\ΩpsS s]mxp-`-h-\-sø p-dn- p IcpX kw_- n v. {^m ko-kv am ]m- -bpss. Nm{In-I-te-J\w. Atßbv v kvxpxn. (Laudato Si') hnh Ø\w:

\ΩpsS s]mxp-`-h-\-sø p-dn- p IcpX kw_- n v {^m ko-kv am ]m- -bpss Nm{In-I-te-J\w Atßbv v kvxpxn (Laudato Si') hnh Ø\w: ^m. amxyp Xp -Øn, H.kn.-Un. CARMEL INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHING HOUSE TRIVANDRUM, KERALA, INDIA 695 014 2015

D -S w t]pv BapJw 7 ""Atßbv p kvxpxn, Fs \mym'' 9 Cu temi-øn H pw \tωmsp Aew-`mhw ]pe Øp n 10 Htc DXvI-WvT-bm sfiy-s v 14 A o-kn-bnse hnip {^m kokv 17 Fs B-lzm\w 20 A[ymbw H v \ΩpsS s]mxp-`-h-\-øn\v F p kw`-hn- p p I. aen-\o-i-c-whpw Imem-hÿmhyXn-bm-\hpw 27 aen-\o-i-c-whpw amen-\yhpw hen-s -dn-b -kwkvim-chpw 27 Imem-hÿ Hcp s]mxp-\ F - \n-e-bn 29 II. Pe-{]iv\w 34 III. ssph-ssh-hn-[y-øns \jvsw 37 IV. a\p-jy-po-hn-x-øns KpW-\n-e-hm-c-Øn-ep CSnhpw kaq-l-øns XI bpw 46 V. BtKmf Ak-aXzw 49 VI. Zp _e {]Xn-I-c-W-ßƒ 56 VII. Hcp-]nSn A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ 62

4 Atßbv v kvxpxn A[ymbw c v krjvsn-bpss kphn-tijw I. hnizmkw \ Ip shfn w 66 II. ss nƒ hnh-c-w-ß-fnse m\w 67 III. {]]- -c-lkyw 79 IV. krjvsn-bpss kzssc-iy-øn Hmtcm krjvs-h-kvxp-hn-s bpw ktμiw 86 V. Hcp km h-{xni Iq mbva 90 VI. hkvxp- -fpss s]mxp-e yw 94 VII. tbip-hns ISm w 97 A[ymbw aq v ]mc-nÿnxni {]Xn-k- n-bpss am\p-jni thcp-iƒ I. kmt -XnIhnZy:k Km-fl-I-Xbpw i nbpw 102 II. kmt -Xn-I-hn-Zybv v B[n-]-Xy-ap amxr-i-bpss BtKmfhXv -cww 107 III. B[p-\nI \c-hw-i-ti-{μo-ir-x-hm-z-øns {]Xn-k- nbpw ^e-ßfpw 117 {]mtbm-kni Bt]- n-i-xm-hmzw 123 sxmgn kwc- n-t - -Xns Bhiyw 125 Poh-im-kv{X-]-c-amb ]pxnb kmt -Xn-I-hn-Zy-Iƒ 132 A[ymbw \mev ka{k ]cn-ÿn-xn-hn- m-\obw I. ]mcn-ÿn-xn-ihpw kmº-øn-ihpw kmaq-ln-i-hp-amb ]cn-ÿn-xn-hn- m-\obw 139 II. kmwkvim-cni ]cn-ÿn-xn-hn- m-\obw 145 III. ssz\w-zn-\-po-hn-x-øns ]cn-ÿnxnhn m-\obw 149

D -S w 5 IV. s]mxp-\- -bpss XØzw 157 V. Xe-ap-d-Iƒ n-s-bnse \oxn 159 A[ymbw A v kao-]-\-øn-s bpw {]h Ø\Øn-s bpw ] -Xn-Iƒ I. ]cn-ÿnxnkwhm-zw A tz-iob kaql-øn 164 II. tzio-bhpw {]mtz-in-i-hp-amb \bßƒ p-th nbp kwhmzw 175 III. Xocp-am-\-ßƒ FSp- p {]{In-b-bn kwhm-zhpw kpxmcyxbpw 181 IV. am\-hni km m-xvim-c-øn\v cmjv{sobhpw kºzvhyhÿbpw kwhmzøn 186 V. ax-ßƒ imkv{x-hp-ambn kwhm-z-øn 196 A[ymbw Bdv ]cn-ÿn-xn-hn- m-\o-b-]-c-amb hnzym-`ym-khpw Bflo-b-Xbpw I. Hcp ]pxnb Pohn-X-ssi-en-bn-te v 201 II. am\-h-cm-inbpw ]cn-ÿn-xnbpw XΩn DSºSn pth nbp hnzym`ymkw 206 III. ]cn-ÿn-xn-hn- m-\o-b-]-c-amb am\km- cw 213 IV. B\-μhpw kam-[m-\hpw 219 V. ]uc-xz-]-chpw cmjv{so-b-hp-amb kvt\lw 225 VI. IuZm-inI AS-bm-f-ßfpw hn{i-a-øns BtLm-jhpw 229 VII. ]cn-ip {XnXzhpw krjvsn-iƒ XΩn-ep _ hpw 235 VIII.kIe krjvsnbpssbpw cm n 237

6 Atßbv v kvxpxn IX. kqcy-\p-a- pdw 239 \ΩpsS `qan- p-th- n-bp {]m \ 241 krjvsn-i-tfmsp tn v Hcp ss{ikvxh{]m \ 242 Notes 245 A\p-_ w I 1. ka-{k-amb ]mcn-ÿn-xn-i-x... 255 I ±n-\mƒ ]o S Ivk 2. "Atßbv v kvxpxn' kw{k-lw... 258 (Hs h-tømsc sdmam-t\m) A\p-_ w II hnj-b-kw-{k-l-kq-nni 276 {^m kokv am ]m-, "Atßbv v kvxpxn' F Nm{In-I-te-J-\-Øn 2015 sabv 24 \v H p-h-bv p p

7 F mh pw-th- n-bp- Xv F m ImetØ-bv p-ap- Xv ""Atßbv v kvxpxn; Fs \mym!'' `qansb `qan-tbmfw kvt\ln A o-kn-bnse hnip {^m ko-kns lrz-b-ko-x-øn sxm v Bcw-`n- v, Cu {]] lrz-b-øns kv]-μ-\-ß-f-dn- v, CXn A[nh-kn- p Hmtcm a\p-jy-s bpw lrz-bsø sxm p- W Øp {^m kokv am ]m- -bpss Cu Nm{In-IteJ\w F m-h pw-th- n-bp- -XmWv, F m Ime-tØbv p-ap- -Xm-Wv. ka-{k-]m-cn-ÿn-xn-ix F k sø Bkv]-Zam- n, k o Æ-amb ]mcn-ÿn-xni {]iv\ßsf A]-{K- Yn- v, Ah-bv p ka-{k-amb ]cn-lm-c-ßƒ \n t±-in- p-ibpw; ]c-kv]c _ -Øns irwj-e-bn H m-bncn- p k h-kr- -ß-tfm-Sp-ap Icp-X F{X-am{Xw {]m[m-\y-a ln- p p F v Bh Øn pw; Ah-cn G hpw Zp _-e-cpss ] Øv tbip-hns \njvi jtbmss \ne-sim pw; tzio-b, A t±-io-b, {]mtzini- Xe-ß-fn-se mw D m-ti Xpd N -bp-ss-bpw A`n- {]mb ka-\z-b-øn-s bpw \b-cq-]o-i-c-w-øn-s -bp-am-b, ]I-cw-h-bv p-hm-\n- mø ""BtKmf ]mcn-ÿn-xni am\- km- -c-øns ''(5) ]mx-bn-tebv v {^m kokv am ]m F m-h-scbpw Wn- p- p. Hcp {]m -\-bn XpSßn c p {]m -\-I-tfmsS (ss{ikvxh hnizm-kn-iƒ pw CXc hnizm-kn-iƒ pap Xv) Ah-km-\n- p Cu Nm{In-I-te-J\w tic-f-

8 Atßbv v kvxpxn k`bv v \ Ip-hm-\p ]cn-{i-aw, Im sω Cs - \mj-w ]ªo-jnwKv lukv Hcp {]m -\-t]m-se-bmwv Gs -Sp-Ø-Xv. G hpw thk-øn, F m G hpw kq va-x-tbmss, I sω-e-am-xm-hns Xncp-\mƒZn-\-amb Pqsse 16- \v AXv ]q Øn-bm n {]Imi\w snøp-tºmƒ, Cu Nm{In-IteJ\-Øns Ic-Sp-cq]w Xøm-dm- p- -Xn apjy] ph-ln-, \oxn pw kam-[m-\-øn-\pw-th- n-bp s]m n- ^n- IΩo-js {]os^ivsv AXyp- X I ±n-\mƒ ]o S Ivks A\p-Kr-loX km n[yw sszh-\n-tbmkambn Rßƒ Icp-Xp- p. I ±n-\mƒ ]o S Ivk Cu Nm{In-I-teJ\w Ah- X-cn- n- p-sim v \S-Ønb {]`m-j-w-øns kw{klhpw høn- m-\n \n pw {]kn- o-i-cn Hcp ka-{k-kw-{klhpw H mw A\p-_- -ambn CXn tn Øn- p v; c mw A\p-_- -ambn D -S -Øn-se, 1 apx 246 hsc, F m Jfin-I-I-fp-sSbpw Hcp hnj-b-kq-nnimkw{k-lhpw. Cu Nm{In-I-te-J\w ]T-\-hn-j-b-am- p- -h v CXv klm-b-i-amipw F p Rßƒ p-d- p- v. CXc temi `mjm ]Xn- p-i-tfm-ssmøv Cu ae-bmf ]cn-`m-jbpw høn- m sh_vssk- n e`y-am-bn-cn pw F -dn-bn- p-hm Rßƒ v kt m-j-ap- v. \μn! "Im sω-en\v' F pw ]n XpWbpw t{]m ml\-hp-ta-ip A`n-hμy ]nxm- - m v. CXv ImØncn- p tic-f-k-`-bv v. CXv ]c-am-h[n Ip -a- -Xm- m {]b-xv\n Hs h-tømsc sdmamt\m ae-bmfw ]Xn v Sow AwK-ßƒ v. ""Atßbv v kvxpxn, Fs \mym!'' ^m. amxyp Xp -Øn, H.kn.-Un. Ub-d-IvS

9 \ΩpsS s]mxp-`-h-\-sø p-dn- p IcpX kw_- n v {^m ko-kv am ]m- -bpss Nm{In-I-te-J\w Atßbv v kvxpxn (Laudato Si') 1. ""Atßbv p kvxpxn, Fs \mym'' (Laudato Si', mi' Signore). \mw \ΩpsS PohnXw ] p-h-bv p ktlm-z-cn-sbbpw \sω Bt«-jn- m Ic-ßƒ \o p at\m-l-cn-bmb amxm-hn-s\bpw t]mse-bmwv \ΩpsS s]mxp-`-h-\-sa p at\m-l-c-amb Cu Io - Ø\Øn A o-kn-bnse hnip {^m kokv \sω Hm an- n- p- p: ""Rßsf \ne-\n Øp-Ibpw `cn- p-ibpw \m\m-pmxn ^e-ßfpw h W-]p-jv]- ßfpw snsn-ifpw DXv]m-Zn- n- p-ibpw snøp RßfpsS ktlm-z-cnbpw amxm-hp-amb `qan-bn-eqss, Fs \mym, Atßbv p kvxpxn.'' 1

10 Atßbv v kvxpxn 2. sszhw Ahƒ p \ In A\p-{K-ln- n-cn- p hkvxp- -fpss \ncp-ø-c-hm-z-]-c-amb D]-tbm-Khpw Zpcp-]-tbm-K-hpw-sIm v \mw Ah-fn Gev]n- n-cn- p t{zmlw\nanøw Cu ktlm-zcn \tωmsp \nehn-fn v At]- n- p- p. Ahsf CjvSm-\p-k-cWw sim -b-sn- m Ah-Im-i-ap Ah-fpsS {]`p- - mcpw bp-am-\- m-cp-ambn \mw \sω-øs I p-hcp- p. ]m]-øm apdn-th-ev]n- -s \ΩpsS lrzbß-fn k n-ln-x-amb A{I-aw, aænepw Pe-Ønepw hmbphnepw Pohs F m cq]-ß-fnepw {]I-S-amb tcmk-e- -W-ß-fnepw {]Xn-^-en- p- p. CXpsIm mwv, `mcw-np-a-ø-s -Sp-Ibpw Duj-c-am- -s Sp- Ibpw snbvx `qan-xs \ΩpsS Zcn{Z-cnse G hpw Ah-K-Wn- -s - -hfpw tami-ambn ssiimcyw- sn-øs - -h-fp-am-ip- Xv; Ahƒ ""Cu p-t\mhv A\p-`-hn- p p'' (tdmam. 8:22). \mw `qan-bnse s]msn-bm-sw v \mw ad- n-cn- p p (cf. Dev]. 2:7); Ah-fpsS LS-IßƒsIm- mwv \ΩpsS ico-c-ßƒ krjvsn -s ncn- p- -Xv, \mw AhfpsS hmbp izkn- p- p, AhfpsS Pem-ib-ß-fn \n v \mw Poh\pw t]mj-whpw kzoi-cn- p- p. Cu temi-øn H pw \tωmsp Aew-`mhw ]pe Øp n 3. Aº-Xn-tesd h jwapºv, temiw BW-h-{]-Xnk- n-bpss h n \n s, bp sø X n- -fbpi am{x-a-, kam-[m-\-øn-\p Hcp \n t±-iw hbv p-iiqsn snbvx Hcp Nm{In-I-te-J\w hnip tpm Ccp-]-Øn-aq ma am ]m Fgp-Xn. `qan-bn

Atßbv v kvxpxn 11 kam-[m\w (Pacem in Terris) F B ktμiw kakvx ""ItØm-en- m-tem-i-øn\pw'' bym -Øn ""k \- p kie kv{xo]p-cp-j- m pw'' Bbn At±lw FgpXn. \man-t mƒ BtKmf ]mcn-ÿn-xni A[x-]-X-\sØ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cns Cu {Kl-Øn Pohn- p Hmtcm hy n-sbbpw A`n-kw-t_m-[-\- sn-øp-hm Rm B{K-ln- p- p. kphn-ti-j-øns B\μw (Evangelii Gaudium) F Fs A -kvtxmeni Blzm-\-Øn, \S- p-h-cp t{]jn-x-\-ho-ic-w-sø t{]m m-ln- n- pi F Dt±-iy-tØm-Sp- IqSn k`-bnse F m AwK-ßƒ pw Rm Fgp-Xn. Cu Nm{In-I-te-J-\-Øn, \ΩpsS s]mxp-`-h-\-sø- pdn v F m P\-ß-fp-ambn kwhmz-øn-te p IS p-hm Rm B{K-ln- p p. 4. "`qan-bn kam-[m\'øn\p-tijw F p-h jw Ign v 1971-, ]mcn-ÿn-xni DXvIWvTsb ISn- m-wn- mø a\p-jy-{]-h Ø-\-Øns ""Hcp ZmcpW {]Xym-LmXw'' Bbn, hmgvø-s t]mƒ Bdm-a am ]m ]cm-a in p: ""{]Ir-Xn-sb Btem- N-\m-c-ln-X-ambn Nqj-WwsNøp- Xp-aq-ew, a\p-jycmin AXns\ \in- n- p-ibpw AXp-hgn B XI bpss Cc-bm-hp-Ibpw snøpi F A]-I-S-km-[yX t]dp p.'' 2 ""hymh-km-bni \mk-cn-i-x-bpss hnkv-t^m- S\-Øn Iogn-ep Hcp ]mcn-ÿn-xnihn\mi''øns km[y-x-sb- p-dn v kam-\-hm- p-i-fn At±lw sfiy-cmjv{s ` y -Im jni kwl-s-\-bnepw kwkm-cn- p. ""AXy-km-[m-c-W-amb imkv{x-ap-t - - ßfpw G hpw hnkva-b-i-c-amb kmt -Xn-I-ti-jn-

12 Atßbv v kvxpxn Ifpw G hpw Aº-c- n- p kmº-øn-i-h-f -bpw, B[n-Im-cn-I-amb kmaq-ln-i- -[m ani ]ptcm-k-xnbm A\p-[m-h\w snø-s -Sp- n-s - n AXv Xo bmbpw a\p-jy-s\-xnsc Xncnbpw'' F -Xn-\m ""a\pjy-cm-in-bpss s]cp-am- -Øn Hcp kaqe ]cnh Ø\-Øns ASn-b- -cm-h-iy-ap- v'' 3 F v At±lw Du n- -d-bp-ibpw snbvxp. 5. hnip tpm t]mƒ c m-a Cu hnj-b-sø- p-dn v \nc- cw DXvI-WvTm-Ip-e-\m-bn-cp- p. ""a\pjy Xß-fpsS G hpw ASpØ D]-tbm-K-Øn\pw D]-t`m-K-Øn\pw D]-I-cn- p- hbn-e- pdw {]Ir-Xn-]cnÿn-Xn-bn as mcp A hpw ImWp- n '' 4 F Xp-t]mse txm p p F v Xs BZy Nm{In- I-teJ\-Øn At±lw ap -dn-bn p \ In. XpS v At±lw Hcp BtKmf ]mcn-ÿn-xni am\-km c- Øn\v Blzm-\w-sN-bvXp. 5 AtX-k-a-bw, ""B[n-Im-cnIamb Hcp am\-hni ]mcn-ÿn-xn-ix''bv p [m ani D]m-[n-Iƒ Dd- p-h-cp-øp- -Xn\v ""Aev]-]-cn-{iata D m-bn- p q'' 6 F v At±lw {i n- p. sszhw temisø \ap p `c-ta-ev]n p F -Xp-sIm p am{x-a-, a\p-jy-po-h X-s bpw Xcw-Xm-gvØ-ens hnhn[ cq]-ß-fn \n v {]Xn-tcm-[n-t Hcp Zm\- amwv F -Xn-\mepw, am\-h-]-cn-ÿn-xn-bpss XI Xo Øpw Kuc-hm-h-l-am-Wv. \Ωp-sS -tem-isø kwc- n- p-hm\pw sa -s -Sp-Øp-hm-\p-ap GXp {iahpw ""Pohn-X-ssi-en-I-fnepw Dev]m-Z-\-Øn-s bpw D]-t`m-

Atßbv v kvxpxn 13 K-Øn-s bpw amxr-i-i-fnepw C p kaq-l-ßsf `cn- p hyh-ÿm-]nx A[n-ImcLS-\-I-fnepw'' 7 AKm[-amb am -ßƒ Bh-iy-s -Sp- p. B[n-Im-cn-Iamb am\-h-hn-i-k-\-øn\v Hcp [m ani-kz`m-h-ap v. AXp a\p-jy-hy- n p kºq Æ BZ-chv Iev]n- p- p. F m AXv \ap- p-np- p-ap temi-søbpw ]cn-kwn- p-ibpw ""Hmtcm Pohnbp-sSbpw kz`mh-søbpw {Iao-Ir-X-amb Hcp hyh-ÿ-bnse AXns ]c-kv]-c-_- -søbpw IW- n-se-sp- p-ibpw'' 8 thww. AX-\p-k-cn- v, bmym ysø ]cn-h Øn n- p- -Xn-\p \ΩpsS am\p-jn-i-tijn \ap v F mw \ In-bn-cn- p sszh-øns BZn-a-Zm-\-Øn- \-\p-krxw \oß-ww. 9 6. AXp-t]mse Fs ap Kman s_\-univsv ]Xn\mdm-a ""temi-k-º-zvl-s-\-bpss XI-cm-dp-Iƒ- p LS-\m-]-c-amb Imc-W-ßƒ \n Ωm P\w-sNøp-hm\pw ]cn-ÿn-xn-tbm-sp BZ-chv Dd- p-h-cp-øp- -Xn\v Ai -sa p sxfn hf m-am-xri-iƒ Xncp-Øp- -Xn\pw'' 10 \n t±in- p. GsX- nepw Hcphiw am{xw th Xn-cn-s -SpØv temisø A]-{K-Yn- m-\m-hn-s v At±lw \nco- n- p; Fs - m ""{]Ir-Xn-bpsS ]pkvxiw GIhpw Ahn-`mPy-hp-am- Wv.'' AXv ]cn-ÿn-xn-sbbpw Poh-s\bpw ssew-kni- X-sbbpw IpSpw-_-sØbpw kmaq-ln-i-_- ß-sfbpw Aßs\ F m- n-s\bpw Dƒs m- p- p. ""a\pjyk-l-h Øn-XzsØ cq]-s -Sp-Øp kwkvim-c-

14 Atßbv v kvxpxn tømsv At`Zyw _ -s - -XmWv {]Ir-Xn-bpsS hn]- cybw'' 11 F Xv AXn\p ]n mse hcp- p. \ΩpsS \ncp-ø-c-hm-z-]-c-amb s]cp-am- w-sim v kzm`m-hni]- cn-ÿn-xn v Kpcp-X-c-ambn lm\n kw`-hn- n-cn- p psh p Xncn- -dn-bp-hm s_\-univsv ]Xn-\m-dm-a am ]m \tωm-sv Bh-iy-s - p. kmaq-lni]cn-ÿn- Xn pw lm\nkw`-hn- p. c pw BXy- n-i-ambn Htc Xn -sim v kw`-hn Xm-Wv: \ΩpsS Pohn-X-ßsf \bn- m Ahn-X n-x-amb kxy-ßƒ H p-ans pw AXp-sIm v a\p-jy-kzm-x{ yw A]-cn-an-Xam-sW- pw D [mc-wsim v. ""X\n- p-th- n- Øs Xm\p- m- p Hcp kzmx-{ y-w am{x-a a\pjy F pw a\p-jy kzbw \n Ωn- p- n-s pw Ah Bflm-hpw C bpw, AXp-t]mse-Xs, {]Ir- Xnbpw BsW pw'' 12 \mw ad- n-cn- p p. ""\ap- p- Xs Ah-km-\-hm v ]d-bm-hp- nsøv, F mw shdpsx \ΩpsS ssih-i-kz-øm-bncn- p-ibpw \mw \ap- p-th- n-am{xw AXp-]-tbm-Kn- p-ibpw snøp- n-søv'' \mw krjvsn v tzmjw-hcp-øn-bn-cn p psh v ]nxr-k-l-p-amb Icp-X-temsS s_\-univsv ]Xn-\m-dm-a am ]m \sω Hm an- n p. ""\mw \sω- mƒ Db -Xmbn H pw ImWm-Ø-t mƒ, \mw \sω-b- msx as m pw ImWm-Ø-t mƒ, krjvsnbpss Zpcp-]-tbmKw Bcw-`n- p p.'' 13 Htc DXvI-WvT-bm sfiy-s v 7. am ]m- -am-cpss Cu {]kvxm-h-\-iƒ AkwJyw imkv{x- -cp-ssbpw XØz-Nn- -I-cp-sSbpw sszhimkv{x- -cp-ssbpw ]uc-kan-xnifpssbpw hnnn -

Atßbv v kvxpxn 15 \-ßsf {]Xn-[z\n- n- p p. Cu tnmzy-ß-sf- p-dn- p k`-bpss Nn -Isf Ch-sb mw kº- -am- nbn- p- v. ItØm-en- m-k-`bv p ]pdøv a p k`-ifpw ss{ikvx-h-k-aq-l-ßfpw A-Xp-t]m-se-Xs CXc ax-ß-fpw \msa- m-h-scbpw Akz-ÿ-cm- p Cu hnjbß-sf- p-dn v Bg-Øn-ep DXvIWvT {]ISn- n- p-ibpw hne-s hnnn- -\-ßƒ \ Ip-Ibpw snbvxn- p- v. {it -b-amb Hscm DZm-l-c-Ww-am{Xw \ Ip- -Xn\v, \mw kºq W-amb k`m-fli Iq mbvabpss {]Xymi ] p-h-bv p {]nb-s FIyp-sa- \n- ]m{xn-bm okv s_ Øtem-antbmbpsS {]kvxm-h-\-iƒ ]cm-a in- m Ignbpw. 8. \ΩpsS {Kl-Øn\v \mw tzmjw-h-cp-øn-h hgn- I-sf- p-dn v Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw A\p-X-]n-t - -Xns Bh-iy-I-X- ]m{xn-bm okv s_ -Ø-tem-antbm {]txyiw ]d- n- p- v. ""\msa- m-hcpw sndnb Afhn-em-sW- n qsn -]m-cn-ÿn-xn-ilm\n hcp-øp- p F Xn-\m, krjvsnsb hncq-]-am- p- -Xnepw AXns XI bv pw \mw \ Ip sndptxm heptxm Bb kw`m-h\iƒ kω-xn- p-hm \mw hnfn- -s - n-cn- p p.'' 14 krjvsn-s -Xn-cmb \ΩpsS ]m]-ßƒ kω-xn- p- -Xn\p \sω sh p-hn-fn- psim v At±lw CXv Dd- n pw Xd- n pw Bh Øn- p- p v: ""a\p-jy-hy- n-isf kw_- n- n-s-tømfw... sszh-øns krjvsn-bpss ssph-ssh-hn[yw \in- n- pi F Xv; a\p-jy-hy- n-isf kw_- n- n-s-tømfw, Imem-h-ÿ-bn am -ßƒ v CS-bm- n-

