People Software Data Network Procedures Hardware What is GIS? Chapter 1
Why use GIS? Mapping Measuring Monitoring Modeling Managing Five Ms of Applied GIS Chapter 2
Geography matters Quantitative analyses matter GIScience, GISystems, GISociety Why GIS? Chapter 1
GIS integrates disciplines and technologies such as remote sensing, surveying, photogrammetry, spatial analysis, cartography, computer science. GIS integrates disciplines.
Geography integrates data. Georeferencing (e.g.) Chapters 5 and 9
Attribute linkages Spatial data Attribute data P,L,A,Px NOIR GIS is an information technology which stores, analyses, and displays both spatial and non-spatial data (Parker 1988). GIS data: Spatial & aspatial Chapters 3 and 8
Reality Forest Non-Forest Vector representation Full membership (Forest) Fuzzy Raster representation No membership (Non-Forest) GIScience: Objects and fields Chapters 4, 6 and 8
Moving from files to databases Views SQL enables dis-association from the software specifics Views provide for dis-association of the data from the presentation Chapter 10
GIS is a powerful set of tools for collecting, storing, retrieving at will, transforming and displaying spatial data from the real world (Burrough 1986). Storage & Manipulation Input Output Analyses GISystem: software components
GIS is a decision support system involving the integration of spatially referenced data in a problem-solving environment (Cowen 1988) Geographic Information System User Software tools Geographic database Real world Filter Knowledge Cartographic generalization Purpose / intent of producer Data models Filter Mandates GISystems and Society Chapters 1, 6 and 10
Placing GIS in Context External People Internal Spatial data and associated attributes Hardware Software GISystems and Society
0 Lineage 0 Positional accuracy 0 Attribute accuracy 0 Completeness 0 Logical consistency 0 Semantic accuracy 0 Temporal information Metadata (Input and output) Chapter 6
Output: Map design criteria Real world Conceptualization Measurement & representation Analysis Interpretation, validation & exploration Layer properties Chapters 12 and 13
Visual communication Presentation Synthesis Confirmation Exploration Visual thinking Chapters 12 and 13
Analyses: GIS aids understanding Spatial statistics overview Spatial analyst overview http://www.physorg.com/news71850513.html Chapters 14 and 15
0 Basic MCE theory: 0 Investigate a number of choice possibilities in the light of multiple criteria and conflicting objectives (Voogd, 1983). 0 Generate rankings of choice alternatives. 0 Two basic methodologies: 0 Boolean overlays (polygon-based methods) [And] 0 Weighted linear combinations [WLC] (raster-based methods) (e.g.) S = w i x i x c j Equivalent ranges Meaningful weights Analyses: Multi-criteria evaluation Chapters 14, 15 and 16 17
Local / global Exact / approximate Stochastic / deterministic Abrupt / smooth Geostatistics IDW Analyses: Spatial interpolation Chapters 14, 15 and 16 Geostatistical analyst overview: http://www.ce.utexas.edu/prof/maidment/giswr2005/geostat/geostatisticexercise.htm
No one right answer, although some will be more right than others Uncertainty Know your data Analyses: Spatial interpolation Chapters 14, 15 and 16
Know your data If we ignore (or do not have) samples from the stream, the interpolated surface will not be very representative. Analyses: Spatial interpolation Chapters 14, 15 and 16
- One time measurement narrows down our position to the surface of a sphere - Second time measurement narrows it down to intersection of two spheres - Third time measurement narrows it to just two points Input: GPS Trilateration Chapter 9
Source Platform Sensor Active/passive Object Input: Remote sensing Chapter 9
Input: Remote sensing 0 Spectral, spatial, temporal, radiometric resolution 0 Panchromatic to multispectral to hyperspectral 0 Classification (supervised vs unsupervised) 0 Pan sharpening, orthorectifying 0 Applications (e.g., NDVI) Spectral signatures Chapter 9
Projection-based coordinate systems Coordinate Systems (Albers, UTM) Projections (Datums: geoid ellipsoid plane ) Objects / Fields Spatial Entities (PLAP x ) Topology Scale / Resolution (e.g.) Generalization Uncertainty Measurement levels (NOIR) Primary / Secondary data (source) Terms and Definitions
Chapters 1 6, 8-10, 12 16, 21 were covered in the classes. Chapter 7 provides an overview of the history and current state of GISoftware (vendors, functionality), while Chapter 11 covers the GeoWeb. Chapters 17-20 cover management and policy issues. Reviewing the lecture notes will be important. Textbook readings
Dec 6 @ 3:30 Geog 200 2.5 hours Write on one side of the page Assume 1 mark / minute of writing Email me if you would like to arrange a meeting to review anything. brian@geog.ubc.ca Exam
0 Part 1 Definitions 0 Part 2 Short answer questions 0 Part 3 Essay questions 0 Material will cover the entire term 0 Emphasis on understanding, although providing examples (i.e., material from labs, projects) will be beneficial. Exam Format
What next? 0 Geob 372 Cartography 0 Geob 372 Remote Sensing 0 Geog 374 Statistics 0 Geob 479 GIScience in Research 0 Directed Studies 0 BCIT / Masters
Best of luck in your exams