -50.0% % Change Gen 4 - Gen 1 % Change Gen 6 - Gen 4 % Change Gen 6 - Gen 1 Negative pressure from the environment due to predators -100.0% Negative selection pressure based on homozygous recessive genes
Conclusion Evolution is essential to the survival of the species In order to survive organisms need to be equipped with the genes that will give them better adaptions for particular environments The goal for all living organisms is to reproduce viable offspring that will continue to thrive and adapt in their living environments Gene frequency confirms that dominant, favorable genes are more likely to be passed on Natural Selection ensures that survival of the fittest by allowing those favorable genes to be passed on If an animal is killed in a particular environment, it s genes cannot be inherited by its offspring There are abiotic (nonliving) factors that are our of control such as meteors and volcanic eruptions that can wipe out an entire population