16 Atßbv v kvxpxn s m pw `qan-bnse kzm`m-hnih\-ßsf D q-e\w snbvtxm XÆo Ø-S-ßƒ \in- nt m `qanbpss ka- {K-Xsb Xcw-Xm-gvØp-I-sb- Xv; a\p-jy-hy- n-isf kw_- n- n-s-tømfw `qan-bnse Pew, Ic, hmbp, Poh F nh aen-\-s -Sp-Øp- Xv Ch-sb mw ]m]-am-wv.'' 15 Fs - m ""kzm`m-hn-i-tem-i-øn-s\- Xnsc snøp ]mxiw \ap-s -Xn-cmbpw sszh-øns\-xn-cmbpw D ]m]w BWv.'' 16 9. AtX-k-a-bw, ]mcn-ÿn-xni{]iv\-ß-fpss km m Kn-Ihpw B[ym-fln-I-hp-amb thcp-i-fn-te pw s_ Ø-tem-antbm {i - -Wn- p- p- v. kmt Xn- I-hn-Zy-bn am{x-a-, am\-hn-i-x-bpss Hcp ]cn-h - Ø-\-Ønepw \mw ]cn-lm-c-ßƒ txs-w-sa v AXmh-iy-s -Sp p; AX-s - n \mw tcmk-e- -W-ßsfam{Xambn-cn pw ssiim-cyw-sn-øp-i. D]-t`m-K-Øns ÿm\øv XymKhpw, B Øn-bpsS ÿm\-øv Hu- Zmcyhpw, ]mgm- -en-s ÿm\øv ] p-hbv-]ns ssnx-\y-hpw ""shdpsx Dt]- n- p-hm- \, simsp- p-hm ]Tn- p- -Xn\p t{]cn- n- p '' Hcp k ymkhpw ]-I-cw-h-bv phm A-t±lw \-tωm- Sv Bh-iy-s -Sp- p. ""AXv kvt\ln- -ens Hcp hgn-bmwv; Rm\m-{K-ln- p- -h-

Atßbv v kvxpxn 17 bn \n v sszh-øns temi-øn-\m-h-iy-ap- -h-bnte v {ItaW \oßp ]mx.'' 17 ss{ikvx-h F - \n-e-bn, ""temisø Iq m-bva-bpss Hcp IqZmibmbn, sszh-hp-ambpw \ΩpsS Ab m-cp-ambpw BtKm-f-\n-e-hm-c-Øn ] p-h-bv]v \SØp- -Xns Hcp am K-ambn, kzoi-cn- p-hm \Ωƒ Wn- s - n-cn- p- p. sszh-øns krjvsn-bpss Xp -en- mø Ip m-b-ønse G hpw sndnb hni-zmw-i- Øn, \ΩpsS {Kl-Øns Ah-km\ a X-cn-bn, sszhn-ihpw am\p-jn-ihpw I p-ap- p p F Xv \ΩpsS hn\oxamb t_m[y-am-wv.'' 18 A o-kn-bnse hnip {^m kokv 10. tdmans sa{xm-\mbn sxc-s -Sp- -s -t mƒ Fs am K-Z inbpw {]tnm-z-\-hp-ambn Rm sxcs -SpØ t]cp-im-cs BI j-ihpw \n _- - _p n {]I-Sn- n- p- -Xp-amb cq]-øn -te p Xncnbm-sX Cu Nm{In-I-te-J\w Fgp-Xp-hm Rm B{Kln- p- n-. G hpw Zp _-e-cm-b-h-sc p-dn- p Icp-Xen-s bpw kt m-j-tøm-ssbpw B[n- Im-cn-I-ambpw Pohn- p Hcp ka-{k-]m-cn-ÿn-xn-i- X-bp-sSbpw (integral ecology) k -tδm-øa DZm-l-c-WamWp hnip {^m kokv F v Rm hniz-kn- p- p. ]cn-ÿn-xn-im-kv{x-øns taj-e-bn ]Tn- p- Ibpw tpmen-sn-øp-ibpw snøp F m-h-cp-ssbpw kz ob-a-[y-ÿ-\mwv At±-lw. Ass{I-kvX-hcpw At±-l-sØ Gsd kvt\ln- p- p. sszh-øns krjvsnsb- p-dn pw Zcn{Z-sc- pdn pw _ln-jvir-xsc- p-dn pw At±-l-Øn\v {]txy-i Icp-X-ep- m-bn-

18 Atßbv v kvxpxn cp- p. At±lw kvt\ln p; Xs B\-μ-sØ-{]-Xn, Xs DZm-c-amb Bfl-Zm-\-sØ-{]Xn, Xs Xpd lrz-b-sø-{]xn At±lw Bg-Øn kvt\ln- -s - Sp-Ibpw snbvxp. emfn-xy-ønepw sszh-hp-ambpw a p- -h-cp-ambpw {]Ir-Xn-bp-ambpw Xt m-sp-x-s bpw hnkva-b-\o-b-amb kzssc-iy-ønepw Pohn anãn pw Xo ms-i-\p-am-bn-cp p At±-lw. {]Ir-Xnsb kw_- n Icp-X, Zcn{Z p \oxn, kaq-l-tøm-sp {]Xn-_- -X, B -cnikam-[m\w F n-h- X-Ωn-ep _ w F{X Ahn-`m-Py-am-sW v At±lw \ap p ImWn- p-xcp p. 11. ka-{k-amb Hcp ]mcn-ÿn-xn-i-x, KWn-X-im-kv{X- Øn-s bpw Poh-im-kv{X-Øn-s bpw `mjsb adn-i-s- p kwh Kß-tfm-Sp Xpdhn Bh-iy-s -Sp- ps p ImWp-hm hnip {^m kokv A okn \sω klm-bn- p p; am\p-jn-i-am-bn-cn- pi F m F mwv F -Xns lrz-b-øn-te v AXp \sω Iq n-s m p-t]mhp-ibpw snøp- p. Bsc- nep-ambn \mw {]W-b-Øn-em-hp-tºmƒ kw`-hn- p- - Xp-t]m-se, kqcy-s\tbm N{μ-s\tbm G hpw sndnb PohnI-sftbm At±lw ISm- n- p-tºmƒ, as m krjvsn-i-sfbpw Xs kvxpxn- n-te v hen- -Sp- n- p-sim v At±lw kzm`mhn-i-am-bn-øs Km\-ame-]n- n-cp p. ]pjv]-ß-tfm-sp-t]mepw {]kw-kn- psim v, ""Ahbv p bp n-nn Ds - -Xp-t]mse, I Øm-hns\ kvxpxn- p-hm '' 19 Ahsb Wn- psim v k Δ-kr-jvSnIfp-ambpw At±lw Iq m-bvabn-em-bn. X\n- p-np- p-ap temi-tøm-sp At±-l-

Atßbv v kvxpxn 19 Øns {]XnI-cWw _u ni Bkzm-Z-\-Øn\pw kmº-øni IW- p-iq- -en\pw D]-cn-bm-bn-cp- p; Fs - m, At±-l-Øn\v Hmtcm Pohnbpw kvt\l- _- -Øm Xt msv sfiy-s Hcp ktlm-z-cn-bmbn-cp- p. AkvXn-Xz-ap F m- n-s\bpw ip{iq-jn- phm hnfn- -s - -Xmbn At±-l-Øn\v A\p-`-h-s - Xv AXp-sIm- mwv. ""F m hkvxp- -fp-ssbpw {]my-ani Dd-hn-S-sØ- p-dn- p Hcp hnnn- -\-Øn \n- v, ta p-ta kar -amb ` n-bm \nd- v, Pohn- Isf, Ah F{X sndp-xm-bn-cp- m-epw, "ktlm-z-cm' As - n "ktlm-zco' F v At±lw hnfn- p-ambn-cp p'' 20 F v At±-l-Øns injy hnip s_m\-sh- qtc \tωmsp ]d-bp- p. AØc-samcp t_m[yw Hcp ] - -c-am n-bpss Imev]-\n-IXm-hm- Z-ambn Fgp-Xn-Ø m\m-hn ; Fs - m \ΩpsS s]cp-am- sø \n W-bn- p sxc-s -Sp- p-isf AXp _m[n- p p. hnkva-b-tømspw A p-x-tøm- Sp-ap Cu Xpd-hn-Iq-SmsX {]Ir-Xn-sbbpw ]cn-ÿn- Xn-sbbpw \mw kao-]n m, temi-hp-am-bp \ΩpsS _ -Ønse kmtlm-z-cy-øn-s bpw kuμ-cy-øns bpw `mj \mw kwkm-cn- mxn-cp m, Xß-fpsS G -hp-a-spø Bh-iy-ß-fp-sS-ta ]cn-[n-i-ev]n- m Ign-bmØ bp-am-\- m-cp-ssbpw D]-t`m- m- -fpssbpw IÆn- mø Nqj-I-cp-sSbpw at\m-`m-h-am-bncn pw \Ωp-tS-Xv. t\sc-a-dn- v, AkvXn-Xz-ap F m nt\mspw KmV-ambn _ -s - -Xp-t]mse \ap v A\p- `-h-s -Sp- p-sh- n kwb-a\hpw Icp-Xepw Xmt\ Db p-h-cpw. hnip {^m ko-kns Zmcn-{Zyhpw hnc- nbpw k ym-k-ønse bym -kz-`mhw ad p-

20 Atßbv v kvxpxn h-bv p acym-z-bmb shdpw s]cp-am -a- ; IqSp-X auen-i-amb H m-wxv: D]-tbm-Kn- m\pw \nb-{ n- m\pw am{x-ap shdp-samcp hkvxp-hmbn bmym - ysø am p- -Xn-t\m-Sp hntbm-pn- mw-xv. 12. AXn-ep-]cn, Xncp-h-N-\-tØmSp hniz-kvx-\m-bns m v hnip {^m kokv, sszhw \tωmsp kwkm-cn- p-ibpw Xs A\- -ku-μ-cy-øn-s bpw \ bp-ssbpw Hcp Zriyw \ap v A\p-h-Zn- p-ibpw snøp AXn-Kw-`o-c-amb Hcp ]pkvx-i-ambn {]Ir-Xnsb ImWp-hm \sω Wn- p- p. ""krjvsn-ifpss i n-ku-μ-cy-ß-fn \n v Ah-bpsS {kjvsm-hns i n-ku-μ-cy-ß-sf- p-dn v Adnbmw'' ( m\w 13:5); bym -Øn ""temi-kr-jvsn-ap-x sszh-øns A\- -i- nbpw sszh-xzhpw krjvs-h-kvxp- -fn-eqss kv]jvs-ambn shfn-hm- -s n- p v'' (tdmam 1:20). C m-c-w-øm, Im p-]q- fpw Huj[-k-ky-ßfpw hf-cp-ibpw AXp ImWp- -h AØcw kuμ-cy-øns {kjvsm-hmb sszh-øn-te p Xß-fpsS a\- p- b Øp-Ibpw snø-ø- -hn-[-øn B{i-a-tXm Øns Hcp `mkw shdp-sx-bn-s-w-sa v {^m kokv Bhiy-s - p. 21 ]cn-l-cn-t Hcp {]iv\a-, BÀm-ZtØmSpw kvxpxn pitfm-spw-iqsn A\p-[ym-\wsNtø kt m-j-i-c-amb Hcp cl-ky-amwp temiw. Fs B-lzm\w 13. \ΩpsS s]mxp-`-h-\sø kwc- n- p- -Xn-\p ASn-b- -c-amb sh p-hn-fn, kpÿn-chpw ka-{k-hp-amb Hcp hni-k\w txsp- -Xn\v a\p-jy-ip-spw-_-sø-

Atßbv v kvxpxn 21 bmsi Hcp-an- p-sim- p-h-cp- -Xn-\p Hcp Hu p- Iyw AS-ßp- -XmWv; Fs - m Imcy-ßfn am w hcpøm-\m-ip-sa v \ap- -dnbmw. {kjvsmhv \sω ssi-hn-sp- n ; Xs kvt\l-]- Xn Ahn-Sp v Hcn- epw Dt] n- p- n ; \sω krjvsn- -Xn tjzn- p- p-an-. \ΩpsS s]mxp-`-h\w si n- -Sp- p- -Xn\v Hcp-an p {]h Øn p-hm-\p Ignhv a\p-jy-cm-in v Ct m-gp-ap- v. \mw ] p-h-bv p `h-\-øns kwc- Ww Dd- m- p-hm \m\m-h-gn-i-fn ]cn-{i-an- p F m-h-scbpw AwKo-I-cn- p-hm\pw t{]m m-ln- n- phm\pw \μn-]-d-bp-hm\pw Rm\n-hnsS B{K-ln- p- p. ]mcn-ÿn-xniøi temi-ønse G hpw Zcn{ZcpsS Pohn-X-ß-fp-sS-ta hcp-øp ZmcpW {]Xym- Lm-X-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn- p- -Xn\v A oww ]cn-{i-an- p- -h-sc {]txyiw A`n-\-μn- p-hm Rm ISs - n-cn- p- p. bph-p-\-ßƒ am w Bh-iy-s -Sp- p. ]mcnÿn-xni {]Xn-k- n-sb- p-dn pw Hgn-hm- -s -Sp- h-cpss bmx-\-i-sf- p-dn pw Nn n- msx sa -s Hcp `mhn ]Sp-Øp-b Øp- p-sh v B v, Fßs\ Ah-Im-i-s -Sm-\m-hp-sa v Ch A p-x-s -Sp p. 14. AXp-sIm- v, \ΩpsS {Kl-Øns `mhn \msaßs\ cq]-s -Sp-Øp p F -Xn-s\- p-dn v ]pxn-sbmcp kwhmzøn\v Rm ASn-b- -c-ambn Blzm\wsNøp p. F m-h-scbpw Dƒs m- p Hcp kwhm- Zw \ap- m-h-iy-ap v; Fs - m, \mw A`n-apJo- Icn- p ]mcn-ÿn-xni sh p-hn-fnbpw AXns am\p-jnithcp-ifpw \msa- m-h-scbpw DXvI-WvT-s - Sp-Øp-Ibpw _m[n- p-ibpw snøp- p. -tem-i-hym-]-

22 Atßbv v kvxpxn I-amb ]cn-ÿn-xn-{]h Ø-\-ßƒ CXn-\Iw KWyamb ]ptcm-kxn ssih-cn- n- p- v. Cu sh p-hn-fn-isf- p-dn v Ah-t_m-[w-h-f Øp-hm {]Xn- m_- amb \nc-h[n kwl-s-\-i-fpss kwÿm-]-\-ønte v AXp \bn- n- p-ap- v. tjz-i-c-sa p ]d-b-s, ]mcn-ÿn-xni {]Xn-k- n p aq Ø-amb ]cn-lm-cßƒ Is -Øm-\p \nc-h[n ]cn-{i-a-ßƒ \njv^e-sa p sxfn- n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. i -amb FXn psim p am{x-a-, IqSp-X hym]-i-amb Xmev]-cycm-ln-Xyw-sIm- p-iq-sn-bm-wn-xv. Cß-s\-sbmcp {]iv\- an F hmzw-xp-sßn, Aew-`m-hhpw DZm-ko-\-Xbpw kmt -Xn-I-]-cn-lm-c-ß-fn-ep A -amb hnizm-khpw-hsc, hnizm-kn-i-fpss CS-bn -t mepw hgn-ap-s- na-t\m-`m-h-ßƒ \ofp- p. ]pxn-sbmcp km h-{xn-ikmtlm-zcyw \ap- m-h-iy-ap- v. Z n-wm-{^n- -bnse sa{xm- m {]kvxm-hn- -Xp-t]mse: ""sszh-øns krjvsn-sb a\p-jy Zpcp-]-tbm-Kn- -Xp-aq-e-ap XIcm ]cn-l-cn- p- -Xn\v F m-h-cp-ssbpw Xme- p- Ifpw ] m-fn-øhpw Bh-iy-ap v.'' 22 krjvsnsb ]cn- N-cn- p-hm \msa- m-h pw, Hmtcm hy nbpssbpw kz w kwkvim-chpw A\p-`-hhpw ] m-fn-øhpw Ignhp-Ifpw A\p-k-cn v, sszh-øns D]-I-c-W-ß-fmbn kl-i-cn- p-hm Ign-bpw. 15. Ct mƒ k`-bpss kmaq-ln-i-{]-t_m-[-\-k-ap- b-øn-te v Iq n-t -s -Sp Cu Nm{InI-teJ\- Øn\v, \mw t\cn-sp sh p-hn-fn-bpss {it -b-xbpw ssh]peyhpw ASn-b- -c-kz-`m-hhpw a\- n-em- p- - Xn\v \sω klm-bn- m-\m-hpsa mwv Fs

Atßbv v kvxpxn 23 {]Xymi. \sω Bg-Øn kv] in- p- -Xn\pw XpS p-h-cp km m Kn-Ihpw B[ym-fln-I-hp-amb bm{xm-]-y-øn\mh-iy-amb kaq Ø-amb ASn-Ød \ Ip- -Xn\pw C p e`y-amb G hpw ani imkv{xo-b-k-th-j-w-sø A\p-h-Zn- p-sim v, AhbpsS ^e-ßsf B{i-bn- pi F e y-tømss, \ne-hn-ep ]mcn-ÿn-xni{]xn-k- n-bpss hnhn-[- h-i-ßfpss {lkz-amb kao- -tbmss Rm XpSßmw. XpS v, ]cn-ÿn-xn-tbm-sp \ΩpsS {]Xn- _- -Xsb IqSp-X bp n-bp- -am- m Ign-bp blq-z- -ss{ikvxh ]mc-º-cy-øn \n-s -SpØ Nne XØz-ßƒ Rm ]cn-k-wn- p XmWv. e -W-ßƒ am{x-a, Bg-Øn-ep Imc-W-ßfpw ]cn-k-wn- -Ø- -hn[w C sø ÿnxn-hn-ti-j-øns thcp-i-fnte v Cd-ßm Rm XpS p {ian- pw. ]cn-ÿn- Xn-tbmSv Cu temi-øn a\p-jy-hy niƒ F - \n-e-bn-ep \ΩpsS X\-Xmb ÿm\-søbpw Np p- ]m-sp-i-tfm-sp \ΩpsS _ -søbpw BZ-cn- p Hcp kao-]\w ssis m- p-hm CXp \sω klmbn- pw. Cu hnnn- -\-Øns shfn- -Øn, kwhmz- Øn\pw {]h Ø-\-Øn-\p-ap hnim-e-amb Nne \n t±-i-ßƒ Rm apt m- p-h-bv p XmWv. hy n- I-sf- -\n-e-bn AXv \mtam-tcm-cp-ø-scbpw Dƒs m- p- -Xp-t]m-se-Xs A tz-iob\b-søbpw AXp _m[n- pw. Ah-km-\-am-bn, t{]c-wbpw hnzym-`ym-k-{]-{in-b-bpw-iq-smsx am w Akm-[y-amWv F v F\n v t_m[y-ap- m-bn-cn-s, ss{ikvxh B[ym-fln-Im-\p-`-h-Øns \n[n-ti-j-c-øn

24 Atßbv v kvxpxn am\hni-hn-i-k-\-øn\p Is -Øm-hp Nne {]tnm- ZnX am K-\n t±-i-ßfpw Rm \ Ip -XmWv. 16. Hmtcm A[ym-b-Øn\pw AXXns hnj-bhpw khn-tij kao-]-\hpw D m-bn-cn- p-sa- nepw, ap ]p ssiim-cyw-snbvx {][m\ {]tab-ßƒ ]p\x- ]-cn-tim-[n- p-ibpw snøpw. Nm{In-I-te-J\w Npcpƒ- \n-h-cp- -txmss ho pw {]Xy- -s -Sp \nc-h[n {]ta-b-ß-fpss Imcy-Øn Cu coxn Ah-ew-_n- p- -XmWv. DZm-l-c-W-Øn-\v, Zcn-{Zcpw Cu {Kl-Øns teme{]irxnbpw XΩn-ep KmV-_- w, temi- Øn F mw ]c-kv]-c-_- n-x-amwv F t_m[yw, kmt -Xn-I-hn-Zy-bn \n v DS-se-Sp- p ]pxnb Nn m-am-xr-i-i-fp-ssbpw A[n-Im-c-cq-]-ß-fp-sSbpw hna iw, kº-zvl-s-\-sbbpw ]ptcm-k-xn-sbbpw a\- n-em- p- -Xn\p a p hgn-iƒ txsp- -Xn-\p Ww, Hmtcm krjvsn- pw X\-Xmbp aqeyw, ]mcnÿn-xn-i-x-bpss am\-hni A w, t\sc-bp- Xpw kxy-k- -hp-amb kwhm-z-øns Bh-iy-I-X, A tz-io-bhpw {]mtz-in-i-hp-amb \b-øns Kuchm-hlamb DØ-c-hm-Zn-Øw, hen-s -dn-b -kwkv- Imcw, ]pxn-sbmcp Pohn-X-ssi-en- p-th- n-bp \n t±iw -F- n-h-bn-te p hnc Nq p-hm Rm Dt±-in- p p. Ft - p-ambn Hcn- ssiim-cywsnbvxp Xo m-hp- -X Cu {]tab-ßƒ; ho pwho pw ]p\ cq-]-s -Sp-tØ -Xpw kº- -am-t - - Xp-amWv Ch.

25 A[ymbw H v \ΩpsS s]mxp-`-h-\-øn\v F p kw`-hn- p p 17. am\-h-cm-in-bpss Ncn-{X-Øn ]e-h-gn pw A`qX-]q h-amb \ΩpsS C sø ÿnxn-hn-ti-j- Øns ]pxn-sbmcp A]-{K-Y-\sØ ASn-ÿm-\am p- n-s - n, am\-h-cm-in-bpssbpw temi-øn-s bpw Ah-ÿsb- p-dn- p sszh-im-kv{x-]-chpw XØzim-kv{X-]-c-hp-amb hnnn- -\-ßƒ asp- p-f-hm- p- Xpw Aaq Ø-hp-amtb txm q. AXp-sIm- v, \mw `mk-am-bn-cn- p temisø kw_- n- n-s-tømfw, hnizmkw Fßs\ ]pxnb DtØ-P-\-ßfpw Bh-iytIm-]m-[n-Ifpw sim p-h-cp p F v ]cnkwn p- -Xn\papºv, \ΩpsS s]mxp-`-h-\-øn\v F p-kw-`hn- p p F -Xn-te v Rm {lkzambn Xncnbs. 18. am\-h-cm-in-sbbpw `qan-sbbpw _m[n- p am - ß-fpsS \nc- -c-ap thk-h [\bvs møv Ct mƒ, ""Xzcn-X-h-XvI-cWw'' (rapidification) F p thw-sa- n hnfn- m-hp, Pohn-X-Øn-s bpw sxmgnen-s bpw IqSp-X Xo{h-am- -s KXn-th-Khpw kw`hn- p- p. am w F Xv k o W-hyq-l-ß-fpsS {]h Ø-\-Øns `mk-am-sw- nepw, a\p-jy-{]h Ø- \w hni-kn- p- -Xns thkw ssph-]-cn-wm-a-øns

26 Atßbv v kvxpxn kzm`m-hn-i-ambpw aμ-amb KXn-th-K-Øn\p hncp- -ambn-cn- p- p F p-am-{x-a-, thk-ønepw \nc- -c-hpap Cu am -Øns e y-ßƒ s]mxp-\- -bntet m ka-{khpw kpÿnchp-amb am\-hni hnik-\-øn-tet m Xncn- p-h- -Xm-h-W-sa- p-an-. am w A`n-e-j-Wo-b-amWv; F m temi-øn\pw am\-hcm-in-bn Gdn-b-]- n-s bpw Pohn-X-Kp-W-\n-e-hm-c- Øn\pw tzmjw-sn-øp-tºmƒ AXv DXvIWvTbv v ImcW-ambnØocp p. 19. ]ptcm-k-xn-bnepw a\p-jy-ti-jn-i-fn-ep-ap Abp- n-i-amb Hcp Dd ns Ime-L- -sø-øp-s v kaql-øns Nne taj-e-iƒ Ct mƒ IqSp-X hna i- \m-fl-i-amb Hcp kao-]\w ssis m- p-i-bm-wv. ]cnÿn-xnsbbpw {]Ir-Xnsb kwc- n- p- -Xn-s\bpw kw_- n v h n-x-amb Hcp kwth-z-\- -a-xbpw \ΩpsS {Kl-Øn\p kw`-hn- p-sim- n-cn- p- -h-sb- p-dn v bym hpw AtX-k-abw \ncm-im-p-\-i-hpamb DXvI-WvT-bpsS hf bpw \ap v ImWp-hm Ign-bpw. C p \sω Ipg- p- Xpw C\nbpw \ap v ]c-h-xm-\n- -Sn-bn Hfn- n- m-\m-hm-ø-xp-amb B tnmzy-ßƒ, F{X XnSp- -Øn-em-bm-epw, \aps m p {]Xy-h-tem-I\w snømw. tihew hnh-c-ti-j-c-wtam Pn mk ian- n- tem A \ΩpsS e yw; adn v, thz-\m-]q hw Ah-t_m-[-ap- -h-cm-bn-cn- p-ibpw temi-øn\v F p-kw-`-hn- p p F -Xns\ \ΩpsS hy n-]-c-amb kl-\øn-te p sim p-h-cn-ibpw Aßs\ AXp-kw-_- n v \mtam-tcm-cp-ø pw F p-sn-øp-hm Ignbpw F p Is -Øp-I-bp-amWp e yw.

\ΩpsS s]mxp-`-h-\-øn\v F p kw`-hn- p p 27 I. aen-\o-i-c-whpw Imem-hÿmhyXn-bm-\hpw aen-\o-i-c-whpw amen-\yhpw hen-s -dn-b -kwkvim-chpw 20. aen-\o-i-c-w-øns Nne cq]-ßƒ P\-ß-fpsS ssz\w-zn-\m-\p-`-h-øns `mk-am-wv. A co- -a-en- \o-i-c-w-ap- m- p hkvxp- -tfm-sp kmao]yw H -\-h[n Btcm-Ky-{]-iv\-ßƒ, {]txy-in v Zcn-{Z v, D m- p-ibpw Zi-e- - -W- n\v AIm-e-a-c-Wßƒ v CS-bm- p-ibpw snøp p. DZm-l-c-W-Øn-\v, ]mn-i-ønt\m NqSp-]n-Sn n- -ent\m D]-tbm-Kn- p C -\-ß-fpsS Db -txm-xn-ep ]pi izkn v P\- ßƒ tcmkn-i-fm-bnøocp p. KXm-K-Xw, hyh-kmbime-i-fn \n p ]pi, aæns bpw Pe-Øns - bpw Aæo-I-c-W-Øn\p CS-bm- p hkvxp- ƒ, hfßƒ, IoS-\m-in-\n-Iƒ, Ipanƒ\m-in-\n-Iƒ, kky-\min-\n-iƒ, s]mxp-hmbn ]d- m Irjnbn D]- tbm-kn- p hnj-hkvxp ƒ F n-h-aqew F m-hscbpw _m[n- p aen-\o-i-c-w-hpap v. _nkn-\kv Xmev]-cy-ß-tfmSp LSn- n- -s v, Cu {]iv\-ß-fpss ]cn-lm-c-øn-\p Htc-sbmcp am K-ambn A-h-X-cn- n- -s -Sp kmt -Xn-I-hnZy, hmkvx-h-øn, hkvxp- ƒ XΩn-ep _ -ß-fpsS \nkq-v-amb irwje ImWm Ign-hn m-ø-xmbn sxfn-bn- -s - Sp-Ibpw AXp-sIm v Nne-t mƒ a p {]iv\-ßƒ D m- p-hm am{x-ambn Hcp {]iv\sø ]cn-l-cn- p-ibpw snøp- p.

28 Atßbv v kvxpxn 21. hnhn[ taje-i-fn-ep hnj-am-en-\y-a-s w, Ahin-jvS-ßƒ DXv]m-Zn- n- p aen-\o-i-c-w-øn-s bpw IW-s -Sp- -Ww. hosp-i-fn \n pw hmwn-py-ÿm]- \-ß-fn \n pw, si n-s-\n Ωm-W-cw-K-Øp-\n pw si- n-sw-s]m-fn- cw-k-øp-\n pw, Bip-]-{Xn-I-fnepw Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wn-Iv- -hym-h-km-bni t{kmx- p-i-fn - \n pw Hmtcm h jhpw \qdp-i-w- n-\p- timsn S amen-\y-amwv DXv]m-Zn- n- -s -Sp- -Xv. Ah-bn Gdnb-] pw Agp-In-t m-im-øxpw Atß-b w amcihpw tduntbmhnin-cww \S-Øp- -Xp-am-Wv. \ΩpsS `h-\amb `qan IqSp-X Iq-Sp-X-embn Hcp _rlzv amen- \y- q-ºmcw Bbn ImW-s - p-xp-s-ßn-bn-cn- p p. Cu {Kl-Øns \nc-h[n `mk-ß-fn, Hcn- at\mlczriy-ß-fm-bn-cp ÿe-ßƒ N p-iq-\-i-fmbn F v htbm-[n-i hne-]n- p- p. \K-c-ß-fn-sebpw Im jn-i-{]-tz-i-ß-fn-sebpw hnj-am-en-\y-ß-fpss txmxp-iƒ Xmgv n-cn- p-tºmƒt mepw Ahn-SsØ hymh-km-bniamen-\yøn\pw AhnsS D]-tbm-Kn cmk-d-xv]- -ßƒ pw Xt±-io-b-cpsS Poh-tIm-i-ßfn ssphk bøn-te p \oßm Ign-bpw. P\- ß-fpsS Btcm-KysØ A]-cn-lm-cy-amw-hn[w _m[n- p- -Xp-hsc ]e-t mgpw bmsxmcp \S-]-Sn-Ifpw C m-cy-øn D mhmdn-. 22. hkvxp- sf thkw N p-n-h-dm n Npcp- p Xns\m w, Hgn-hm- -s -Sp- -hsc tzmj-i-c-ambn _m[n- p Hcp hen-s -dn-b kwkvim-c-hp-ambn ASpØp _ s - -XmWv Cu {]iv\-ßƒ. Hcp-Zm-l-c-Ww- ]dbp-i-bm-sw- n, \mw D]-tbm-Kn- p IS-emkntesdbpw hen-s -dn-b-s -Sp-I-bmWv; ]p\ - Nw{IaWw snø-s -Sp- n. kzm`m-hni ]mcn-ÿn-xni-

\ΩpsS s]mxp-`-h-\-øn\v F p kw`-hn- p p 29 hyhÿiƒ (ecosystems) {]h Øn- p coxn DZm- Ø-am-sW p kω-xn- m \mw Xøm-d : kky-`p p- Ifmb Pohn-Iƒ v Blm-c-am-Ip t]mj-i-ßƒ kky-ßƒ kwtbm-pn- n- p p; Ch amwk-`p- p-ifmb Pohn-Iƒ v ` -W-ambnØocp- p; Ah henb Af-hn ssph-hn-k Pyw \ -Ip-Ibpw AXp kkyß-fpss ]pxnb Xe-ap-d-Iƒ p P -ta-ip-ibpw snøp p. F m \ΩpsS hymh-km-bni kwhn-[m-\w, DXv]m-Z-\-Øn-s bpw D]-t`mK-Øn-s bpw N{I-Øns\m-Sp-hn, amen-\yhpw Dt]mXv]- -ßfpw kzmwio- I-cn- p-hm\pw ]p\-cp-]-tbm-kn- p-hm-\p-ap tijn C\nbpw hni-kn- n- n- n-. ]p\-cp]-tbm-k- -a-a- mø hn`-h-ß-fpss D]-tbmKw Ign-bp- n-s-tømfw ]cn-anxs -Sp-Ønbpw Ah-bpsS D]-t`m-Kw kao-i-cn pw AhbpsS Imcy- -a-amb D]-tbmKw ]c-am-h-[n-bm- nbpw Ah ]p\-cp-]-tbm-kn pibpw ]p\ Nw-{IaWw-\-S- Øp-Ibpw snbvxp-sim pw C -søbpw hcpw-ime-søbpw Xe-ap-d-Iƒ p-th n hn-`-h-ßƒ kwc- n- m ]cym]vx-amb DXv]m-Z-\-Øns Hcp Nm{In-Iam-XrI kzoi-cn- p-hm \ap- n-\nbpw km[n- n- n-. Cu {KlsØ apgp-h _m[n- p hen-s -dn-b kwkvim-ctømsp {]Xn-I-c-W-Øns Hcp hgn-bm-bncn- pw, Cu {]iv\-sø- p-dn- p Kuc-hm-h-l-amb Hcp ]cn-k-w-\; F m, C m-cy-øn ]cn-an-x-amb ]ptcm-k-xntb D m-bn- p q F p ]dtb n-bn-cn- p p. Imem-hÿ Hcp s]mxp-\ F - \n-e-bn 23. F m-h pw kz -am-bxpw F m-h-scbpw Dt±in- p- -Xp-amb Hcp s]mxp-\- -bmwp Imem-h-ÿ.

30 Atßbv v kvxpxn BtKm-f-X-e-Øn, a\p-jy-po-hn-x-øn-\p \nc-h[n A\p-t]- -Wob D]m-[n-I-fp-ambn _ -s - n-cn- p Hcp k o Whyql-am-W-Xv. Imem-h-ÿm{Ia-Øns Akzm-ÿy-P-\-I-amb Hcp Xm]-\-Øn\p \man-t mƒ km yw-h-ln- p- -Xmbn, kmc-h-ømb imkv-{xob A`n-{]m-b-k-a-\zbw kqnn- n- p- p. kao-]-z-i-i-ßfn Cu Xm]-\-sØ-Øp-S v kap-{z-\n-c v XpS bmbn Db-cp p. Hmtcm {]txyi {]Xn-`m-k-Øn\pw imkv{xo-b-ambn \n W-bn- m-hp Hcp ImcWw simsp- m-\m-hn-s - n t m-epw, Xo{h-Im-em-h-ÿmkw-`-h-ß-fpsS h [-\-bn \n v AXp ImWm-hp- - Xm-Wv. Cu Xm]-\-sØtbm Npcp-ßn-bXv AXn\p Imc-W-am-btXm AXns\ hj-fm- p- txm Bb am\p-jni-imc-w-ß-sftbm t\cn-sp- -Xn\v Pohn-Xssi-en-bn-sebpw DXv]m-Z-\-Øn-sebpw D]-t`m-K-Ønsebpw am -ß-fpsS Bh-iy-IX AwKo-I-cn- p-hm a\p-jy-cmin Blzm\w snø-s Sp- p. AhnsS (A- n-] Δ-X-ßƒ, `qan-bpss {`a-w-]-yøn-sebpw A - Øn-sebpw am w, kuc-n{iw F n-h-t]m-se-bp ) a p LS-I-ßƒ Ds - Xv icn-bm-wv. F nepw, kao- ]-Z-i-I-ß-fnse G -hpw- Iq-Sp-X BtKm-f-Xm-]\w, a\p-jy-{]-h Ø-\-Øns ^e-ambn ]pd-øp-hn-sp lcn-x-kr-l-hm-x-i-ß-fpss (Im _ ssuhmivsskuv, aoty, ss\{s-p HmIvssk-Up-Iƒ XpSßn-b-h) henb km{μ-x-aq-e-am-sw v \nc-h[n imkv{xo-b-]t\-ßƒ ImWn- p- p. A -co- -Øn si n-\n p Cu hmx-i-ßƒ, _lncmim-i-øn NnXdn-t m-i-ø- -hn[w kqcy-c-ivan-ifpss NqSv `qanbn {]Xn-^-en- n- -s -Sp- -Xns\ XS-bp- p. temi-

\ΩpsS s]mxp-`-h-\-øn\v F p kw`-hn- p p 31 hym-]-i-amb Du P-kw-hn-[m\Øns lrz-b-am-bn-cn- p Aiva-I- C \ß-fpsS (fossil fuels) Xo{h D]- tbm-ksø ASn-ÿm-\-am- nb hni-k-\-am-xri Cu {]iv-\sø cq -am- p- p-ap- v. aæns D]-tbm-Kß-fn h am -ß-fpsS h [\, apjy-ambn Im jn- Im-h-iy-ßƒ p-th- n-bp h\-\-io-i-c-ww, BWv \n Wm-b-I-amb as mcp LS-Iw. 24. Im _ N{I-Øn-\p-ta Xm]-\-Øn\v {]Xym- Lm-X-ß-fp- v. DjvW-ta-J-e-I-fn IpSn-sh- w, Du Pw, Im jn-tim-xv]m-z\w XpS-ßnb Ah-iy-hn-`h-ß-fpsS e`y-xsb _m[n pibpw `qan-bnse ssphssh-hn-[y-øns Hcp ] v \n am P-\w -sn-øp- -Xnte p \bn pibpw snøp- -hn-[-øn ÿnxn-hntijw IqSp-X cq -am- p Hcp hnj-a-hrøw AXp krjvsn- p- p. {[ph lna-ap-sn-i-fn-sebpw D X {]tz-i-ß-fn-sebpw a p-cp-i-en\v B]-XvI-c-amwhn[w aosxbv hmx-i-sø ]pd-øp-hn-sm Ign-bpw. AtX-k-abw XWp-Øp-d ssph-h-kvxp- -fpss Agp-Ien\v Im _ ssuhmivsskuns ]pd- h [n- n- m-\m-hpw. A\yYm Imem-h-ÿmhyXn-bm\w ab-s -Sp-Øm I-gn-bp DjvW-ta-J-emh-\-ß-fpsS \miw-sim v Imcy-ßƒ IqSp-X tamiam-bn-cn- p- p. Im _ ssuhm-ivsskuv aen-\o-icww kap-{z-ß-fpss Aæo-I-cWw h [n- n- p-ibpw kmap-{zni ` W irwj-esb A]m-b-s -Sp-Øp-Ibpw snøp- p. C sø {]h-w-x-iƒ XpS m, \aps - m-h pw Kpcp-X-c-amb {]Xym-Lm-X-ßƒ D m- I-Ø- -hn[w Cu \q m v AXy-km-[m-c-W-amb

32 Atßbv v kvxpxn Imem-h-ÿm-hy-Xn-bm-\Øn\pw ]cn-ÿn-xn-hyh-ÿifpss A`q-X-]q h-amb \mi-øn\pw km ywhln- pw. temi-p-\-kw-jy-bpss \men-sem v kap{z- XoctØm AXn-\-SptØm BWp Xma-kn- p- sx pw \ΩpsS alm-\-k-c-ß-fn `qcn-`m-khpw Xoc- {]-tz-i-ß-fn-emwp ÿnxn-sn-øp- -sx- p-ap- hkvxpx ]cn-k-wn- m, kap-{z-\n-c- nse Db bv v Xo Øpw Kpcp-X-c-amb ÿnxn-hn-ti-j-ßƒ krjvsn- m-\m-hpw. CsXmcp DZm-l-cWw am{xw. 25. Kuc-hm-h-l-amb {]Xym-Lm-X-ß-fp BtKm-f- {]-iv\-amwv Imem-h-ÿm-hy-Xn-bm\w: ]mcn-ÿn-xn- Ihpw kmaq-ln-ihpw kmº-øn-ihpw cmjv{so-bhpw hkvxp- -fpss hnx-cww kw_- n- p- -Xp-am-b {]Xym-Lm-X-ßƒ. \Ωp-sS-Im-eØv a\p-jy-cmin A`nap-Jo-I-cn- p apjy sh p-hn-fn-i-fn-sem- ns\ AXp {]Xn-\n-[m-\w-sN-øp- p. hcpw-z-i-i-ß-fn Hcp-]t hni-kz-c-cm-py-ß-fm-bn-cn pw AXns G hpw tamiamb {]Xym-Lm-X-ßƒ A\p-`-hn- p-i. Xm]-\-hp-ambn _ -s {]Xn-`m-k-ßƒ _m[n {]tz-i-ß-fn-emwv Zcn{Zcn-te-sdbpw Pohn- p- -Xv. {]Ir-Xn-ti-Jc-ßsftbm Irjn, a y-_- -\w, h\-]-cn-]m-e\w XpSßn ]cn-ÿn-xn-hyhÿm]-c-amb tkh-\-ßsftbm apjy-ambpw B{i-bn- p- -h-bmwv Ah-cpsS Poh-t\m-]m-[n-Iƒ. Imem-h-ÿm-hy-Xn-bm-\-tØmSv A\p-cq-]-s -Sp- -Xnt\m {]Ir-Xn-t m-`-ßsf A`napJo-I-cn- p- -Xnt\m Ahsc {]m]vx-cm- p as - s - nepw [\-Imcy {]h Ø-\-ßtfm hn`-h-ßtfm Ah n-. kmaq-ln-i-tk-h-\-ß-tfmtsm kwc- -W-

\ΩpsS s]mxp-`-h-\-øn\v F p kw`-hn- p p 33 tømtsm D Ah-cpsS A`n-K-ayX hfsc ]cn-an-xhp-am-wv. DZm-l-c-W-Øn-\v, ark-ßƒt m kkyßƒt m A\p-cq-]-s -Sm Ign-bmØ Imem-h-ÿmhy-Xn-bm-\-ßƒ Ahsb ]em-b-\-øn-te p \bn- p p; CXv Zcn{ZcpsS D]-Po-h-\sØ _m[n- p- p. Xß-fp-sSbpw Ip p-ß-fp-ssbpw `mhn-sb- p-dn- p henb A\n- n-x-xz-tømss hosp-hn p t]mip-hm Ah \n _- nxcm-ip p. ]mcn-ÿn-xni XI aq-e-ap h [n Zmcn-{Zy-Øn \n v HmSn-t m-ip-hm ]cn-{i-an- p IpSn-tb - m-cpss FÆ-Øn Zmcp- W-amb h [-\- D mbn-s m- n-cn- p- p. A -tziob DS-º-Sn-Iƒ Ahsc A`-bm n-i-fmbn AwKo- I-cn- p- n ; bmsxmcp \nb-a-kw-c- -Whpw A\p-`hn- msx, Xßƒ hn p-t]m Pohn-X-ß-fpsS \jvsw Ah t]dp- p. ZpxJ-I-c-sa p ]d-b-s, temi-sa-ºm- Spw Ct mgpw D mbns m ncn- p CØcw bmx- \-I-tfmSv hym]-i-amb Aew-`m-ham-Wp- -Xv. \ΩpsS ktlm-z-co-k-tlm-z-c- m Dƒs -Sp CØ-cw Zpc- -ß-fp-sS-t\ p \ΩpsS {]Xn-I-cW-cmln-Xyw, F m ]uck-aq-lhpw ASn-Ødbm- nbn- p \ΩpsS kl-po-hn-i-tfm-sp DØ-c-hmZn-Ø-t_m-[- Øns \jvs-øn-te- mwp hnc Nq- p- -Xv. 26. IqSp-X hn`-h-ßtfm kmº-øn-i- -cm-jv{sob i ntbm ssibm-fp- -h-cn Gdnb] pw, Imem-hÿm-hy-Xn-bm-\-Øns tzmj-{]-xym-lm-x-ßƒ sndpxm n- m-wn- p- -Xn\v hn^-e-{iaw \S-Øns m v, {]iv\-ßƒ p apjw-aq-sn-b-wn-bn- p-hmt\m Ah-bpsS e -W-ßƒ ad-bv mt\m Hcp-sº-Sp- -Xm-

34 Atßbv v kvxpxn bmwv an -hmdpw txm p- -Xv. F n-cn- n-epw, C sø DXv]m-Z-\- -D-]-t`mK amxr-i-iƒ \mw XpS m AØcw {]Xym-LmX-ßƒ hj-fm-hp-itb D q-sh v Ch-bn ]e e -W-ßfpw kqnn- n- p- p. DZm-lc-W-Øn\v AivaI C -\-ßƒ p (fossil fuels) ]Icw Is -Ønbpw ]p\-cp-]-tbm-kn- m-hp Du P-t{km- X- p-iƒ hni-kn- n pw ASpØ GXm\pw h j-ßfn Im _ ssuhm-ivssk-un-s bpw Gsd aen\o- I-c-W-ap- m- p a p hmx-i-ß-fp-ssbpw ]pd- KWy-ambn Ipd-bv -Ø- -hn[w \b-ßƒ hn- I-kn- n- p- -Xns ASn-b- -cm-h-iy-ap- v. shsn- p - Xpw ]p\-cp-]-tbm-k- -a-hp-amb Du P-Øn\v temihym-]-i-ambn Xosc- p-d e`y-x-tb-bp- q. axnbmb kw`-c-w-km-t -Xn-I-hn-Zy-Iƒ hni-kn- n-t - -Xns Bhiyw C\n-bp-ap- v. Ct mgpw {it -b-amb A\p-]m-X-Øn-e-s - nepw Nne cmpy-ßƒ KWy-amb ]ptcm-kxn ssih-cn- n- p- v. Ipd Du Pw D]-tbm- Kn- p-ibpw Ipd kwjy Akw-kvIr-X-h-kvXp- ƒ Bh-iy-am-bn-cn- p-ibpw snøp DXv]m-Z-\-Øn-s - bpw KXm-K-X-Øn-s bpw am K-ß-fnepw AXp-t]m-se- Xs Du P-Im-cy- -ax sa -s -Sp-Ønb si n-s-ßfpss \n am-w-øn\pw \ho-i-c-w-øn\pap coxnifnepw \nt ]w \S- n- p-ap- v. F m CØcw KpW-]-c-amb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ Ct mgpw hym]-i-am-bn- n-. II. Pe-{]iv\w 27. {]Ir-Xn-hn-`-h-ß-fpsS timj-w-hp-ambn _ - s - -XmWv C sø ÿnxn-hn-ti-j-øns a p kqn- I-ßƒ. ]mgm- epw Dt]- n- p-i-f-bepw A`q-X-]q h-

\ΩpsS s]mxp-`-h-\-øn\v F p kw`-hn- p p 35 amb txmxp-i-fn sns -Øn-bn- p hni-kn-x-\msp- I-fnepw kaq-l-ønse kº- -hn-`m-k-ß-fnepw D]- t`mkw C sø txmxn \ne-\n ØpI Akm-[yam-sW v \ap-s - m-h pw Adn-bmw. Cu {Kl- Øns NqjWw kzoim-cy-amb F m ]cn-[n-ifpw AXn-ew-Ln- n-cn- p-i-bm-wv; \mam-is Zmcn-{Zy-Øns {]iv\w ]cn-l-cn- n- p-an-. 28. a\p-jy-po-hn-x-øn\pw Ic-bn-sebpw IS-en-sebpw ]mcn-ÿn-xn-i-hn-`-h-ßsf ]n p-w-bv p- -Xn\pw A\p-t]- -Wo-b-am-b-Xn-\m ip -amb IpSn-sh w {]my-ani{]m[m-\y-ap Hcp hnj-b-am-wv. Btcm-Kyc- bv pw Irjn pw hyh-km-b-øn\pw ip -P-et{km-X- p-iƒ Bh-iy-am-Wv. Pe-e-`yX km[m-c-wbmbn Xmc-X-tay\ ÿnc-am-bn- \n p- p. F m C v, {lkz-im-em-sn-ÿm-\-ønepw Zo L-Im-em-Snÿm-\-Ønepw \ms-io-b-amb {]Xym-Lm-X-ß-tfmsS [mcmfw ÿe-ß-fn Bhiyw kpÿnce`y-xsb adn-i-s- p-\n p- p. Pe-Øns henb e`y-xsb B{i-bn- p h \-K-c-ßƒ ma-im-e-ßƒ A\p- `-hn- p-i-bm-wv. \n Wm-b-I-\n-an-j-ß-fn Cu Ipdhp-Iƒ Imcy- -a-amb Zo L-Zr-jvSn-tbmSpw ] -]m- Xcm-ln-Xy-tØm-Spw-IqSn Ft mgpw ssiimcyw snøs -Sm-dn-. P\-kw-Jy-bn hen-b-hn-`m-k-ßƒ v kpc- n-x-amb ip -P-e-e-`yX C m-xn-cn- p-itbm Im jntim-xv]m-z-\sø XS- -s -Sp-Øp hcƒ -Iƒ Ah A\p-`-hn- p-itbm snøp B{^n- sb Pe- Zu e`yw {]txy-i-ambn _m[n- p- p. Nne cmjv{sßƒ v Pe-k-ar- -amb {]tz-i-ß-fp v; a p -Nn-eh Kpcp-X-c-amb A]-cym-]vXX t\cn-sp- p.

36 Atßbv v kvxpxn 29. Zcn{Z p e`yamb Pe-Øns KpW-\n-e-hm-camWv {]txy-in p Kpcp-X-c-amb Hcp {]iv\w. Hmtcm Znh-k-hpw, kq va-po-hn-ifpw cmk-h-kvxp- fpwaqeap- m-ip- h AS- -ap Pe-P-\y-tcm-K-ß-fpsS hym]-\-øn\pw At\-I-cpsS ac-w-øn\pw kpc- n- X-a- mø Pew Imc-W-am-Ip- p. A]-cym-]vX-amb ipnn-xz-tømspw Pe-hn-X-c-W-tØmSpw _ -s AXn-km-chpw timf-dbpw bmx-\-bpssbpw inip-a-cw- Øn-s bpw henb Imc-W-am-Wv. Nne J\-\,- Im - jni, hym-h-km-bni {]h Ø-\-ß-fn D m-hp aen-\o-i-c-w-øm, {]txy-in v axn-bmb {Ia-h-XvIc- Wtam \nb-{ -W-ßtfm C mø cmpy-ß-fn, `qk `-P-e-t{km-X- p-iƒ ]e ÿe-ß-fnepw `ojwn t\cn-sp- p. CXv hymh-km-bniamen-\y-øns am{xw {]iv\-a-. temi-øn ]eÿe-ß-fnepw ]Xn-hmbn D]-tbm-Kn- p Un P p-ifpw cmk-d-xv] -ßfpw \ΩpsS \Zn-I-fn-te pw XSm-I-ß-fn-te pw h jn- -s - p-sim- n-cn- p- p. 30. e`y-amb Pe-Øns KpW-\n-e-hmcw ÿnc-ambn Xmgp- -Xn-s\m w Nne ÿe-ß-fn AXns Zu e- `y-øn-\p-]p-dsa Cu hn`-hsø hn]-wn-\n-b-a-ßƒ v hnt[-b-amb Hcp Nc- m n am n kzim-cy-h-xvi-cn- m-\p {]h-w-xbpw hf-cp- p. F nepw, a\pjys \ne-\n-ev]n\v A\p-t]- -Wo-b-am-b-Xn-\mepw AXp-hgn a p a\p-jym-h-im-i-ß-fpss hn\n-tbm-k- Øn\v Hcp D]m-[n-bm-bn-cn- p- -Xn-\mepw kpc- n-xamb IpSn-sh- -Øn-\p A`n-K-ayX ASn-ÿm-\- ]chpw km h-{xn-i-hp-amb Hcp a\p-jym-h-im-i-am-wv. IpSn-sh w e`y-a- mø Zcn{Z-tcmSv \ΩpsS temi-

\ΩpsS s]mxp-`-h-\-øn\v F p kw`-hn- p p 37 Øn\v Kuc-hm-h-l-amb Hcp kmaq-lni IS m-sp v; Fs - m, \ncm-i-cn- m-\mimø Xß-fpsS aløz-øn\p tbmpn Hcp Pohn-X-Øn-\p Ah- Imiw Ah p \ntj-[n- -s -Sp-I-bm-Wv. Zcn{Z n- S-bn ip -P-ehpw ipnnxz tkh-\-ßfpw e`y-am- m- \p [\-k-lmbw h [n- n- p- -Xp-hgn Cu ISw `mkn-i-ambn ho p-hm-\m-hpw. F m, hni-knx-tem- IØp am{x-a, Pew [mcm-f-am-bp AhnI-knX-cm- Py-ß-fnepw AXv Ct mgpw ]mgm- -s -Sp-I-bmWv. henb Ak-a-Xz-Øns Hcp N - q- n CØcw s]cpam- -Øns Kuc-h-sØ- p-dn v Ipd Ah-t_m-[- ta-bp q F -Xn-\m Pe-{]iv\w `mkn-i-ambn hnzym- `ym-k-]-chpw kmwkvim-cn-i-hp-amb Hcp {]iv\-amsw v CXp ImWn- p- p. 31. henb Pe-Zu e`yw ` -WØn-s bpw Pew D-]-tbm-Kn- p hnhn[ Dev]- -ß-fp-sSbpw hne- b- -Øn-te p \bn pw. ASn-b- -c-\-s-]sn ssis m- n-s - n GXm\pw Zi-I-ßƒ p- n Xo{h-amb Pe-Zu e`yw D m-tb m-sa v Nne ]T-\-ßƒ ap dn-bn p \ Ip- p. AXns ]mcn-ÿn-xni {]Xym- Lm-X-ßƒ \qdp-i-w- n\p timsn P\-ßsf _m[n mw; henb _lp-cmjv{s Iº-\n-IfpsS Pe- \n-b-{ Ww Cu \q m- n kwl \Øns henb ImcW-am-Im-sa v Duln- m-hp- -Xp-am-Wv. 23 III. ssph-ssh-hn-[y-øns \jvsw 32. kº-zv-l-s-\-tbmspw hmwn-py-tømspw DXv]m- Z-\-tØm-Sp-ap {lkz-zr-jvsn-tbmss-bp kao-]-\-

38 Atßbv v kvxpxn ßƒaqew `qan-bnse hn`-h-ßƒ sim -b-sn- -s -Sp- I-bm-Wv. h\-ß-fp-ssbpw hr -\n-_n-u-{]-tz-i-ß-fpssbpw \jvswsim v, ` -W-Øn\pam{X-a-, tcmkßƒ ian- n- m\pw a p]-tbm-k-ßƒ pw D `mhnbnse Atß-b w {][m-\s hn`-h-ß-fm-tb- mhp Pohn-I-fpsS \mihpw kw`-hn- p- p. hcpw-h jß-fn a\p-jym-h-iy-ßƒ \nd-th- p- -Xn\pw ]mcnÿn-xni{]iv\-ßƒ \nb-{ n- p- -Xn-\p-ap apjy hn-`-h-ß-fm-tb- m-hp Po\p-Isf hnhn[ Pohnh Kßƒ Dƒs m- p- p- v. 33. F m-bm-epw, hyxykvxpohn-iƒ v Ah-bn - Øs aqey-ap-s hkvxpx I n-s p \Sn- psim v, Nqj-Ww-sN-ø-s -Sm-\p ""hn`-h-ßƒ'' am{xambn Ahsb pdn p Nn n- p- Xv icn-b-. Ft - p-ambn \jvs-s -Sp p F -Xn-\m \man-\n-sbm-cn- epw Adn-bn mø, \ΩpsS Ip p-ßƒ Hcn- epw ImWn- mø, Bbn-c- -W- n\p kky P ph Kßƒ Hmtcm-h jhpw A{]-Xy- -am-ip- p. a\p-jy- {]-h Ø-\-hp-ambn _ -s Imc-W-ß-fm-emWv _lp-`q-cn-`m-k-øn\pw hwi-\miw kw`-hn- p- -Xv. \Ωƒaqew Bbn-c- -W- n\p Pohn-h Kßƒ v C\n-sbm-cn- epw Xß-fpsS AkvXn-Xzw-sIm v sszhsø al-øz-s -Sp-Øm-\m-hn ; Xß-fpsS ktμiw \ap p \ Im-\p-amhn-. Aßs\sbmc-h- Imiw \ap- n-. 34. kkvx-\n-i-fp-sstbm ] n-i-fp-sstbm hwi- \miw, Ah IqSp-X Z i-\o-b-am-b-xn-\m, \sω

\ΩpsS s]mxp-`-h-\-øn\v F p kw`-hn- p p 39 IqSp-Xembn Ae ntb mw. F m ]mcn-ÿn-xn-ihyq-l-ß-fpss icn-bmb {]h Ø-\-Øn\v Ipanƒ, kap-{z-xr-ww, ]pgp- ƒ, sndp-{]m-wn-iƒ, Dc-K-ßƒ, AkwJyw cq]-øn-ep kq va-po-hn-iƒ F nhsb mw thww. s]mxpsh AZr-iy-am-sW- nepw A{Xbv v kwjym-_-e-an- mø Nne Pohn-Iƒ Hcp {]txyi ÿe-øns ka-xp-e-\w ]men- p- -Xn \n Wm-bI ] v hln- m-dp- v. Hcp `uani-hy-hÿ \n Wm-bIÿnXn-bn-se-Øp-tºmƒ a\p-jy CSs]t axn-bm-hq. F m C m-e-øv, ASn- Sn {]IrXn-bnse AØcw CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ \S- p p v. XXv^-e-ambn IqSp-X CS-s]-S-ep-I-fn-te p \bn- p Kpcp-X-c-amb {]iv\-ßƒ Db p-h-cp p; A\p- _- n-x-amb F m A]-I-S-km-[y-X-I-tfm-Spw-IqSn a\pjy-{]-h Ø\w k h-hym-]n-bmbnøocp p. Hcp {]iv\w ]cn-l-cn- p- -Xn-\p a\p-jy-c-s-s]-s ÿnxn-k-xn-iƒ IqSp-X hj-fm- p- -Xn-\m ]et mgpw Hcp Zqjn-X-h-ebw D m-ip- p. DZm-l-c-W- Øn-\v, Ir{Xna If-\m-in-\n-Iƒaqew A{]-Xy- -am- Ip At\Iw ] n-ifpw sndp-{]m-wn-ifpw Irjn v klm-b-i-cmwv: Ah-bpsS A [m-\sø, IqSp-X tzmj-i-cambn-øocmhp a p kt -XßƒsIm v ]I-cw-h-bvt - n-h-cp- p. a\p-jy- \n ΩnX{]iv\-ßƒ v ]cn-lm-cw-i-s -Øm ka n-x-cm-bn-cn- p imkv-{x cpw F Pn-\ob amcpw \S-Øp {]iw-k-\o-b-amb ]cn-{i-a-ßƒ v \mw \μn-bp- -h-cm-bn-cn- -Ww. F m, ]e-t mgpw _nkn-\kv Xmev]-cy-ß-ƒ pw D]-t`m-K-]-c-X-bv pw-

40 Atßbv v kvxpxn th- nbp a\p-jy-c-s-s]-s-ens txmxv bym - Øn \ΩpsS `qansb kº- hpw at\m-l-c-hp-am- msx IqSp-X ]cn-an-xhpw \ndwaßn-bxpam- p-ibm-sw v \ΩpsS temi-øn\p t\ p ka-nn- Ø-X-tbm-Sp-IqSnb Hcp Ah-tem-I\w ImWn- p p; At mgpw kmt -Xn-I-ap-t - -ßfpw D]-t`m- r-hn`hßfpw koam-xo-x-ambn h [n- p-sim-t -bn-cn- p-ibm-wv. \mwxs krjvsn Ft m-sim v, h p-am- m-\m-hm-øxpw hos -Sp- m-\m-hm-ø-xp-amb kuμcysø \ap v ]I-cw-hbv- m Ign-bp-sa v \mw Nn n- p- -Xp-t]mse txm p- p. 35. GXp ] -Xn-bp-sSbpw ]mcn-ÿn-xni BLmXw hne-bn-cp-øp- -Xn, aænepw Pe-Ønepw hmbp-hnep-ap AXns {]Xym-Lm-X-ßƒ v km[m-c-wbmbn {]m[m-\yw- \ Im-dp-s - nepw ssph-ssh-hn- [y-øn-t -ep BLm-X-sØ- p-dn v {i m-]q hamb hf-sc- p-d p ]T-\-ßtf \S- p- p- q. Pohnh Kß-fpsS AYhm ark-ß-fp-ssbpw kky-ß-fpssbpw Iq -ß-fpsS \miw A{]-[m-\-am-sW a nemwv CXv. sslth-iƒ, ]pxnb txm -ßƒ, Nne {]tz-i-ß-fpss then-si- v, Pe-t{km-X- p-iƒ v AW-sI v F -Xp-t]m-ep hni-k-\-ßƒ kz`m-hni hmkÿm-\ßfn s]cp-in-h-cp- p. Nne-t mƒ, Ah h\y-po-hn-iƒ v ]em-b\w-sn-ømt\m kzx-{ -ambn HmSn-\-S- mt\m Ignbm-Ø-hn[w Cu kzm`m-hni hmk-ÿm-\-ßsf apdn- p-i-f-bp- p. XXv^-e-ambn Nne Pohn-Iƒ hwi-\miw t\cn-sp- p. ssph CS-\mgn-I-fpsS krjvsn-t]m-se,- CØcw ] -Xn-I-fpsS

\ΩpsS s]mxp-`-h-\-øn\v F p kw`-hn- p p 41 {]Xym-LmXw Ipd-bv p-i-sb- nepw snøp _Z-ep- I-fp-s - nepw hf-sc- p-d p cmpy-ßtf AØcw ]cn-k-w-\bpw Zo L-ho- -Whpw {]I-Sn- n- p- p- q. ]Xn-hm-sb-t m-ww, Nne Pohn-Iƒ hmwn-pym- Sn-ÿm-\-Øn Nqj-Ww-sN-ø-s -Sp-tºmƒ, Ah-bpsS timj-whpw XXv^-e-ambn ]mcn-ÿn-xn-i-hyhÿbnep- m-ip Ak- p-e-\hpw XS-bp-hm\mbn Ah-bpsS {]Xyp-Xv]m-Z-\-co-Xn-Iƒ ]Tn- p- -Xn\v t\cnb {i tb simsp- m-dp- q. 36. ]mcn-ÿn-xn-i-hy-hÿ-bv p-th- n-bp Icp- X Zo L-ho- Ww Bh-iy-s -Sp- p. AXn-\m s]s pw Ffp- -Øn-ep-ap em`w t\m p Hcmfpw AXns kwc- -W-Øn bym -Øn X ]-c- \-. kzm -amb AØcw Icp-X cm-ln-xy-øm D m-ip hn\mi-øns hne, ssih-cp kmº- Øn-I-t\- -ß-sf- mƒ hf-sc- q-sp-x-em-wv. Nne Pohn- Iƒ \in- n- -s -Sp-Itbm Kpcp-X-c-ambn t{zmlta p-itbm snøp- n-s-ß-fn, Dƒs - n-cn- p aqey-ßƒ IW- p-iq- m-\m-hm-ø-h-bm-wv. C søbpw hcpw-im-e-søbpw a\p-jy-cm-in-bn tijn p -h ]cn-ÿn-xn-ø-i-cm-dns D -X-sN-ehp-Iƒ hln- -s -sb [mcw h p-sim v henb t\ -ßƒ simøm-sa p \mw Icp-Xp- p-sh- n, \ap- v Zmcp-W-amb Cu A\o-Xn-I-fpsS \n»_vzkm- n- I-fm-tI n hcpw. 37. kz`m-h-k-hn-ti-j-x-iƒ ]cn-jvi-cn- p- txm BZn-a-L-S-\-Iƒ t`z-k-xn-sn-øp- txm Bb F m

42 Atßbv v kvxpxn am\p-jni CS-s]-Sepw \ntcm-[n- p-sim v Ic-bnepw kap-{z-ønepw hnlm-c-ti-{μ-ßƒ ÿm]n- p- -Xn Nne cmpy-ßƒ {it -b-amb ]ptcm-kxn ssih-cn- n- p- v. ssph-ssh-hn-[y-øns kwc- -W-Øn, Pohn- I-fpsS FÆ-Ønepw Xt±-io-bhpw A]q hhpw Ac- n-x-hp-amb Pohn-I-fpsS Imcy-Ønepw IqSp-X kº- amb {]tz-i-ßƒ v khn-ti-j-{i \ ti- -Xns Bh-iy-IX hnz-kv[ Du n- -d- n- p- v. BtKmf ]mcn-ÿn-xnihyh-ÿsb kw_- n- n-stømfw Ah-bv p _rl-ømb {]m[m-\ywsimt m Ah kp{]-[m\ Pe-kw-`-c-Wn-Isf {]Xn- \n-[m-\w-sn-øp-ibpw AXp-hgn Pohs a p cq]-ßsf kwc- n- p-ibpw snøp- -Xp-sImt m Nne ÿeßƒ p IqSp-X kwc- Ww Bh-iy-ap- v. 38. DZm-l-c-W-Øn-\v, \ΩpsS {Kl-Øns kº- amb ssph-ssh-hn-[y -izm-k-tim-i-ß-fmb Batkm, timwtkm \ZoXSßsftbm henb Pemib-ß-sftbm lna-hm-ln-\n-i-sftbm \ap p t\m mw. apgp-h `qan pw a\p-jy-cm-in-bpss `mhn pw Ch F{X {][m-\-am-sw v \ap- -dnbmw. DjvW-ta-J-em-h-\-ß-fpsS ]mcn-ÿn-xnihyh-ÿ- Iƒ v, ]q W-ambn a\- n-em- m GXm v Akm- [y-amb Atß-b w k o W-amb ssph-ssh-hn-[yap v; F n pw Cu h\-ßƒ Irjn- p-th n Nps cn- p-itbm sh n-\-in- n- p-itbm snøp-tºmƒ GXm\pw h j-ßƒ p n AkwJyw Poh-Pm-eßƒ \jvs-am-hp-ibpw B {]tz-i-ßƒ ]Xn-hmbn hc Xcn-ip-`q-an-I-fm-hp-Ibpw snøp- p. Cu ÿe-

\ΩpsS s]mxp-`-h-\-øn\v F p kw`-hn- p p 43 ß-sf- p-dn p kwkm-cn- p-tºmƒ teme-amb Hcp k p-e\w \ne-\n tø- -Xp v; Fs - m, Ahsb kwc- n- p- p-sh hymtp\ AXXp cmpyß-fpss ]c-am-[n-im-cøn\p Xpc- w-h-bv p hº BtKmf kmº-øni Xmev]-cy-ßsf \ap p I ns p \Sn- m-\m-hn-. hmkvx-h-øn, ""Ba-tkm- Wns\ A m-cm-jv{s-h-xvi-cn- p- -Xn-\p \n t±-iß-fp- v. Ah _lp-cmjv{s tim -td-j-\p-i-fpss kmº-øn-i-xm-ev]cyw kwc- n- p- -tx-bp q.'' 24 {]mtz-in-itam A tz-iobtam Bb hymp-xm-ev]- cy-ßƒ p Iog-S-ßmsX kz w cmpy-øns ]cnÿn-xn-bpw {]Ir-Xn-hn-`-h-ß-fpw kwc- n- p- -Xn- \p btym-nn-xhpw A\ym-[o-\-s -Sp-Øm-\m-hm-Ø- Xp-amb DØ-c-hm-ZnØw Hmtcm k mcpw hln- p- p-sh v Dd- p-h-cp-øp- -Xn-\mbn \nb-am-\p-kr-x-amb kω ±-co-xn-iƒ D]-tbm-Kn- p-sim v Cu hnjbßfn-te p s]mxp-{i Wn- p-ibpw \n Wm-b-Ik-l-I-cWw \ Ip-Ibpw snøp A tz-iob GP kn-i-sfbpw ]uc-k-aq-l-kw-l-s-\-i-sfbpw {]iw-kn- p- -Xn \ap p hogvn-h-cp-øm-\m-hn-. 39. I\ym-h-\-ßfpsS ÿm\øv km[m-c-w-bmbn GI-hn-f-tØm- -ß-fm-Ip πmt -j-\p-iƒ h p]nsn n- p- Xv A]q h-ambnam{xta th {X A]-{K-Yn- s n- p- q. F m, ]pxp-xmbn \ p-h-f Ø-s -Sp kkyc\-ßƒ ssph-ssh-hn-[ysø Kpcp-X-c-ambn _m[n- p Xn\v CSbm p p. AXp-t]m-se, Irjn- `qan-bm n am -s -Sp NXp- p-ÿ-e-ßƒ v, Ah t\csø CSw-\ In-bn-cp _rl-ømb ssph-ssh-

44 Atßbv v kvxpxn hn[yw \jvs-s -Sp- p. Nne Xoc-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn, I m-sp-i-fm \ne-\n Ø-s - n-cp ]mcn-ÿn- Xn-I-hyh-ÿ-bpsS A [m\w Kuc-hm-h-l-amb DXv WvTbv p Imc-W-am-Wv. 40. kap-{z-ßƒ \ΩpsS {Kl-Øns Pe-k- -b- Øns knwl-`m-ksø am{x-a-, Pohnh K-ß-fpsS Gdn-b- X-c-ß-sfbpw Dƒs m- p- p; Ah-bn ]expw \ap- n-t mgpw A m-xhpw hnhn-[-im-c-wß-fm `ojwn t\cn-sp- -h-bp-am-wv. F n-t\-sd, temi-p-\-kw-jy-bpss \s mcp ] ns\ t]m p-, \Zn- I-fn-sebpw XSm-I-ß-fn-sebpw IS-ep-I-fn-sebpw kap{z-ß-fn-sebpw Pe-Po-hn-Isf A\n-b-{ nx a y- _- \w _m[n- p- p. CXp Nne Pohn-I-fpsS s]s - p timj-w-øn-te p \bn- p- p. tij-cn- p - Xn Gdn-b-] pw Dt]- n- p-i-f-bp hc-wm-fli a y-_- -\-co-xn-iƒ \nb-{ -W-an- msx XpS-cp-IbmWv. πh-i-øns Nne cq]-ß-sf-t mse \mw Ah- K-Wn- m-dp kq va-po-hn-iƒ {]txy-i-ambn `oj- Wn p hnt[-b-am-ip- p; kap-{z-`- y-irw-j-e-bnse {it -b-amb Hcp LS-IsØ {]Xn-\n-[m-\w-sN-øp AhsbbmWv \Ωƒ ` -W-Øn-\p-]-tbm-Kn- p Pohn-Iƒ BXy- n-i-ambn B{i-bn- p- -Xv. 41. DjvW-ta-J-e-bn-sebpw kao-]-søbpw IS-ep- I-fn, Ic-bnse alm-h-\-ß-tfmsp Xmc-X-ayw-sN-ømhp ssie-tk-xp- ƒ ImWmw. a yw, R p-iƒ, \Ø- - -Iƒ, IS - n, IS k-ky-ßƒ F nh-bpƒs ss ]Øp-e- -tømfw Pohn-h K-ßsf Ah kwc- n- p- p. temi-ønse ssie-tk-xp- -

\ΩpsS s]mxp-`-h-\-øn\v F p kw`-hn- p p 45 fn Gsdbpw C v X-cn-im-hp-Itbm ÿnc-ambn Ipd- p-sim- n-cn pitbm snøp- p. ""IS-ep-I-fpsS hnkvab-tem-isø BcmWv \ndhpw Poh-\p-an- mø `qk ` -iva-im-\-ß-fm n am n-bxv?'' 25 h\-\-io-i-c-ww, GI-hn-f-Ir-jn, hymh-km-bn-i-am-en-\yw, \mi-i-c-amb a y-_- -\-co-xn-iƒ, {]txy-in v kb-ss\upw shsn-acp pw D]-tbm-Kn- p- -h, F n-h-bpss ^eambn IS-en-se-Øp aen-\o-i-c-ww-sim- mwv Cu {]Xn-`mkw Gsdbpw kw`-hn- p- -Xv. kap-{z-ß-fnse Xm]-\n-e-bpsS h [-\-sim v CXv cq -am-ip-ibpw snøp p. {]Ir-Xn-bnse GXv CS-s]-S-enepw s]s p ImWm-\m-hmØ {]Xym-Lm-X-ß-fp- m-hm-sa pw hn`h-ßƒ Nqj-Ww-sN-øp- -Xns Nne coxn-iƒ, BXy- n-i-ambn kap-{z-øns ASn-Ø- n Øs sn ptn-cp Xmßm-\m-hmØ At[mKXn D m p- -XmsW pw ImWp-hm CsX mw \sω klm-bn- p p. 42. ]mcn-ÿn-xnihyh-ÿifpss {]h Ø\w IqSpX ]q W-ambn a\- n-em- p- Xpw ]cn-ÿnxnbpss {it -b-amb GXp ]cn-jvi-c-w-hp-ambpw _ - s - p hn`n ßfmb Aÿn-c-h-kvXp- sf th {X A]-{K-Yn- p- Xpw e y-an- p Kth-jW- Øn IqSp-X \nt ]w Bh-iy-am-Wv. F m Pohn- Ifpw ]c-kv]-c-_- n-x-cm-b-xn-\m Hmtcm pw kvt\l-tøm-ssbpw BZ-c-thm-sSbpw ]cn-em-fn- -s - SWw; Fs - m, Pohn-I-sf- -\n-e-bn \msa- mhcpw ]c-kv]-cm-{in-x-cm-wv. Cu IpSpw-_-sØ p-dn- p Icp-X-en\v Hmtcm taj-ebv pw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-

46 Atßbv v kvxpxn ap- v. hwi-\m-i-øn-te p \oßp Pohn-Iƒ p {]txyi {i simsp-øp-sim v kwc- -W-Øns Imcy-{I-aßfpw X{ -ßfpw hni-kn- n- pi F e y-tømss, Pohn-h K-ß-fpsS {i m-]q h-i-amb Hcp hkvxp-hn-h-c- - ni CXn-\mbn Xøm-dm-t - - Xp v. IV. a\p-jy-po-hn-x-øns KpW-\n-e-hm-c-Øn-ep CSnhpw kaq-l-øns XI bpw 43. Poh\pw kt m-j-øn\pw Ah-Im-i-ap- -hcpw A\-\y-amb amlm-fly-øm A\p-{K-ln- -s - -h-cpamb Cu temi-ønse Pohn-I-fmWv a\p-jy-cpw. AXpsIm- v, P\-ß-fpsS Pohn-X-Øn-t ]mcn-ÿn- XnIhn\m-i-Øn\pw ka-im-eo\ hni-k-\-am-xr-i- Iƒ pw hen-s -dn-b kwkvim-c-øn\pw D {]Xym- Lm-X-ßƒ ]cn-k-wn- p- -Xn \ap p hogvn-h-cp- Øm-\m-hn-. 44. DZm-l-c-W-Øn-\v, C m-eøv hnj- pibmep aen-\o-i-c-ww-sim p am{x-a-, \mk-cni Ie-l-ßfp-sSbpw tami-s KXm-K-X-Øn-s bpw Zriy-a-en-\o- I-c-W-Øn-s bpw i_vz-a-en-\o-i-c-w-øn-s bpw ^eambpw Pohn-X-tbm-Ky-a- m-xm-bn-øo p-sim- n-cn- p \nc-h[n \K-c-ß-fpsS AS-ßm-ØXpw A\p- ]m-x-c-ln-x-hp-amb hf -sb- p-dn p \mw t_m[-hm- m-cmwv. Du Phpw Pehpw Atß-b w ]mgm- p Imcy- -a-x-bn- mø `oam-imc LS-\-I-fmWv Ht sd

\ΩpsS s]mxp-`-h-\-øn\v F p kw`-hn- p p 47 \K-c-ßƒ. ASp-Ø-Im-eØv \n Ωn hmk-ÿ-e-ßƒt]mepw izmkw-ap- n- p- Xpw Ipg w \n-d- Xpw axnbmb lcn-x-`qan C m-ø-xp-am-wv. {]Ir-Xn-bp-am-bn t\cn p _ -an- msx kna nepw Ioenepw kv^sn- I-Ønepw teml-ønepw apßn-øm-gp-hm Dt±in- s - n- p -h-c \Ωƒ. 45. Nne ÿe-ß-fn {Km-a-ß-fnepw \K-c-ßfnepw Hcp-t]m-se Nne CS-ß-fpsS kzim-cy-h-xvicww khn-ti-j-ku-μ-cy-øns ÿe-ß-fn-te- p P\-ß-fpsS A`n-K-ay-Xsb XS- n- p- v. a p-nn-e-bnsß-fn, Ir{Xn-aamb Hcp {]im- X Dd- p-h-cp-øp - Xn\v ]pd-øp-\n- p- -hcpss ap n AS- n- n-cn- p ""]mcn-ÿn-xni'' Ab ]- -ßƒ krjvsn- -s - n-cn- p- p. kaq-l-ønse Dt]- n- -s Sp -h Pohn- p IqSp-X AZr-iy-amb {]tz-i-ß-fn-e-, \Kcß-fnse ""IqSp-X kpc- nxw'' F p hnfn- -s - Sm-dp ÿe-ß-fn at\m-l-chpw {i m-]q hw snøn-sbm-cp n Nmbw-]q-in-b-Xp-amb lcn-x-bn-s-ßƒ \ap p ]Xn-hmbn Is -Øm-\m-hpw. 46. sxmgn-en-s -ta-ep kmt -XnI I p-]n-sp-øß-fpss {]Xym-Lm-X-ßƒ, kmaq-lni H -s -Sp-Ø, Du P-Øn-s bpw a p tkh-\-ß-fp-ssbpw Xpeya mø hnx-c-whpw D]-t`m-Khpw, kmaq-lni XI, h [n A{I-aw, kmaq-lni ssitb- -Øns ]pxnb cq]-ß-fn-ep h [-\, ab- p-a-cp p IS-Øv, bph-p- \-ß-fpsS h [n elcn D]-tbmKw, kzxz-\jvsw F nh BtKm-f-am- -Øns kmaq-ln-i-am-\-ß-fn

48 Atßbv v kvxpxn Dƒs -Sp- p. Ign c p \q m- p-i-fnse hf Ft mgpw Hcp ka-{k-hn-i-k-\-øn-te pw Pohn-X-Kp- W-\n-e-hm-c-Øns sa -s -S-en-te pw \bn- n ns - p Xns AS-bm-f-ß-fm-Wn-h. Cu AS-bm-f-ß-fn NneXv bym kmaq-lni A[x]-X-\w, DZv{K-Y\ _ -ß-fpsSbpw kmaq-lni kwk- n-bp-ssbpw \n»_vz XI F n-h-bpss e -W-am-Wv. 47. AXn-\p-a- p-dw, am[y-a-ßfpw UnPn- tem- Ihpw k h-hym-]n-bm-ip-tºmƒ, Fßs\ hnth-i- ]q hw Pohn- m-sa pw Bg-Øn Nn n- m-sa pw DZm-c-ambn kvt\ln- m-sa pw ]Tn- p- -Xn \n v Ch-bpsS kzm[o-\-øn\v P\-ßsf XS-bp-hm-\m-hpw. Cu ] m-ø-e-øn, Aan-X-hn-h-c (information overload)-øns i_vz-i-eyøn\pw {i -]-X-dn- -ep- Iƒ pw \Sp-hn, Ign -Im-esØ alm-ap-\n-iƒ tiƒ -s -Sm-sX-t]m-Ip-sa hn]xv-km-[y-x-bp- v. \ΩpsS Bg-Øn-ep kº- -X-Iƒ p `oj-wn-bm- ImsX a\p-jy-cm-in p ]pxnb kmwkvim-cni ]ptcm- K-Xn-bpsS Dd-hn-S-ß-fm-Ip-hm Cu am[y-a-ßsf klm-bn- p- -Xn\v ]cn-{i-a-ß-fm-h-iy-ap- v. Bfl-]- cn-tim-[-\, kwhmzw, hy n-iƒ XΩn-ep DZm-c-amb t\ mgvn F n-h-bpss ^e-sa- -\n-ebv v B Pn- -s -Sp hnthiw, Aan-X-`m-c-Øn-te pw Bi-b- p-g- -Øn-te pw H-cp-Xcw am\-kn-i -a-en-\o-i-c-w- Øn-te v {ItaW \bn- p ZØ-hn-h-cßƒ (data)- shdpsx hmcn q p -Xp-h-gn- ssih-cn- m Ign-bp- I-bn-. _ -s F m sh p-hn-fn-i-tfm-spw-iq-sn, a p- -h-cp-am-bp bym _ -ßƒ, C v txm pw-

\ΩpsS s]mxp-`-h-\-øn\v F p kw`-hn- p p 49 ]Sn _ -ßƒ sxc-s -Sp- m\pw hn p-i-f-bm\pw \sω {]m]vx-cm- p Hcp-Xcw C s\ v Bi-bhn-\n-abØn\p hgn-am-dp-i-bm-wv. a v Bfp-I-sfbpw {]Ir-Xn-sb-bpw-Imƒ D]-I-c-W-ß-sfbpw {]I-S- \ßsfbpw (display) ]cn-k-wn- p, D]m-b-Nn- -\wh-gn-bp ]pxn-sbmcp C\w hnim-c-øn\v AXp P ta-ip-i-bm-wv. Bi-b-hn-\n-abw \S-Øphm\pw \ΩpsS Adnhpw hnim-c-ßfpw ] p-h-bv p-hm\pw C sø am[ya-ßƒ \sω Xo -bmbpw {]m]vx-cm- p- p v. F m, Nne t\-c-ß-fn, thz-\-bp-ambn t\cn- p _ -Øn -\n pw a p- -h-cpss Bi- -Ifnepw kt m-j-ß-fn-epw-\n pw Ah-cpsS hy n-]-c-amb A\p-`-h-ß-fpsS k o W-X-bn \n pw Ah \sω ad- p-]n-sn- p p. C m-c-w-øm, Cu am[y-a-ßƒ apt m- p-h-bv p Aº-c- n- p km[y-x-iƒs m w hy y- c_ -ß-tfm-Sp AKm-[hpw kzm Jn -hp-amb Hcp Akw-Xr-]vXntbm tzmj-i-camb Hcp H -s -S t_m-[tam D m-im-sa pw \mw a\- n-em-t - -Xp- v. V. BtKmf Ak-aXzw 48. a\p-jy-]-cn-ÿn-xnbpw {]Ir-Xn-]-cn-ÿn-Xnbpw Hcp-an v A[-x]-Xn- p p. am\p-jn-ihpw kmaq-ln-ihpamb A[x-]-X-\-tØmSp _ -s Imc-W-ßƒ {i n- p- n-s - n ]mcn-ÿn-xni XI sb \ap p th -hn[w t\cn-sm-\m-hn-. hmkvx-h-øn, ]cn-ÿn-xn-bp-ssbpw kaq-l-øn-s bpw At[m-KXn Cu {Kl-Ønse G hpw Zp _-e-cmb P\-ß-sf-bmWv

50 Atßbv v kvxpxn _m[n- p- -Xv: ""]cn-ÿn-xn-bp-ss-ta-ep F m B{Ia-W-ß-fp-sSbpw G hpw Kpcp-X-c-amb {]Xym-Lm-Xßƒ G hpw Zcn{Z-cmWv kln- p- -sx v ssz\w- Zn-\m-\p-`hhpw imkv{xob Kth-j-Whpw H p-t]mse ImWn- p-x-cp p.'' 26 DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v a y-k-º- Øns timjww B hn`-h-ßƒ p ]Icw Is - Øm hi-bn- mø sndp- a- y-_- \kaql-ßsf {]txy-in p _p n-ap- n-em- p p; Ip n-sh w hmßn- m Ign-hn- mø Zcn{Zsc Pe-a-en-\o-I-cWw {]txy- I-ambn _m[n- p p; amdn- m - m as m-cn-s-hp-an- mø Zcn-{Z- Xo-c-tZ-i-P-\-Xsb kap-{z-\n-c- ns Db apjy-ambpw _m[n- p- p. C sø Ak- pen-xm-h-ÿ-i-fpss {]Xym-Lm-Xw, hn`-h-]-cn-anxn XncnsIm-fp-Øp kwl- -\-ß-fnepw a -\-h[n {]iv\-ßfnepw Zcn-{Z-cmb At\-I AIme-N-c-a-a-Sbp- -Xn ImWphm Ignbpw. BtKmf AP -I-fn Ah A]-cym-]vX-amtb {]Xn-\n-[m-\w-sNø-s -Sm-dp- q. 27 49. s]mxp-hn ]d- m, Hgn-hm- -s -Sp- -hsc khn-ti-j-ambn _m[n- p {]iv\-ß-sf- p-dn- p hy -amb Ah-t_m-[w Xptemw ipjvi-am-sw v ]dtb- n-bn-cn- p- p. F m Ah-cmWv `qan-bnse P\-kw-Jy-bpsS `qcn-]- w \qdp-i-w- n\p timsn P\-ßƒ. Cu Zn\-ß-fn, cmjv{sobhpw kmº-øn- I-hp-amb A tz-iob N -I-fn Ah ]cm-a in- -s -Sm-dp v; F m, Hcp c mw-nn- -bm-bn, shdpw ]m iz-ÿamb Hcp lm\n F \ne-bn ssiimcywsn-øm-\-s - n an -hmdpw IS-a-\n h-l-w-øn\v AYhm D]-cn-X-e-kv] in-bmbn Iq n-t -s -Sp

\ΩpsS s]mxp-`-h-\-øn\v F p kw`-hn- p p 51 Hcp tnmzy-ambn BWv Ah-cpsS {]iv\-ßƒ sim ph-cp- Xv F [mc-w-bmwv an -t mgpw Hcmƒ p In p-i. bym -Øn, F mw ]d pw snbvxpw Ign-bp-tºmƒ, Ah Iqºm-c-Øns G hpw ASnbn Ø-s Ign-bp- p. kº- - \-K-c-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn Ign-bp At\Iw s{]m^-j-w-ep-ifpw A`n-{]m-bkz-cq-]-Icpw kº -am-[y-a-ßfpw A[n-Im-c-tI-{μßfpw Zcn{Z-cpsS {]iv\-ß-fp-ambn t\cn- p henb _ -an- msx Ah-cn \n v Gsd AI- mwp Ignbp- Xv F Xv Hcp-]-cn-[n-hsc CXn\p Imc-W-am-Wv. temi-p-\-kw-jy-bpss knwl-`m-k-øn-\pw ssisb- ØmØ hni-k-\-øn-s bpw PohnX-KpW-\n-e-hm-c- Øn-s bpw Db -txm-xp kpj-ic-amb Hcp ÿm\-øp-\n- psim- mwv Ah Pohn- p -Xpw Nn n- p- -Xpw. Nne-t mƒ \ΩpsS \K-c-ß-fpsS inyn-eo-i-c-ww-sim p t{]m m-ln- n- -s -Sp, t\cn- p _ -Øn-s bpw t\ m-gvn-bp-ssbpw Cu A`m-h-Øn\v, a\- m- n-bpss ac-hn- -en-te pw bmym y-øns ]e `mk-søbpw Ah-K-Wn- p KqtVm-t±-iy-k-ln-X-amb A]-{K-Y-\-ß-fn-te pw \bn- m-\m-hpw. Nne-t mƒ Cu at\m-`mhw Hcp ""lcnx'' hmn-i- k Øn-s\m w ÿnxn-sn-øp- p. C v F m-bm-epw, Hcp bym ]mcn-ÿn-xni kao-]\w Ft mgpw Hcp kmaq-lni kao-]\w Bbn-Øo-cp- psh v \mw a\- n-em-t - -Xp v; `qan-bpss \nehnfnbpw Zcn{Z-cpsS \ne-hn-fnbpw Hcp-t]mse tiƒ - Ø- -hn[w ]cn-ÿn-xn-sb- p-dn- p kwhmz-ß-fn \oxn-bpss tnmzy-ß-ƒ AXv Dƒt tø axnbmhq.

52 Atßbv v kvxpxn 50. Zcn{ZcpsS {]iv\-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn- p- -Xn\pw temi-øn\v Fßs\ hyxy-kvx-am-im Ignbp-sa v Nn n- p- -Xn\pw ]I-cw, Nne- v P\-kw-Jym-\n-b- { Wta \n t±-in- p-hm-\p- q. Nne-t mƒ, ""{]Xyp- Xv]m-ZI BtcmKy''Øns Nne \b-ßƒ ]n p- S mte kmº-øn-i-k-lmbw In q F -hn-[-ønep A tz-iob kω ±-Øns cq]-ßsf hnikz-c-cm-py-ßƒ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn- p- p. F m, ""hnik-\-øn\pw ]cn-ÿn-xn-bpss kpÿnc D]-tbm-K- Øn\pw P\-kw-JybpsSbpw e`y-amb hn`-h-ß-fpssbpw Ak-a-amb hnx-cww XS- -ßƒ krjvsn- p- p-sh- Xv t\cm-sw- nepw, P\-kw-Jym-h-f ka- {Khpw ] p-h- -Xp-amb hni-k-\-tømsp ]q W-ambpw CW-ßn-t m-ip-sa- Xpw Xncn- -dn-tb- -Xp- v.'' 28 NnecpsS `mk-øp-\n- p Xo{hhpw hc-wm-fl-i-hp-amb (selective) D]-t`m- r-]-cxbv p]-icw P\-kw-Jym-hf sb Ip -s -Sp-Øp- Xv {]iv\-ßsf A`n-ap-Jo- I-cn- m- hnk-ω-xn p Xns Hcp hgn-bm-wv. Hcn- epw km h-{xn-i-h-xvi-cn- m-\m-hmø Hcp coxnbn D]-t`mKw \S-Øm-\p Ah-Imiw Xßƒ ps v Hcp \yq\-] w hniz-kn- p C sø hnxc-w-am-xr-isb \ymbo-i-cn- p- -Xn-\p Hcp {ia-am- W-Xv. AØcw D]-t`m-K-Øns D n-jvs-ßƒ Dƒs m- m t]mepw Cu {Kl-Øn-\m-hn. am{x-hp-a-, DXv]m-Zn- n- -s -Sp ` y-h-kvxp- -fpss GXm v aq n-sem v ]mgm -s -Sp-I-bm-sW pw \ap- -dn-bmw. ""` Ww hen-s -dn-b-s -Sp-tºm-sgm-s bpw Zcn{ZcpsS

\ΩpsS s]mxp-`-h-\-øn\v F p kw`-hn- p p 53 tai-bn \n v AXp tamjvsn- -s - -Xp-t]m-sebmWv.'' 29 At m-gpw, tzio-bhpw BtKm-f-hp-amb Xeß-fn P\-km-{μ-X-bnse Ak- p-e-\-ßƒ {i b ln- p- p- v; Fs - m, ]mcn-ÿn-xni aen-\o- I-c-Ww, KXm-K-Xw, amen\y-hn-\n-tbm-kw, hn`-h-\-jvsw, Pohn-X-Kp-W-\n-e-hmcw XpS-ßnb-h-bpsS ]c-kv]c {]h Ø-\-Øns ^e-ambn, D]-t`m-K-Ønse h [\ taj-em-]-c-ambn k o -W-amb ÿnxn-hn-ti-j-w-ßfn-te p \bn- mw. 51. Ak-aXzw hy n-isfam{x-a-, cmpy-ß-sf-øs bpw _m[n- p p; A tz-iob _ -ß-fpsS Hcp \oxn-imkv{xw ]cn-k-wn- p-hm AXp \sω \n _- n- p- p. ]cn-ÿn-xn-bn {]Xym-Lm-X-ß-fp- m- p hmwnpy Ak- p-e-\-ßtfmspw Zo L- Imeambn Nne cmpy-ßƒ A\ym-b-tXm-Xn \SØp {]Ir-Xn-hn-`-h-hn\n-tbm-KtØmSpw _ - s v, {]txy-in v `qtkm-f-øns DØ-c-Z- n-wm ßƒ XΩn, bym -amb Hcp ""]mcn-ÿn-xni ISw'' \ne-\n p- p- v. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v kz Æ-J-\-\- Ønse cmk-aen-\o-i-c-w-ønepw snºpj\-\-ønse kƒ^ Utbm-IvsskUv aen-\o-i-c-w-ønepw, hyhkm-b-h-xvirx DØ-cm [-Ønse hn]-wn-isf Xr]vXn-s -Sp-Øp- -Xn-\p Akw-kvIr-X-h-kvXp- fpss Ib- p-axn {]mtz-in-i-ambn tzmjw-sn-bvxn- p- v. c p-\q- m- mbn Ipan- p-iq-sp- Xpw Ct mƒ temi- Ønse F m cmpy-ß-sfbpw _m[n- p Hcp ÿnxnhn-tijw krjvsn- n-cn- p- -Xp-amb hmx-im-h-in-jvs-

54 Atßbv v kvxpxn ßƒ \nt -]n- p- -Xn\v temi-sa-ºmspap ]mcnÿn-xni CS-Øns D]-tbmKw IW- piqt ISp- Ø Bh-iy-ap- v. Nne kº- -cm-py-ß-fpss `mk-øp- \n- p `oa-amb D]-t`m-Kw-sIm- p- mb Xm]\-Øn- \v temi-ønse G hpw Zcn-{Z-amb {]tz-i-ß-fpssta, {]txy-in v B{^n- -bp-ss-ta tzmj-{]-xym- Lm-X-ß-fp- v. AhnsS hcƒ -tbmsptn v Dujvamhnse h [\ IrjnbpsS XI bv p ImcW-am-bn. hni-kz-c-cm-py-ß-fn-te v Jc-am-en-\yhpw hnjw- \nd {Zmh-I-ßfpw Ib- p-axn snøp- -Xp-sIm pw Aev]-hn-I-knX \msp-i-fn {]h Øn- p Iº-\n- Iƒ krjvsn- p aen-\o-i-c-ww-sim pw D m-hp tzmjw thsd-bp-am-wv. kz w \m n, Xßƒ aqe- [\w Is -Øp cmpy-ß-fn, Xßƒ Hcn -epw snøm-ø-xmwv B Iº-\n-Iƒ Chn-S-ß-fn snøp- Xv: ""Cuhn-[-Øn {]h Øn- p Iº\n-Iƒ an -t mgpw _lp-cmjv{s Iº-\n-I-fm-Wv. hni-kz-ccm-py-ß-fn AYhm H mw-temiw F p hnfn- s -Sp- n-søv Xßƒ Hcn- epw snøm-ø-xmwv AhcnhnsS snøp- -Xv. s]mxp-hn, Xß-fpsS {]h - Ø\w Ah-km-\n- n p ]n hm-ßp-tºmƒ, sxmgn-en- m-bvabpw Dt]- n- -s ] -W-ßfpw kzm`m-hn-iti-j-c-ß-fpss timj-whpw h\-\-io-icwhpw Irjn-bp-sSbpw ark-k-º-øn-s bpw timjwhpw Xpd- Ipgn-Ifpw ]nf -s Ip p-ifpw aen-\-am- s \Zn-Ifpw C\n-ta kpÿn-c-a mø Hcp-]nSn kmaq-ln-i-{]-h Ø-\-ßfpw Ah Ah-ti-jn- n- n pt]m-ip p.'' 30

\ΩpsS s]mxp-`-h-\-øn\v F p kw`-hn- p p 55 52. Zcn{Z-cm-Py-ß-fpsS hntz-i-isw Ahsc \nb-{ n- p- -Xn-\p Hcp hgn-bm-bn- p- v. F m ]mcn-ÿn- XnI IS-Øns Imcy-Øn CX ÿnxn. ssph-afi-e-øns G hpw {][m-\-s kw`-c-wn-iƒ ImW-s -Sp hni-kz-c-cm-py-ß-ƒ kz w h Ø-am\- Ime-Øn-s bpw `mhn-bp-ssbpw sne-hn ]e-hn-[- Ønepw kº- -cm-py-ß-fpss hni-k-\øn\v C - \-am-bn-s m- n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. `qtkm-f-øns Z n- Wm [-Ønse Zcn-{Z-cpsS `qan kº- hpw Gsdbpw aen-\o-i-cn- -s -Sm-Ø-Xp-am-Wv. F m, hmwnpy-_- -ß-fp-sSbpw DS-a-ÿ-X-bp-sSbpw LS-\m-]-c-ambn Xe-Xn-cn Hcp kwhn-[m\wim-cww, Poh {]-[m- \-amb Bh-iy-ßƒ t\cn-sp- -Xn\p hkvxp- -fpssbpw hn`-h-ß-fpss-bpw DS-a-ÿ-X-bn-te- p A`n- K-ayX XS-b-s - n-cn- p- p. ]p\-cp-ev]m-z-\- -a-a- mø Du P-Øns D]-t`mKw KWy-ambn Npcp- nbpw kpÿn-c-hn-i-k-\-øns \b-ß-sfbpw ]cn-]m-sn-isfbpw ]n p-w-bv p-hm Zcn{ZcmPy-ßsf klmbn pw hni-kn-x-cm-py-ßƒ Cu ISw hot - -Xm-Wv. ]mcn-ÿn-xni BLmXw elq-i-cn- p- -Xn\v ]pxnb amxri-iƒ ssis m- p-hm G hpw Zcn-{Z-amb {]tz-i-ßƒ pw cmpy-ßƒ pw Xosc- p-d p {XmWntb D q; Fs - m, Bh-iy-amb {]{In-b- Iƒ hni-kn- n- p- -Xn\pw AXn-\p snehp hln- p- -Xn\pw th - hi Ah n-. Imem-h-ÿmhy-Xn-bm\-sØ kw_- n- n-s-tømfw hyxn-cn DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-ßƒ Ds v \mw XpS pw Hm Øncn- -Ww. bp.f-kv.-g.bnse sa{xm- m ]d- -Xp-

56 Atßbv v kvxpxn t]m-se, ""]e-t mgpw IqSp-X i amb Xmev]-cyßƒ ta[m-hn-xzw -]p-e Øp Hcp kwhm-z-øn Zcn{Z-cp-sSbpw Zp _-e-cp-ssbpw Ai- -cp-ssbpw Bhiy-ßƒ v'' IqSp-X {i \ I-Ww. 31 \Ωƒ Hscm am\-h-ip-spw-_-am-sw t_m[yw i n-s -Sp-tØ- nbn-cn- p p. \ap p ad- n-cn- m cmjv{so-btam kmaq-ln-itam Bb AXn Øn-Itfm XS- -ßtfm C ; DZm-ko-\-X-bpsS BtKm-f-h-XvI-c-W-Øn\v A{Xt]mepw CS-an-. VI. Zp _e {]Xn-I-c-W-ßƒ 53. \mw as mcp ]mx ]n p-s-c-w-sa v A`y n- p-sim v \ne-hn-fn- p-hm Cu ÿnxn-hn-ti-j-ßƒ temi-ønse F m ]cn-xy- tcmsp-samøv ktlmzcn `q-an v CS-bm- n-bn-cn- p- p. Ign c p \q m p-i-fn-se- -t]mse apsºm-cn- epw \Ωƒ \ΩpsS s]mxp-`-h-\sø C{Xbpw apdn-th-ev]n- p-ibpw AXn-t\mSv C{Xbpw A]-a-cym-Z -Im- p-ibpw snbvxn- n-. F n pw, \ΩpsS ]nxm-hmb sszhw \ΩpsS {Kl-sØ krjvsn- -t mƒ AsX- m-bn-cp- pthm AXp-t]m-se-bm-bn-cn- p-hm\pw kam[m-\- Øn\pw kuμ-cy-øn-\pw ]q W-X-bv p-am-bp Ahn- SpsØ ] -Xn v A\p-cq-]-am-bn-cn- p-hm\pw th n \mw Ahn-SpsØ D]-I-c-W-ß-fm-Ip-hm hnfn- -s - n-cn- p- p. Cu {]Xn-k n t\cn-sp- -Xn\v Bh-iyamb kwkvimcw \ap- n F -XmWp {]iv\w. F m-h-tcmspw ]cn-k-w-\-tbm-sp-iqsnbpw hcpw-x-e-apd- I-tfmSp ap hn-[n-bn- m-sxbpw ]pxnb ]mx-iƒ

\ΩpsS s]mxp-`-h-\-øn\v F p kw`-hn- p p 57 sh nøp-d- p-hm\pw h Ø-am-\Ime-Øns Bh-iyßƒ km[n- p-hm\pw Ign-hp t\xrxzw \ap- n. hy -amb AXn Øn-Iƒ hbv p-hm\pw ]mcn-ÿn- Xn-I-hyh-ÿIfpsS kwc- Ww Dd- p-h-cp-øp-hm\pw Ign-bp Hcp ss\bm-ani N - q-sns hyh-ÿm-]\w A\n-hm-cy-am-bn- p- v. A m-ø-]- w, kmt - XnI kmº-øni Nn m-amxri-bn-e-[n-jvtn-x-amb ]pxnb A[n-Im-c-L-S-\-Iƒ \ΩpsS cmjv{so-bsø am{x-a-, kzmx-{ y-søbpw \oxn-sbbpw \na - am n-tb- pw. 54. A tz-iob cmjv{sob {]Xn-I-c-W-ßƒ F{Xtbm Zp _-e-am-bn-cn- p p F Xv {i n-t - - XmWv. \ΩpsS cmjv{sobw kmt -Xn-I-hn-Zybv pw kº-zvhy-h-ÿbv pw hnt[-b-am-bn-cn- p p F v, ]cn-ÿnxn-sb- p-dn- p BtKmf D tim-sn-i-fpss ]cm-pbw hy -am- p- p. {]txyi Xmev]-cy-ßƒ Gsd-bm-Wv; Xß-fpsS ] -Xn-I-ƒs m pw tzmjw kw`-hn- mø-hæw s]mxp\ ]W-b-s -Sp-Øp- Ibpw hnh-c-ß-fpss-ta Iui-ew-{]-tbm-Kn- p-ibpw snøp- -Xn kmºøn-i-xm-ev]-cy-ßƒ Ffp w sn p-tn-cp- p. ""Poht{kmX p-isf hnth-i-c-ln-xambn \in- n- p, kmº-øni kwl-ßfpss XmXv]-cy-ßƒ kzm-`m-hnihn`-h-ßƒ ssiim-cyw-snøp- -Xn {]mam-wyw t\sn- qsm'' 32 F v A mscknzm tcj Bh-iy-s -Sp- p. Xß-fpsS sxm - SpØ Xmev]-cy-ß-tfmSp _ -an- mø F m- n-s\bpw X n-am- p- -Xn-emWv kº-zvl-s-\bpw kmt -Xn-I-hn-

58 Atßbv v kvxpxn Zybpw XΩn-ep kjyw sn p-tn-cp- -Xv. XXv^-eambn Hcmƒ- p ]c-am-h[n {]Xo- n- m-hp- Xv D]- cn-π-h-amb hmni- k Øpw Aßp-an-ßp-ap ]tcm- ]-Im-c-ßfpw ]cnÿn-xn-tbm-sp Icp-X-ens a\- n- m-a-\-t m-ss-bp {]Im-i-\-ßfpw am{x-am-wv. AtXk-abw am w sim p-h-cp- -Xn\p kaq-l-ønse kwl-ßƒ \S-Øp Bflm -amb GXp {iahpw Imev]\n-Iam-b anyym-t_m-[sø ASn-ÿm-\-s -Sp- Ønb ieytam adn-i-s-t Hcp XS- tam Bbn ho n- -s Spw. 55. IqSp-X ^e-{]-z-amb \nb-{ -W-ßƒ hni-kn- n- p-sim pw Agn-a-Xnsb t\cn-sp-hm {]b-xv\n- psim pw Nne cmpy-ßƒ {ItaW {it -b-amb ]ptcm-kxn D m- p- p- v. P\-ßƒ v h [n ]mcnÿn-xn-i- kwth-z-\- -ax D m-bn-cn- mw. F m Xß-fpsS tzmj-i-c-amb D]-t`m-K-io-e-ßƒ am p- - Xn AXn-\nbpw hnp-bn- n- n-. Ipd-bp- -Xn\p]Icw AXp IqSp- -Xm-bmWv ImW-s -Sp- -Xv. Fb I oj-\nw-kns h [n D]-tbm-Khpw i nbpw efn-x-amb Hcp DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. hnev]-\-bn \n v s]s - p-xs em`-sa-sp- p hn]-wn-iƒ Bh-iyßƒ h n- n- p- -Xn\p t{]cn- n- p- p. ]pd-øp- \n v \Ωp-sS -tem-isø t\m n- m-wp Hcmƒ CØcw s]cp-am- -Øn A p-xw-iq-dn-tb- pw. Nnet mƒ CXv Bfl-hn-\m-i-I-ambn ImW-s -Sp- p. 56. CXn-\n-sS, a\p-jys amlm-fly-øns taepw kzm`m-hni ]-cn-ÿn-xn-bp-ss-taepap {]Xym-Lm-X-

\ΩpsS s]mxp-`-h-\-øn\v F p kw`-hn- p p 59 ßsf - kμ `w-xs bpw IW- n-se-sp- p- -Xn ]cm-p-b-s -Sp Dul hsøn\pw [\-Im-cy-t\ - Øn\p ]nd-ti-bp ]c- w-]m-b-en\pw ap K-W\ Iev]n- -s -Sp ka-im-eo\ BtKmf kwhn-[m- \sø kmº-øn-i-i- n-iƒ \oxn-i-cn- p-sim-t -bncn- p-i-bm-wv. ]mcn-ÿn-xnixi bpw am\-hn-ihpw [m ΩnI-hp-am-bp A[x-]-X-\hpw Fß-s\ t\cn p _ -s - n-cn- p- p-sh v ChnsS \Ωƒ ImWp- p. \ΩpsS temiw F{X-am{Xw Npcp-ßn-bXpw ]cn-an- Xhpw BsW -Xp -kw-_- n v, {i -Xn-cn- -ep-iƒ \ΩpsS t_m[sø \nc- cw aμo`hn n- p -Xn- \m Fs - nepw sx p-sn-øp- -Xmbn Gsd-t kω-xn- n-. CXns ^e-am-bn, ""Htc-sbmcp \nb-aam-bn-øo-cp hn{k-l-h-xvi-cn- -s hn]-wn-bpss Xmev]-cy-ßƒ p ap n teme-am-b-sx pw, ]cnÿn-xn-sb-t mse, {]Xn-tcm-[-c-ln-X-am-Wv.'' 33 57. Hcn- \n n-x-hn-`-h-ßƒ timjn- p-i-gn- m, DZmØ Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-ß-fpsS thjøn-emsw- nepw ]pxnb bp -ßƒ v Ac-sßm-cpßpw F p ap Iq n mwp-hm Ign-bpw. bp w Ft mgpw ]cn-ÿn-xn pw P\-X-I-fpsS kmwkvim-cni kº- X- Iƒ pw ISpØ \mi-ap- m- p- p. AWzm-bp-[-ßsfbpw ssph Bbp-[-ß-sfbpw ]cn-k-wn- p-tºmƒ A]m-b-km-[y-X-Iƒ ]ns bpw Gsd-bm-Wv. ""cmk, ssphm-wp,- ssphbp -ßƒ \ntcm-[n- p A - tz-iob Icmdp-Iƒ Ds - nepw {]Ir-Xn-k- p-e\w XInSw-a-dn- m t]m B{I-a-W-Øns ]pxnb

60 Atßbv v kvxpxn Bbp-[-ßƒ hnikn- n- p- -Xn\v ]co- -W-imem Kth-jWw XpS-cp p F -XmWp hkvxp-x.'' 34 ]pxnb kwl \ßƒ ap n m-wp- -Xn\pw Ahbn-te p \bn- m-hp Imc-W-ßsf A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn- p- -Xn\pw cmjv{sobw IqSp-X {i -sim-sp- -Ww. F m i -amb [\-Im-cy-Xm-ev]-cy-ßƒ Cu {iasø G -hp-a-[n-i-ambn sndp- p p; cmjv{so-bmkq-{x-w-øn-\m-is ho -W-hrØw Npcp-ßn-hcnIbpw snøp- p. G hpw ASn-b- -chpw Bh-iy-I-hpam-bn-cp- -t mƒ \S-]-Sn-sb-Sp- p- -Xn-\p Xß-fpsS Ign-hn- m-bva-bpss t]cn am{xw Hm an- -s -Sp-hm- \mbn, Cu L -Øn, A[n-Im-c-tØmSv A n- n-sn- p-hm Hcp-hs\ F m-wp t{]cn- n- pi? 58. Nne cmpy-ß-fn ]mcn-ÿn-xni A`n-hr- nbpss \ amxr-i-i-fp v: ]Xn- m- p-i-fmbn aen-\o- Icn- -s \Zn-Iƒ ip am- -s - n-cn- p p; kao]- hr- \n_nu-{]-tz-i-ßƒ hos Sp- -s - n-cn- p p; ]mcn-ÿn-xni \ho-i-cw] -Xn-IƒsIm v {]Ir-Xn- Zr-iy-ßƒ at\m-l-c-am- n-bn-cn- p p; at\m-l-c-amb si n-s-ßƒ \n Ωn ncn- p p; aen-\o-i-cn- mø Du P-Øns DXv]m-Z-\-Ønepw s]mxp-k-xm-k-x- Øns sa -s -Sp-Ø-enepw apt - -ap- m- n-bn-cn- p p. Cu t\ -ßƒ BtKm-f-{]-iv\-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn- p- n-s - n-epw, k Km-fl-I-ambn CS-s]-Sp- -Xn\v a\p-jy Ct mgpw {]m]vx-cm-sw v Ah ImWn- p p. \mw kvt\l-øn-\p-th- n-bmwv krjvsn- -

\ΩpsS s]mxp-`-h-\-øn\v F p kw`-hn- p p 61 s - n-cn- p- Xv F -Xn-\m, \ΩpsS ]cnan-xn-iƒ F m-bm-epw, HuZm-cy-Øn-s bpw sfiy-zm Vy-Øns bpw Icp-X-en-s bpw \S-]-Sn-Iƒ \Ωn -\n p hcm- Xn-cn- n-. 59. AtX-k-a-bw, Aew-`m-hhpw D m-l-`-cn-x-amb Hcp A{i- bpw sim p-h-cp hympamb As - n D]-cn-πhamb Hcp ]mcn-ÿn-xn-i-x-bpss DZ-bhpw \ap p ImWmw. [oc-amb Xocp-am-\-ßƒ Bh-iyap, Bg-Øn-ep {]Xn-k- n-bpss Ime-L- -ßfn an -t mgpw kw`-hn- p- -Xp-t]mse, F mwp \S p- -sx v ]q W-ambpw hy -a F p Nn n- p- -Xn\v \mw {]tem-`n-x-cmhp p. D]-cn-π-h-am-bn, aen-\o-i-c-w-øn-s bpw At[m-K-Xn-bp-sSbpw B - pw- ImWm-hp Nne AS-bm-f-ßƒ am n-h- m, Imcy-ßƒ A{X Kpcp-X-c-ambn ImWp- n- ; Ipd- p- Im-e-tØ v Cu {Kl-Øn\v Ct m-g-tø-xp-t]mse Xp-S-cm-\m-hp-sa pw txm mw. \ΩpsS C sø PohnX-ssi-en-Ifpw DXv]m-Z-\- D]-t`m-Kam-Xr-I-Ifpw XpS - p-sim- p-t]m-ip-hm-\p Hcp ssek -kv Bbn `hn- p-i-bmwv AØcw Hgn- p-am-d. XßfpsS Bfl-hn-\m-i-I-amb Zp Kp-W-ßsf t]m p-hm a\p-jy Iuiew I p-]n-sn- p- -Xns hgn-bm- WnXv: Ah ImWm {ian- m-xn-cn- p-i, Ah AwKo- I-cn- m {ian- m-xn-cn- p-i, kp{]-[m\ Xocp-am-\- ßƒ h p-xm-a-kn- n- pi, H pw kw`-hn- n-s p \Sn- pi XpS-ßn-bh.

62 Atßbv v kvxpxn VII. Hcp-]nSn A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ 60. Ah-km-\-am-bn, Cu ÿnxn-hn-ti-j-hpw km[yamb ]cn-lm-c-ßfpw kw_- n v hn`n kao-]-\- ßfpw Nn m-k-xn-ifpw Db p-h- n- p-s v \mw AwKo-I-cn-t - -Xp- v. Hc- -Øv, ISpw-]n-Sp-Ø-tØmsS ISp-Ip-a-Wn-bpsS D]a Nn{Xo-I-cn- p Hcp ]pcm-x-\-nn{xw

\ΩpsS s]mxp-`-h-\-øn\v F p kw`-hn- p p 63 ]ptcm-k-xn-bpss anøns\ Db Øn- n-sn- p-ibpw, [m ΩnI-]-c-amb ]cn-k-w-\-i-fp-sstbm Bg-Øn-ep am -Øn-s tbm bmsxmcp Bh-iy-hp-an- msx, shdpsx ]pxnb kmt -Xn-I-hnZybpsS {]tbm-kwsim v ]mcn-ÿn-xni{]iv\-ßƒ kzbw ]cn-lr-xam-bn-s m- p-sa v \tωmsp ]d-bp-ibpw snøp hcp- v. at -b- -Øv, a\pjyscbpw Ah-cpsS F m CS-s]-S-ep-I-sfbpw, BtKm-f- ]m-cn-ÿn-xni-hyqlsø A]-I-S-Øn-em- p Hcp `oj-wn-bm-bn ImWp- Ibpw XXv^-e-ambn Cu {Kl-Ønse a\p-jy-po-hn- I-fpsS km n[yw Npcp- Wsa pw F m-cq-]-ønep CS-s]-S-ep-Ifpw \ntcm-[n- -W-sa pw hmzn- p- Ibpw snøp- -h-cp- v. ]cn-lm-c-øn-te v Hscm ]mx am{x-a D Xv F -Xn-\m, Cu c v Atßb- -ß-ƒ p \Sp-hn {]tbm-k- -a-amb `mhn]cn-]msn- Iƒ cq]-s -SptØ- n-bn-cn- p- p. ka-{k-amb ]cnlmc-ßƒ hni-kn- n- pi F e y-tømss kwhmz-øn-te p IS- p-hm {]m]vx-amb Hcp-]nSn \n t±-i-ßsf CXp km[y-am- p- p. 61. aq Øamb ]e -tnm-zy-ß-fnepw, kp\n- nxamb Hc`n-{]mbw \ Ip-hm k`bv p Imc-W-an- ; thdn A`n-{]m-b-K-Xn-Isf BZ-cn- p-sim v hnz- Kv[ n-s-bn kxy-k- -amb kwhmzw t{]m mln- n- -s -S-W-sa v Ahƒ Adn-bp- p. F m, \ΩpsS s]mxp-`-h\w Po W-X-bn-te p hogp-i-bmsw p ImWp-hm hkvxp-x-i-sf- \n hym-p-ambn H p t\m p-itb th q. Ft mgpw Hcp c m-am K-

64 Atßbv v kvxpxn ap-s v, \ap-s -t mgpw \ΩpsS Nph-Sp-Iƒ am n- hn- m-sa v, \ΩpsS {]iv\-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn- p- -Xn\v Fs - nepw snøp-hm \ap-s -t mgpw Ign-bp-sa v {]Xymi \ap p ]d- p-x-cp- p. At m-gpw, am -Øns bpw A[x-]-X-\-Øn-s bpw Xo{h-th-Kw-sIm v F mw s]m n-ø-i-cp- -Xn-te v Imcy-ßƒ Ct mƒ \oßp-i-bm-sw- -Xns AS-bm-f-ßƒ \ap p ImWphm-\mhpw; h txm-xn-ep {]Ir-Xn-t m-`-ß-fn-se- -t]mse kmaq-lni {]Xn-k- n-i-fnepw [\-Imcy {]Xn-k- n-i-fn t mepw CXp {]I-S-am-Wv; Fs - m, temi-øns {]iv\-ßƒ H v H n \n v thdn v A]-{K-Yn- p-hmt\m hni-zo-i-cn- p-hmt\m Bhn-. Ct mƒ Atß-b- sø A]m-b-km-[y-Xbn Ign-bp taj-e-i-fp- v. F m hn\m-i-ime {]h- N\-ßfpw am n-h- mepw, H n-tesd ImgvN- m-sp-i-fn C sø temi-kw-hn-[m\w Xo -bmbpw kpÿnca ; Fs - m, a\p-jy-{]-h Ø-\-Øns e yß-sf- p-dn p Nn n- p- Xv \mw Ah-km-\n- n- n-cn- p p. ""\ΩpsS {Kl-Øns taj-e-iƒ \mw \ mbn hni-i-e\w snbvxm, am\-h-cmin sszh- Øns {]Xo- -Isf \ncm-i-s -Sp-Øn-bn-cn- p- psh v \ap v s]s pxs ImWm\mIpw.'' 35

65 A[ymbw c v krjvsn-bpss kphn-tijw 62. k -\- p ki-e-p-\-ß-sfbpw A`n-kw-t_m- [-\-sn-øp Cu tcj-bn, hnizm-kn-i-fpss t_m[yßƒ ssiim-cyw-sn-øp Hcp A[ymbw F n\v Dƒs -Sp-ØWw? Hcp {kjvsm-hn-s\- p-dn- p Bibw i -ambn X n- -f-bp-itbm AXv A{]-k- - am-sw p Icp-Xp-Itbm snøp-ibpw XXv^-e-ambn Hcp ka-{k- ]m-cn-ÿn-xn-i-x-bv pw a\p-jy-cm-in-bpss kºq W hni-k-\-øn-\pw D p-j-ambn ax-ßƒ v A n p-hm Ign-bp kº- - kw-`m-h\-sb Abp- n-i-sa p ]d v X n- -f-bp-ibpw snøp- -h cmjv{so-b-øn-s bpw XØz-im-kv{X-Øn-s bpw taje-i-fn Ds v F\n p \ mbn Adnbmw. a p- -h ax-ßsf, kln-jvwp-x-tbmss ImtW shdpw D]-kw-kvIm-c-ambn ho n- p- p. F m-bmepw, imkv{x-øn\pw ax-øn-\pw, bm-ym - yw a\- n-em- p- -Xn-\p Ah-bpsS hyxncn- kao-]-\- ß-tfmsS, Ccp-Iq- pw ^e-zm-b-i-amb D - kwhmz- Øn-te p IS- p-hm Ign-bpw.

66 Atßbv v kvxpxn I. hnizmkw \ Ip shfn w 63. ]mcn-ÿn-xni{]xn-k- n-bp-ssbpw AXns _lp-hn[ Imc-W-ß-fpsSbpw k o WX \ne- \n s, bmym ysø hymjym-\n- p-ibpw ]cnh Øn- n- p-ibpw snøp Hcp hgn-bn \n v ]cnlm-c-ßƒ Db p-h-cn-s v \mw a\- n-em-t - - Xp- v. hy-xy-kvxp\-x-i-fpss hnhn[ kmwkvim-cni kº- -X-I-tfmSpw Ah-cpsS Ie-tbmSpw Ihn-XtbmSpw Ah-cpsS B -cni Pohn-X-tØmSpw B[ymfln-I-X-tbmSpw BZ-chp ]pe ØWw. \Ωƒ hcp- Øn-h- n- p lm\n ]cn-l-cn- p -Xn\p {]m]vx-amb Hcp ]mcn-ÿn-xn-ihn m-\obw hni-kn- n- p- -Xn\v \mw bym -Øn D p-i-cm-sw- n, imkv{x- Øns Hcp taj-e-sbbpw Hcp cq]-ønep-ap m\-søbpw \mw Hgn p-\n Øn- qsm; axhpw AXn-t -Xmb `mjbpw A q- -Øn s Sp- p. XØz- Nn- -bp-ambp kwhmz-øn\v ItØm-en- m-k` Xpdhn-bp- -XmWv; hnizm-khpw bp nbpw XΩn hnhn[ kw{k-y-\-ßƒ (synthesis) D m- p- -Xn\v CXhsf {]m]vx-bm- n-bn- p- v. k`-bpss kmaq-ln-i -{]- t_m-[-\-øns hnim-kw, kmaq-ln-i-hn-j-b-ßƒ kw_- n v AØ-c-Øn-semcp kw{k-y-\sø {]Xn- \n-[m-\w- sn-øp p; ]pxnb sh p-hn-fn-iƒ Gs -Sp- Øp-sIm p kº- -am- -s -Sp-hm Cu {]t_m-[\w hnfn- -s - n-cn- p- p. 64. AXn-ep-]-cn, \ap-s m-cp-an v hntam-n-\-]m-x-iƒ Is -Øp-hm Ign-b-Ø- -hn[w F m-h-cp-am-bp kwhmzsø Cu Nm{InIteJ\w kzmk-xw-snøp-

krjvsn-bpss kphn-tijw 67 tºmƒxs, {]Ir-Xn-tbmSpw Xß-fpsS ktlm-z-cok-tlm-z-c- m-cnse G hpw Zp _-e-tcm-sp-ap IcpXen\mbn ss{ikvx-h pw AXp-t]m-se-Xs a p- Nne hnizm-kn-iƒ pw axn-bmb {]tnm-z\w \ Iphm hnizm-k-t_m-[y-ßƒ v Fßs\ Ign-bp-sa v ImWn- p-hm XpS- -Øn Øs Rm B{K-ln- p- p. a\p-jy-cm-bn-cn- pi F efn-x-amb hkvxp- X-Xs Xßƒ `mk-am-bn-cn- p ]cn-ÿn-xn-tbm- Sp Icp-X-en-te v P\-ßsf Nen- n- p- p-sh- n, ""krjvsn- p- n Xß-fpsS DØ-c-hm-Zn-Øhpw {]Ir- Xn-tbmSpw {kjvsm-hn-t\m-sp-ap Xß-fpsS IS-abpw kz w hnizm-k-øns kmcmw-i-]-c-amb `mk-amwv'' 36 F p ss{ikvx-h Xncn- -dn-bp- p. \ΩpsS t_m[yß-fn \n p apf-s]m- p ]mcn-ÿn-xni {]Xn-_- - X-Iƒ hnizm-kn-i-fmb \Ωƒ IqSp-X \ mbn a\- n-em- p-tºmƒ a\p-jy-cm-in pw temi-øn-\p-xs bpw AXp \ -Xm-Wv. II. ss nƒ hnh-c-w-ß-fnse m\w 65. krjvsn-bpss sszh-im-kv{xw ap-gp-h Bh - Øn m-sx, a\p-jycpw temihpw XΩn-ep _ - sø- p-dn v al-ømb ss nƒ hn-h-c-w-ßƒ F p ]d-bp- p-sh v \ap p tnmzn- mw. DXv]-Øn- ]p-kvx-i-ønse BZysØ krjvsn-hn-h-c-w-øn, a\p-jy-cm-in-bpss krjvsn sszh-øns ] -Xnbn s Sp- p. ]pcp-j-s\bpw kv{xosbbpw krjvsn- -tijw ""Xm krjvsn- sx mw hfsc \ m-bn-cn-

68 Atßbv v kvxpxn p- p F p sszhw I p'' (DXv]. 1:31). Hmtcm ]pcpj\pw kv{xobpw kvt\l-øm krjvsn- -s p F pw sszh-øns Omb-bnepw kmzr-iy-ønepw krjvsn- -s p F pw ss nƒ ]Tn- n- p p (cf. DXv]. 1:26). Hmtcm hy n-bp-ssbpw _rl-ømb aløzw CXp ImWn- p- p. ""a\p-jy-hy n tihew Hcp hkvxp-h-, {]XypX Hcp Bfm-Wv. kzbw Adnbp-hm\pw kzbw Dƒs m- p-hm\pw kzx-{ -ambn kzbw Zm\w-sN-øp-hm\pw CX-c-hy- n-i-fp-ambn kwk K-Øn-te s -Sp-hm\pw Abmƒ p Ign-bpw.'' 37 Hmtcm a\pjy-hy- n-tbm-sp-ap {kjvsm-hns khnti-j-kvt\lw ""Ah-\n As - n Ahfn A\- -amb aløzw snmcn-bp p'' 38 F v hnip tpm t]mƒ c m-a {]kvxm-hn- p. a\p-jy-aløzw kwc- n- p-hm {]Xn-_- -cm-b-h v, Cu {]Xn-_- -X-bv p AKm-[-amb Imc-W-ßƒ ss{ikvx-h-hnizmk-øn Is -Øm-\m-hpw. Hcp a\pjy-po-h\pw {]Xym-im-c-ln-X-amb Imep-jy-Øn, shdpw `mkytam A\- -ambn Bh -Øn- p N{Ißtfm `cn- p Hcp temi-øn Aßn-sßm-gp-In- \S- p-i-b F Xo F{X hnkv-a-b-i-c-amwv! \mtam-tcm-cp-ø-tcmspw {kjvsm-hn\p ]d-bp-hm Ignbpw: ""amxm-hns DZ-c-Øn \n\ p cq]w-\ Ip- -Xn\p aptº Rm \ns Adn p'' (Psd. 1:5). sszh-øns lrz-b-øn \mw Dcp-hm- -s - p. C mc-w-øm ""\Ωn-tem-tcm-cp-Øcpw sszh-øns Hcp Nn -bpss ^e-am-wv. \Ωn-tem-tcm-cp-Øcpw C n- s - p, \Ωn-tem-tcm-cp-Øcpw kvt\ln- -s - p, \Ωntem-tcm-cp-Øcpw Bh-iy-ap- -bm-fmwv.'' 39

krjvsn-bpss kphn-tijw 69 66. DXv]Øn- p-kvx-i-ønse krjvsn-hn-h-c-w-ßƒ Ahbv p kz -amb {]Xo-Im-fl-Ihpw hnh-c-wm-fl- I-hp-amb `mj-bn a\p-jym-kvxn-xz-søbpw AXns Ncn-{X-]-c-amb bmym y-sø-bpw-ip-dn- p AKm[- amb {]t_m-[-\-ßƒ Dƒs m- p- p. auen-ihpw KmV-ambn ]c-kv]-c-_- n-x-hp-amb aq p _ -ßfn-emWv a\p-jy-po-hnxw ASn-ÿm-\-s -Sp-Øn-bn-cn- p -sx v Ah Nq n- m- p p: sszh-hp-ambpw \Ωp-sS Ab m-c-p-ambpw `qan-x-s -bp-am-bp-ap _- -ßƒ; ss nƒ ]d-bp- -X-\p-k-cn v Cu aq p Poh _- -ßƒ ]pd-tabpw \ap- p- nepw XI - ncn- p- p; Cu XI -bmwp ]m]w. sszh-øns ÿm\w FSp- msa- p \ΩpsS hnnm-chpw krjvsn- I-sf \ne-bv p \ΩpsS ]cn-an-xn-iƒ AwKo-Icn- p- -Xn-\p hnk-ω-x-hpw-sim v, {kjvsmhpw am\-h-cm-inbpw krjvsnbpw XΩn samø-øn-ep kzssciyw Xmdp-am-dm-bn. `qan-bp-ss-ta ""I ØrXzw hln- p-hm\pw'' (cf. DXv]. 1:28) AXp ""Irjn-sN-øphm\pw kwc- n- p-hm\pw'' (DXv]. 2:15) \ap p B m-\p-a-xnsb AXp hni-e-am- p-ibpw snbvxp. XXv^-e-am-bn, a\p-jycpw {]Ir-Xnbpw XΩn-ep kzssc-iy-tøm-sp-iq-snb BZn-a-_ w kwl jm-fl- I-ambn (cf. DXv]. 3:17-19) ]cn-w-an p. ka-kvx-krjvsn- I-fp-ambn A okn-bnse hnip {^m kokv A\p- `-hn kzssciyw B XI -bpss Hcp kpj-s -Sp- Ø-embn ImW-s p F Xp {it -b-am-wv. Hmtcm krjvsn-bp-am-bp km h-{xni A\p-c-RvP-\-ØneqsS hnip {^m kokv Hcp-hn-[-Øn BZn-a-\njv-If X-bpsS Ah-ÿ-bn-te p as-ßn-b-xmbn

70 Atßbv v kvxpxn hnip s_m\-sh- qsc A`n-{]m-b-s - p. 40 bp -ßfnse kie \io-i-c-w-i- n-bnepw A{I-a-Øns bpw Zpcp-]-tbm-K-Øn-s bpw \m\m-cq-]-ß-fnepw G hpw Zp _-esc ]cn-xy-pn- p- -Xnepw {]Ir-Xn-bpsS-ta-ep B{I-a-W-ß-fnepw ]m]w Bhn-jvI-cn- s -Sp \ΩpsS C sø ÿnxn-hn-ti-j-øn \n v Gsd AI-se-bm-W-Xv. 67. \Ωƒ sszh-a-. `qan ChnsS \ap- p-aptº D - Xm-Wv. AXp \ap p \ I-s - n-cn- p- -Xp-amWv. `qan- p-ta a\p-jy\p ""ssiim-cy-i ØrXzw'' \ Ip Dev]-Øn-hn-h-c-W-Øns ASn-ÿm-\-Øn (cf. DXv]. 1:28) blq-z ss{ikvxh Nn, kz`m-h-øm Øs ta[m-hn-xz-io-e- m-c\pw \io-i-c-wm-fl-i-\p-ambn Ahs\ Nn{Xo-I-cn- p-sim v {]Ir-Xn-bp-sS-ta ISn- m-wn- mø NqjWw t{]m m-ln- n- p-sim- n-cn- p p F Btcm-]-W-tØmSp {]Xn-I-cn- p-hm CXp \sω A\p-h-Zn- p- p. k` a\- n-em- p- -Xpt]m-se-bp ss n-fns icn-bmb Hcp hymjym\- a CXv. Rßƒ ss{ikvx-h Nne-t m-sgms Xncph-N-\-ßƒ sx mbn hymjym-\n- n- p v F Xp icnbm-sw- nepw, sszh-øns Omb-bn \mw krjvsn- -s - p-sh Xpw `qan- p-ta ssiim-cy-i ØrXzw \ Is p F Xpw a p krjvsn-i-fp-ss-taep \ncp- ]m-[n-i-amb A[o-i-XzsØ \ymbo-i-cn- p p F [mc-wsb \Ωƒ C m-e-b-f-hn i n-]q hw X n- -f-tb- -XmWv. temi-øns txm w ""Irjn-sN-øphm\pw IcpXp-hm\pw'' ss nƒ]m-t-ßƒ \tωmsp ]d-bp p (cf. DXv]. 2:15) F p Xncn- -dn- p-sim v

krjvsn-bpss kphn-tijw 71 DNn-X-amb hnip- -{KŸhym-Jym-\-im-kv{X-tØmsS Ah Ah-bpsS kμ `-Øn \n Øn hmbn-t - - Xm-Wv. ""Irjn-sNøpI'' F Xv Icp-X-se-Sp- p-i, kwc- n- p-i, ta t\m- w-h-ln- p-i, \ne-\n ØpI F nh A -am- p- p. a\p-jycpw {]Ir-Xnbpw XΩn-ep ]c-kv]c DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-Øns Hcp _ w CXm-h-iy-s -Sp- p. Hmtcm kaq-l-øn\pw `qanbpss kar- n-bn \n v Xß-fpsS \ne-\nev]n-\m-hiy-ap- Xv FSp- mw. F m hcpw-x-e-ap-d-iƒ pth n `qansb kwc- n- m\pw AXns ^e-zm-b- IXzw Dd- p-h-cp-øm\pap Npa-X-ebpw Ah p- v. ""`qan I Øm-hn-t -XmWv'' (k- o. 24:1); ""`qanbpw AXn-ep ka-kvxhpw'' (\nb. 10:14) Ahn-Sp-tØ- p- -Xm-Wv. AXp-sIm v \ncp-]m-[ni DS-a-ÿ-Xbv p F m Ah-Im-i-hm-Zhpw sszhw X n- -fbp p: ""\nßƒ `qan Ft - p-ambn hn - cpxv. Fs - m, `qan Ft -Xm-Wv. \nßƒ ]c-tz-in-ifpw IpSn-In-S- p-im-cp-amwv'' (te-hy. 25:23). 68. ""Ahn-Sp p Iev]n- p, Ah krjvsn- -s p; Ahsb Ahn-Sp v Ft pw kpÿn-c-am n; Aew- L-\o-b-amb AXn Øn-Iƒ Ahn-Sp v Ahbv p \n- -bn p'' (k- o. 148:5b 6) F -Xn-\m, hnth-i-_p- n-sim v A\p-{K-ln- -s a\p-jy {]Ir-Xn-\n-baßfpw Cutem-I-Ønse krjvsn-iƒx-ωn \ne- \n p teme-amb ka-xp-e-\hpw BZ-cn- -Wsa v sszh-øns `qan-tbm-sp Cu DØ-c-hm-ZnØw A -am- p- p. ss n-fn ImWp \nb-a-ßƒ hy n-iƒ X-Ωnse _ -ßƒ am{x-a-, a p Pohn-

72 Atßbv v kvxpxn Ifp-am-bp _ -ßfpw ssiim-cyw-sn-øp- p. ""\ns ktlm-z-cs Igp-Xtbm Imftbm hgn-bn howp-in-s- p- Xp I m \o amdn-t m-i-cp-xv... Ip p-ß-fp-sstbm ap -I-fp-sS-tbm-ta X - n AS-bn-cn- p Hcp ] n- qsv hgn-b-cn-in-ep GsX- nepw hr -Øntem \netøm ImWm-\n-S-bm-bm Ip p-ß-tfm-sp-iqss X sb FSp- -cpxv'' (\n-b-a. 22:4, 6). Cuh-gn v, Ggmw Znh-ksØ hn{iaw a\pjy p am{x-ap- -X-, adn v ""\ns Imfbpw Igp- Xbpw hn{i-an- s '' (]p-d. 23:12). hy -ambpw ss nfn a p krjvsn-i-tfmsp Icp-X-en- mø {Iqctkz-Om-[n-]-Xy-]-c-amb Hcp a\p-jy-ti-{μn-x-hm-z-øn\v bmsxmcp ÿm\-hp-an-. 69. `qan-bnse hkvxp- ƒ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-tØmsS D]-tbm-Kn- p- -Xn-\p \ΩpsS _m[y-x-tbmssmøv, sszh-zr-jvsn-bn a p Pohn-Iƒ v Ah-bn Øs Hcp aqey-ap-s v a\- n-em- p-hm\pw \Ωƒ hnfn s - n-cn- p p: ""Xß-fpsS AkvXn-Xzw-sIm- p-xs Ah Ahn-SpsØ hmgvøp-ibpw al-øz-s -Sp-Øp- Ibpw snøp p;'' 41 bym -Øn ""I Ømhv Xs krjvsn-i-fn B\-μn- s!'' (k- o. 104:31). \ΩpsS X\-Xmb al-øzhpw \ap p e`n- n-cn- p _p ni- n-bpw-sim v, krjvsn-sbbpw Ah-bn-e-S-ßn-bn- p \nb-a-ß-sfbpw BZ-cn- p-hm \Ωƒ hnfn- s - n-cn- p p; Fs - m, ""I Ømhv m\- Øm `qansb ÿm]n p'' (kp-`m. 3:19). \Ωp-sS- ImeØv, a p krjvsn-iƒ v Ah-bn Øs hnesbm- p-an-s pw \ap v CjvS-ap- -Xp-t]mse Ah-

krjvsn-bpss kphn-tijw 73 tbmsp s]cp-am-dm-sa- p-ap a n Ah ]q W-ambpw a\p-jy-cpss \ bv p hnt[-b-am-sw p k` {]kvxmhn p n. a p krjvsn-isf ]cn-k-wn- p-tºmƒ ""Bbn-cn- pi F -Xn\v {]tbm-p-\-{]-z-am-bn-cn- pi F -Xn-s -ta D ap Xq- -sø- p-dn v \ap p kwkm-cn- m-\m-hpw'' 42 F v P a sa{xm- m ]Tn- n- p p v. hnir-x-amb a\p-jy-ti-{μn-x-hm-zsø "ItØm-en- m- a-x-t_m-[-\-{kÿw' hy -ambpw i n-tbmssbpw hna in- p p: ""Hmtcm krjvsn pw X\-Xmb \ bpw KpW-]q W-X-bp-ap- v... hyxykvx krjvsn-i-fn-tem-tcm pw sszh-ln-x-{]-imcw \n nx kø-tbm-sp-iqsn krjvsn- -s - -Xm-I-bm, Ah-bntem-tcm pw sszh-øns A\- - m-\-øn-s bpw A\- -\- -bp-ssbpw Hcp civansb AX-Xns coxnbn {]Xn-^-en- n- p- p. AXn-\m, hkvxp- sf {Ia-c-ln-X-ambn D]-tbm-Kn- p- Xv Hgn-hm- n-s m v Hmtcm hkvxp-hn-s bpw {]txy-i-\- sb a\p-jy BZ-cn- Ww.'' 43 70. Imtb-s bpw Bt_-en-s bpw IY-bn, kz- w ktlm-z-c-s\-xn-cmb Atß-b- sø A\oXn snøp- -Xn-te v Akqb Fßs\ Imtbs\ \bn p F p \mw ImWp- p. AXv Imtb\pw sszhhpw XΩnepw Imtb\pw Xm _ln-jvir-x-\mb `qanbpw XΩn-ep-ap _ w XI Øp. sszhhpw Imtb\pw XΩn-ep \ms-io-b-amb kw`m-j-w-øn CXp hy -ambn ImWmw. sszhw tnmzn- p p: ""\ns ktlm-z-c Bt_ FhnsS?'' X\n- -dn-bn-s v Imtb adp-]sn ]d-bp- p. sszhw ho pw tnmzn-

74 Atßbv v kvxpxn p p: ""\osb- mwv snbvxxv? \ns ktlm-z-cs c w aæn \n v Fs hnfn p Ic-bp- p. `qanbn \o i]n- -s - -h-\m-bn-cn- p p'' (D-Xv]. 4:9 11). Btcm-Sp Icp-Xepw ]cn-n-c-whpw Fs DØ-chm-Zn-Ø-amtWm B Ab m-c-\p-am-bp Fs icn-bmb _ w hf Øn-sb-Sp- m\pw \ne-\n Øm- \p-ap IS-a-tbmSp Im p Ah-K-W-\, Fs -Xs kzxz-hp-ambpw a p- -h-cp-ambpw sszh-hp-ambpw Cu `qan-bp-ambpw F\n- p _ sø XI p- p. Cu _ -ß-sf mw Ah-K-Wn- -s -Sp-tºmƒ, \m n \oxn hkn- p-t -bn F p-h-cp-tºmƒ, Poh Xs A]-I-S-Øn-em-Ip- p-sh v ss nƒ \tωmsp ]dbp- p. t\ml-bpss IY-bn \manxp ImWp- p. AhnsS, \oxn-bp-ssbpw kam-[m-\-øn-s bpw Npa-X-e-Iƒ \nd-th- p- -Xn-ep a\p-jy-cm-in-bpss ÿnc-amb ]cm- P-bw-Im-cWw, Ahsc \in- n- p-sa v sszhw `oj- Wn-s -Sp-Øp p: ""Poh-Pm-e-ß-sf-sb mw \in- n- phm Rm \n -bn- n-cn- p p; Fs - m Ah - aqew temiw A[ Ωw-sIm p \nd- n-cn- p p'' (Dev]. 6:13). F mw ]c-kv]-c-_- n-x-am-sw pw \ΩpsS-Xs Pohn-X-ß-tfmSpw {]Ir-Xn-bp-am-bp \ΩpsS _ -ß-tfm-Sp-ap Bflm -amb Icp-X ; kmtlm-z-cyønepw \oxnbnepw a p- -h-tcm-sp hnizkvxxbnepw\n v Ahn-`m-Py-am-sW v \man p ] ph-bv p t_m[y-øn\v, {]Xo-Im-fl-IX \nd Cu {]mno-\-i-y-iƒ km yw-h-ln- p- p. 71. ""a\p-jys ZpjvSX h [n- p-ibpw''(d-xv]. 6:5) ""`qap-jøv a\p-jys\ krjvsn- -Xn I Ømhv ]cn-

krjvsn-bpss kphn-tijw 75 X-]n- p-ibpw'' (D-ev]. 6:6) snbvsx- n-epw, \njvi-f- \pw \oxn-am-\p-ambn Ign t\ml-bn-eqss c bpss Hcp ]mx Xpd- p-hm sszhw \n -bn- p. Cuhn-[-Øn, ]pxn-sbmcp XpS- -Øn-\p Ah-kcw Ahn-Sp p am\-h-cm-in p \ In. {]Xymi hos - Sp- p- -Xn\v BsI Bh-iy-ap- Xv \ Hcp hy nbmwv! {kjvsm-hns Ic-Øm {]Ir-Xn-bn Bte- J-\w-sN-ø-s kzssc-iy-ßƒ hos -Sp- p-ibpw Ahsb BZ-cn- p-ibpw snøp- Xv Cu \ho-i-c-w- Øn\v Bh-iy-am-sW v ss nƒ]m-c-ºcyw hy - ambn ImWn- p- p. DZm-l-c-W-Øn-\v, hn{ia-zn-\-sø- p-dn- p \nb-a-øn \manxp ImWp- p. Xm XpSßnb {]hr-øn-bn \n p hnc-an v Ggmw Znhkw sszhw hn{i-an- p. Hmtcm Ggmw Znh-khpw hn{i-a-zn- \-ambn, Hcp km_-ømbn, \o n-h-bv p-hm AhnSp v C{km-tb-en-t\mSv B m-]n p (cf. DXv]. 2:2 3; ]pd. 16:23; 20:10). AXp-t]mse, Hmtcm Ggmw h jhpw tzi-øn\p hn{ia-øn-\p I Øm-hns Hcp-h jw `qan v kºq W hn{i-aw Iev]n- s p (cf. tehy. 25:1 4). B h j-tø v hnx hne- -s - p; Pohn- p-hm\pw IpSpw-_w-t]m- p-hm-\p-ap hi-am{xw Hcmƒ v FSp mw (cf. tehy. 25:4 6). Ahkm-\-ambn, h j-ß-fpss Ggv BgvN-Iƒ p-ti-jw, F p-]-d- m 49 h j-øn-\p-tijw, s]mxp-am- ns bpw ""tzi-sa-ºmspw AXnse \nhm-kn-iƒ p kzmx-{ y-øn-s bpw'' h j-ambn Pq_nen BtLmjn- p (cf. tehy. 25:10). a p- -h-cp-ambpw Xßƒ Pohn- p-ibpw ]Wn-sb-Sp- p-ibpw snbvx tzi-hp-am-bp

76 Atßbv v kvxpxn Xß-fpsS _ -ß-fn k p-e-\hpw \oxn-bp- - Xbpw Dd- p-h-cp-øp- -Xn-\p Hcp {ia-am-bmwv Cu \nbaw \ne-hn h- Xv. AtX-k-a-bw, `qan-sb Zm\w AXns ^e-ß-tfm-sp-iqsn F m-h p-ap- - XmWv F -Xns AwKo-I-cW-hp-ambn AXv. `qan kq n- p-ibpw Irjn-sN-øp-Ibpw snbvxn-cp- -h AXns ^e-ßƒ, {]txy-in v ]mh-s - -h-cp-am-bn, Xßƒ n-s-bn-ep hn[-h-ifpw A\mYcpw ]ctz-in- I-fp-ambn ] p-h-bv p-hm IS-s - n-cp p: ""\nßƒ [m\yw simøp-tºmƒ hb-ens AXn Øn-Xo Øv simbvsx-sp- -cp-xv. simbvøn-\p-tijw Imem-s]-dp- p-i-bp-a-cp-xv. ap n-cn-tøm- -Ønse ^e-ßfpw Xo - Øp ]dn- -cp-xv. howp-in-s- p ]gw s]dp- n-sb- Sp- p-i-bp-a-cp-xv. Zcn-{Z pw ]c-tz-in-iƒ p-ambn AXp \o n-h-bv pi'' (te-hy. 19:9 10). 72. ""kap-{z-øn-\p-ta `qansb hncn I Øm-hns ImcpWyw A\- -am-b-xn-\m '' (k- o. 136:6) {kjvsmhmb sszhsø kvxpxn- p-hm k o Ø-\-ßƒ \sω \nc- cw Blzm-\w-sN-øp- p. Cu kvxpxn-bn ] p-tn-cp-hm Ah a p krjvsn-i-sfbpw -Wn- p p: ""kqcy-n-{μ- m-tc, Ahn-SpsØ kvxpxn- phn ; an n-øn-f-ßp \ -{X-ßtf, Ahn-SpsØ kvxpxn- p-hn! D X hm\n-s-ta, Ahn-SpsØ kvxp- Xn- p-hn ; BIm-i-Øn-\p-ta-ep Pe-k- -b-ta, Ahn-SpsØ kvxpxn- p-hn! Ah I Øm-hns \masø kvxpxn- s ; Fs - m, Ahn-Sp p Iev]n- p, Ah krjvsn- -s p'' (k- o. 148:3 5). \mw sszh-øns D -X-i- n-sim v \ne-\n p p

krjvsn-bpss kphn-tijw 77 F p am{x-a-, Ahn-Sp-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snbpw Ahn-Sp-tØs m- hpw Pohn- p-ibpw snøp- p. CXp-sIm- mwv \Ωƒ Ahn-SpsØ hw-ßp- -Xv. 73. {]] w krjvsn k h-i- \mb ssz-h-sø- p-dn p [ym\n- p-sim v ]co- -W-th-f-I-fn h [n- X-hocyw B Pn- p-hm {]hm-n-i-c-n-\-iƒ \sω Wn- p- p. F nepw sszh-øns A\- -i n, Ahn-SpsØ ]nxr-k-l-p-amb Zbm-hm-bv]n -\n v AI- p-t]m-ip- -Xn-te p \sω \bn- p- n ; Fs - m, Ahn-Sp- n hm -eyhpw i nbpw kwtbm-pn-x-am-bn-cn- p- p. bym -Øn, I Ømhns A\- -i- n-bm Ahn-Sp n-ep- Dd-t mss sszh-øns kvt\lsø kzmk-xw-sn-øp-hm\pw hw-ßp-hm\pw `{Z-amb F m B[ym-fln-I-Xbpw Bh-iy-s -Sp- p. ss n-fn, hntam-nn- n- p-ibpw c n- p-ibpw snøp sszhwxs -bmwv {]] w krjvsn sszhw. {]h Ø-\-Øns Cu c p sszhn-i-h-gn-iƒ KmV-ambpw Ahn-`m-Py-ambpw _ - s - n-cn- p p: ""sszh-amb I Øm-th, AßmWv i -amb Icw-\o n BIm-ihpw `qanbpw krjvsn- Xv! H pw Atßbv v Akm-[y-a-... Aß-bpsS P\- amb C{km-tb-ens\ AS-bm-f-ß-fmepw A p-x-ßfmepw Aßv CuPn-]vXn \n v tamnn- n p'' (Psd. 32:17,21). ""I Ømhv \nxy-\mb sszhhpw `qan apgp-hs bpw {kjvsm-hp-am-wv. Ahn-Sp p own- p-itbm Xf-cp-Itbm C ; Ahn-SpsØ a\ v A{Km-ly-am-Wv. Xf -h\v Ahn-Sp v _ew-\ Ip p; Zp _-e\p i n-]-i-cp-ibpw snøp p'' (G-i. 40:28b 29).

78 Atßbv v kvxpxn 74. _m_n-tem-wn-b-bnse XS-hns A\p-`-hw, sszh-øn-ep IqSp-X AKm-[-amb hnizmkønte p \bn Hcp B[ym-flnI {]Xn-k- n p CSbm- n. Ct mƒ, Xß-fpsS Zp `-Km-h-ÿ-bn {]Xymi hos -Sp- p- -Xn\p P\-ßsf Blzm-\wsN-øp- -Xn-\mbn, Ahn-SpsØ krjvsn-]-c-amb k hi- n v ap K-W\ \ Is p. \q m- p-iƒign- v, ]co- -W-Øn-s bpw ]ou\-øn-s bpw as mcp-bpk-øn, tdma km{ampyw \ncp-]m-[n-i-amb ta[m-hnxzw ASn-t -ev]n- m {ian- -t mƒ, k hi- -\mb sszh-øn-ep h [n ic-w-øn hnizm-kn-iƒ Hcn- IqSn kam-izm-khpw {]Xymibpw Is Øn: ""k h-i- \pw sszh-hp-amb I Øm-th, Aß-bpsS {]hr-øn-iƒ al-\o-bhpw hnkva-bm-h-l-hp-am-wv! Aß-bpsS am K-ßƒ \oxn- ]q Whpw kxy-k- -hp-am-wv!'' (shfn. 15:3). C mbvabn \n v Cu {]] w krjvsn sszh-øn\v Cu temiøn CS-s]-Sm\pw GXp-X-c-Øn-ep-ap Xn sb adn-i-s- m\pw Ign-bpw. A\o-Xn AP-ø-a. 75. k h-i- \pw {kjvsm-hp-ambn sszhsø Hm an- mø Hcp B[ym-flnIX kzoim-cy-a-. sszh- Øns krjvsnsb Nhn- n-b-c-bv p- -Xn-\p A]cnan-X-amb Hcp Ah-Imiw D -bn- p- n-stømfwt]mepw, sszh-øns ÿm\w Gs -Sp-Øp-sIm v `uxn-i-i- n-i-sftbm Xß-sf-Ø-s tbm Bcm-[n- p- -Xn Aß-s\-bmWv \mw sns -Øp-I. `qanbp-ss-ta \ncp-]m-[ni A[o-i-Xz-Øn-\p Ah-ImihmZw Ah-km-\n- n- p-sim v a\pjysc Ah-cpsS

krjvsn-bpss kphn-tijw 79 icn-bmb ÿm\-tø p hos -Sp- p- -Xn-\p G hpw \ hgn, krjvsn- p-ibpw temi-øns GI- D-S-a-bm-bn-cn- p-ibpw snøp Hcp ]nxm-hns cq]- sø- p-dn v Hcn- IqSn kwkm-cn- pi F -Xm-Wv. As - n, a\p-jy Xß-fp-sS-Xs \nb-a-ßfpw Xmev]-cy-ßfpw bmym y-øn-s -ta ASn-t -ev]n- p- -Xn\p {ian- p-sim-t -bn-cn- pw. III. {]]- -c-lkyw 76. blq-z- -ss{i-kvxh ]mc-º-cy-øn ""krjvsn'' F ]Z-Øn\v ""{]IrXn''sb mƒ hnim-e-amb A -ap v; Fs - m, Hmtcm Pohn pw AXns X\-Xmb aqeyhpw s]mcpfpw D sszh-øns kvt\l-]- Xn-tbmSp _ s -Xm-W-Xv. ]Tn- phm\pw {Kln- p-hm\pw \nb-{ n- p-hm\pw Ign-bp Hcp hyh-ÿ-bm-bmwp {]IrXn an -hmdpw ImW-s - Sp- -Xv. F m, F m-h-cp-ssbpw ]nxmhv \o nb Ic- Øn \n- p Hcp Zm\hpw \msa- m-h-scbpw km h- {XnI Iq m-bva-bn-te p Wn- p kvt\l-øm Zo]vX-amb Hcp bmym y-hp-ambn am{xta krjvsnsb a\- n-em- m-\m-hq. 77. ""I Øm-hns hn-\-øm BImiw \n an- s p'' (k o. 33:6). A\ Xa n \nt m bmzr- n-ix-bn \nt m A, Hcp \n -b-øns ^eam-bmwp temiw D mbxv F v Cu hn\w ]dbp p; AXns\ CXv A[n-I-ambn ]pi-gvøp-ibpw snøp p. krjvsn- p hn\w kzx-{ -amb Hcp

80 Atßbv v kvxpxn sxc-s -Sp v Bhn-jvI-cn- p- p. \nc- p-i-amb k h-i- n-bpss ^etam Hcp i n-{]-i-s-\tam kzbw ÿm]n- p-hm-\p Hcp B{K-ltam Bbn Db p-h- -X {]]- w. kvt\-l-øns {Ia-amWp krjvsn. kie krjvs-h-kvxp- -fnepw sszh-øns kvt\l-amwv ASn-ÿm\ Nme-I-i n: ""F m- ns\bpw Aßv kvt\ln- p- p. Aßv krjvsn H ns\bpw Aßv tzzjn- p- n ; tzzjn-s - n krjvsn- p-am-bn-cp- n '' ( m\w 11:24). AXp-sIm v Hmtcm krjvs-h-kvxp-hpw, temi-øn AXn\v AXns ÿm\w \ Ip sszh-øns Zbm-hm-bv]n\p ]m{xam-wv. Pohn-I-fn G -hpw sndp-xns \nan-j-am-{xamb Pohn-Xw-t]mepw Ahn-SpsØ kvt\l-øn\p ]m{x-amwv; AXns AkvXn-Xz-Øns GXm\pwam{Xw hcp \mgn-i-i-fn sszhw Xs hm -eywsim v AXns\ s]mxn-bp- p. ""Af-h \ '' 44 F v alm-\mb hnip t_kn {kjvsm-hns\ hnfn- p. Zmt Aeo-Ln-tbcn ""kqcy-s\bpw \ -{X-ß-sfbpw Nen- n- p kvt\l'' 45 sø pdn p ]d- p. X ^e-am-bn, krjvs-h-kvxp- -fn \n v ""sszh-øns amlm-fly-øn-te pw Ahn-SpsØ kvt\l-]q Wamb Imcp-Wy-Øn-te pw'' 46 \ap p Ib-dn-s - m- \mhpw. 78. AtX-k-a-bw, blq-z- -ss{i-kvxhnn {]IrXnsb ]pcm-hrøhn m-\-ap- -am n (demythologized). XpS pw {]Ir-Xn-bpsS Kmw`o-cy-hpw Af-hn- m-bvabpw Bkz-Zn-s -Ø-s, AXp {]Ir-Xnsb sszhn-i-ambn I n-. Aßs\ snøp-i-h-gn, {]IrXn-

krjvsn-bpss kphn-tijw 81 tbm-sp \ΩpsS am\p-jni DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-sØ AXp k thm-]cn Du n- -d-bp- p. {]Ir-Xn-bpsS Cu ]p\ I-s -Ø Hcn- epw a\p-jy-cpss kzmx-{ y- Øn-s bpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-Øn-s bpw sne-hn-em-bn- qsm. temi-øns `mk-sa \ne-bn, AXns\ kwc- n- p-hm\pw AXns tijn hnikn- n- p-hm- \p-ambn Xß-fpsS Ign-hp-Iƒ hf Øn-sbSp- p- Xn- \p DØ-c-hm-ZnØw Ah p- v. {]Ir-Xn-bpsS aqeyhpw teme-x-bpw, AXp-t]m-se-X-s, sszh-z-øamb \ΩpsS Ign-hp-Ifpw \mw AwKo-I-cn- p- p-sh- n, A]-cn-an-X-amb `uxni ]ptcm-kxn F B[p- \ni "anøv' \ap v Ah-km-\-ambn hn p-i-f-bm-\mhpw. ]cn-n-cn- m sszhw a\p-jy\v Gev]n- p-x temeamb temiw, \ΩpsS i n p Znim-t_m[w \ Ip- -Xn\pw AXp hni-kn- n- p- -Xn\pw ]cn-an-x-s -Sp- Øp- -Xn\pw _p n-]q h-i-amb hgn-iƒ Is -Øphm \sω sh p-hn-fn- p- p. 79. Xpd Xpw ]c-kv]-c-hn-\n-a-b-ß-fp- -Xp-amb kwhn-[m\-ß-fm cq]-s Cu {]]- -Øn, _ - Øn-s bpw ] m-fn-ø-øn-s bpw FÆ-a cq]-ßƒ \ap p Is -Øm-\m-hpw. k hhpw sszh-øns k hm-xn-im-bn-xz-øn-te p (transcendence) Xpd- ncn- p- p-sh p Nn n- p-hm CXp \sω t{]cn- n- p p. Cu k hm-xn-im-bn-xzønemwv k hhpw hni-kn- p- -Xv. Npcpƒ \nh-cp- -Xns A hpw \nkqv kuμcy-hpw hymjym-\n- p-hm hnizmkw \sω A\p-h-Zn- p- p. {Inbm-fl-I-ambn ]cn-w-an- p Imcy-ß-fn-tet m ]pxnb tcmk-ßfpw bmx\-

82 Atßbv v kvxpxn bv p ]pxnb Imc-W-ßfpw bym Xncn- -Sn- Ifpw Iq n-t p -Xn-tet m \ΩpsS _p n {]tbm-kn- p-hm \ap p kzmx-{ y-ap- v. a\p-jy- N-cn-{X-Øn DtZz-Khpw \msio-b-xbpw krjvsn- p- Xv CXm-Wv. AXn H p-in kzmx-{ y-øn\pw hf bv pw c -bv pw kvt\l-øn\pw ]qhn-sm- \mhpw; As - n Po W-X-bn-te pw ]c-kv]-c-hn- \m-i-øn-te pw \bn- m-\m-hpw. {]Ir-Xnsb ]cn-ncn- p- -Xn-\p DØc-hm-ZnØw Hmtcm-cp-Ø-scbpw Hm Ωn- n- p-hm am{x-a k`-bpss {]h Ø\w {ian- p- Xv; adn- v, AtX-k-a-bw-Xs ""Ahƒ F m n-ep-ap-]cn a\p-jy-cmin-sb kzbw \ioi-c-w- Øn \n p kwc- n- Ww.'' 47 80. F n- pw, \tωm-ssmøp {]h Øn- p-hm B{Kln- p-ibpw \ΩpsS kl-i-c-wøn B{ibn p- Ibpw snøp sszh-øn-\v, \Ωƒ snøp Xn bn \n- p-t]mepw Df-hm phm Ign-bpw. ""G hpw k o Whpw Zp {Km-ly-hp-am-b-h-b-S w a\p-jy-imcyß-fnse si p-iƒ Agn- p-hm-\-dn-bp-, sszhni a\ n-\n-w-ßnb A\- -amb k K-i n ]cn-ip- mflm-hn-\p-s p ]d-bmw.'' 48 hni-k-\-am-h-iy-ap Hcp temiw krjvsn- p- -Xn, Xn -Itfm A]-I-S-ßtfm kl-\-im-c-w-ßtfm Bbn \mw Icp-Xp Imcy-ßfn ]expw bym -Øn, {kjvsm-hp-am-bp kl-i-c-w-øns {]hr-øn-bn-te v \sω hen- -Sp- n- m Ahn-Sp v D]-tbm-Kn- p-, Cu pt\mhpifpss `mk-am-i-ø- -hn-[w, Hcp-hn-[-Øn Xs -Øs ]cn-an-x-s -Sp-Øp-hm sszhw Xncp-a-\ mbn. 49

krjvsn-bpss kphn-tijw 83 Xs krjvsn-bpss kzbw-`-c-wsø _m[n- msx sszhw Hmtcm PohntbmSpw KmV-ambn kao-]-ÿ- \m-wv. CXv `uan-i-im-cy-ßƒ t\cmbpw A ln- p kzbw-`-c-w-øn\p P -ta-ip- p. 50 Hmtcm Pohn-bpsSbpw \ne-\nev]pw hf bpw Dd- m- p Ahn- SpsØ sszhn-i-km- n yw ""krjvsn-i Ωw XpScp p.'' 51 sszhm-flmhv {]]- sø km[yx-iƒsim p \nd- n-cn- p- p. AXp-sIm- v, Imcy-ß-fpsS lrz-b-øn \n v ]pxnb Nne-Xn\v Db p-h-cm- \mhpw: ""{]Ir-Xn-sb- -Xv, hkvxp- ƒ Hcp \n n-xe- y-øn-te p \oßpw-hn[w Ah-bn ap{zn-x-am-bncn- p-, sszh-ønse Ie F p hnfn m-hp, Hcp- Xcw Ie-b- msx as m- p-a-. XSn- -jvw-ßƒ v, Xß-sf-Øs Hcp I -ens cq]-øn-te p \o phm th Xp \ Ip- -Xn\v Hcp I \n Ωm-Xmhn\p Ign- m-se- -h-æ-am-wn-xv.'' 52 81. \mw Hcp ]cn-wm-a-{]-{inb kn m- n- m t mepw, Xpd a p hyhÿi-fpss ]cn-wm-awsim p ]q W-ambn hni-zo-i-cn- m-\m-hmø Hcp X\na a\pjy-hy niƒ p kz -am-bp- v. \Ωn-temtcm-cp-Ø pw Ahs As - n Ah-fpsS hy n- ]-c-amb kzxzw D v. Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw a p- -h-cp-ambpw sszh-hp-am-bn-ø-s bpw kw`m-j-w-øn-te p IS p-hm {]m]vx-cp-am-wv. C\nbpw Is -Øn-bn- n- mø a p tijn-iƒs møv, bp n-hn-nmcw snøphm\pw hmz-k-xn-iƒ hni-kn- n- p-hm\pw I p-]n-sn- Ø-ßƒ \S-Øp-hm\pw bmym ysø hymjym-\n-

84 Atßbv v kvxpxn p-hm\pw Ie krjvsn- p-hm-\p-ap \ΩpsS tijn- Iƒ Du P-X-{ -Øn-s bpw Poh-im-kv{X-Øn-s bpw afi-e-ßsf AXn-i-bn- p X\n-a-bpsS AS-bm-fßfmWv. `uxni{]]- -Øn Hcp hy n cq]wsim p Xn AS-ßn-bn-cn- p ]pxp-a-x-s, sszh-øns t\cn- p Hcp {]h Ø-\sØbpw Poh\n-te- p Hcp khn-ti-j-hn-fn-sbbpw as mcp ""\o'' (thou) tbmsv kzbw A`n-kw-t_m-[\ snøp Hcp ""\o'' (Thou) bpss ] -Øp-\n v, _ -Øn-\p Hcp khn-ti-j-hn-fn-sbbpw ap Iq nz in- p- p. Hcp hkvxp (object) hns \ne-hm-c-øn-te v Hcn- epw Npcp- m-\m-hmø Hcp I Ømhv (subject) Bbn Hmtcm a\p-jy-hy- n-sbbpw ImWm ss n-fnse krjvsnhn-h-c-w-ßƒ \sω Wn- p- p. 82. F n-epw, a\p-jy-cpss \nc- p-i-amb ta[m-hn-xz- Øn\p hnt[-b-amb shdpw hkvxp- -fmbn a p Pohn- Isf Icp-Xp- Xp auvy-am-bn-cn- pw. em`-øn\pw t\ -Øn-\p-ap Hcp t{kmx v am{x-ambn {]Ir-Xnsb ImWp-tºmƒ kaq-l-øn\p Kpcp-X-c-amb {]Xym- LmX-ß-fp- v. ""Iøq- p- -h Imcy- m-c '' F ImgvN- msv _rl-ømb Ak-a-Xzhpw A\o-Xnbpw a\p-jy-cm-in-bn `qcn`m-k-øn-\p-sa-xn-cmb A{I-ahpw P\n- n- p- p v; Fs - m, hn`-h-ßƒ BZyw hcp -h-\ntem G hpw i -\ntem sn p-tn-cp p: Pbn- p- -h\v F mw e`n- p- p. tbip \n tz-in kz-ssc-iy-øn-s bpw \oxn-bp-ssbpw kmtlm-z-cy-øns -bpw kam-[m-\-øn-s bpw BZ i-ßƒ Cu

krjvsn-bpss kphn-tijw 85 amxribv- p t\ hn-]-co-x-am-wv. Xs ImesØ i n-iƒ-s -Xnsc Ahn-Sp p ]d- -Xp-t]mse: ""hnpmxob-cpss `c-w-i Øm- ƒ Ah-cp-sS-ta bp-am-\xzw ]pe Øp- psh pw Ah-cpsS {]am-wn- Iƒ Ah-cpsS-ta A[n-Imcw {]tbm-kn- p- psh pw \nßƒ dn-bm-a-t m. F m \nß-fp-ss-bn- S-bn Aß-s\-bmI-cp-Xv. \nß-fn hen-b-h-\m-im- \m-{k-ln- p h \nß-fpss ip{iq-j-i-\m-bn-cn- Ww'' (aøm. 20:25 26). 83. sszh-øns ]q W-X-bn-emWv {]]- -Øns BXy- ni `mk-t[-bw. k h-xns bpw ]Iz-X-bpsS txmxmb D n-x-\mb {InkvXp-hn AXp ssih p Ign- p. 53 a p Pohn-I-fp-sS-ta a\p-jy \S-Øp GXp \njvtp-c-hm-gvnbpw \ncp-ø-c-hm-z-]-c-amb GXv A[o-i-Xzhpw X n- -f-bp- -Xn\v ChnsS \ap p as mcp hmz-k-xn-iqsn Iq n-t mw. a p krjvsn-ifpss BXy- ni Dt±iyw \Ω-fn-e Is -tø- Xv. adn- v, D n-x-\mb {InkvXp k h-h-kvxp- -sfbpw Bt«-jn- p-ibpw Zo]vX-am- p-ibpw snøp B AXo-X-k-ºq W-X-bn, sszh-am-ip s]mxp-e- y- Øn-te v \tωm-sp-iq-snbpw \Ωn-eq-sSbpw F m krjvsn-ifpw apt m- p-\o-ßp-i-bm-wv. hnth-i-_p nbpw kvt\l-hpw-sim v A\p-Kr-lo-X-cmbn {InkvXphns ]q W-Xbm hen- -Sp- n- -s - v, k h krjvsn-i-sfbpw Ah-cpsS {kjvsm-hn-te p XncnsIt p-hm a\p-jy hnfn- -s - n-cn- p- p.

86 Atßbv v kvxpxn IV. krjvsn-bpss kzssc-iy-øn Hmtcm krjvs-h-kvxp-hn-s bpw ktμiw 84. Hmtcm a\p-jy\pw sszh-øns {]Xn- m-b-bmsw p ]d-bp- -Xp-sIm- v, Hmtcm krjvsn pw AXns Dt±-iy-ap-s hkvxpx \mw ImWmsX t]mi-cp-xv. H pw A[n-I- - -. `uxn-i-{]-]- -amsibpw sszh-øns kvt\l-søbpw \tωm-sp Ahn-SpsØ koam-xox-amb hm -ey-sø-bpw-ip-dn p kwkm-cn- p- p. aæv, Pew, ae-iƒ: F mw sszh- Øns Ic-em-f-\-am-Wv. sszh-hp-am-bp \ΩpsS kulr-z-øns Ncn{Xw KmV-ambn sshb- ni A w ssis m- p khn-tij ÿe-ß-fp-ambn Ft mgpw _ -s - n-cn- p p: \msa- m-hcpw ÿeßƒ Hm p-ibpw, B kvacw Ab-hn-d- p- Xv \ap v Gsd \ Df-hm- p-ibpw snøp- p. ae-{ºtz-i-ß-fn hf-cp-itbm \ocp-dh cn-si ]Xn-hmbn Pe-]m-\-Øn-\n-cn- p-itbm Ab-esØ NXzcØn Ifn- pitbm snbvxn- p GsXm-cmfp-sSbpw Imcysa-Sp q: Cu ÿe-ß-fn-te p as-ßn-s - p- Xv XßfpsS bym kzxzøns Hcwiw hos -Sp- phm-\p Hc-h-k-c-am-tb- mw. 85. sszhw hne-axn- m\m-hmø Hcp ]pkvxiw FgpXn-bn-cn- p p; ""{]]- -Øn k n-ln-x-amb ]c-timsn krjvs-h-kvxp- -fmwv AXnse A -cßƒ.'' 54 sszhm-hn-jvim-c-øn \n v Hcp krjvsnbpw Hgn-hm- -s - n- n-s v Im\-U-bnse sa{xm- m icnbmbn-øs Nq n- m n: ""k hznmvz i-i-amb

krjvsn-bpss kphn-tijw 87 Xcp-\nc-Iƒ apx G hpw sndnb Poh-cq-]w-h-sc, hnkva-b-øn-s bpw A p-x-øn-s bpw \nxm- -t{km- X- mwp {]Ir-Xn. CXv sszhn-i-x-bpss XpS sh-fn- ]m-sp-iq-sn-bm-wv.'' 55 P m-\nse sa{xm- m-cm-is Nnt m-±o-]-i-amb Hcp \nco- Ww \SØn: ""Hmtcm krjvsnbpw AXns AkvXn-XzØns kvxpxn-koxam-e-]n- p- -Xmbn A\p-`-hn- pi F -Xv, sszh- Øns kvt\l-ønepw {]Xym-i-bn-ep-ap B\-μ- I-c-amb Pohn-X-am-Wv.'' 56 krjvsn-sb- p-dn- p Cu A\p-[ym-\w, sszhw \Ωn-te p ssiam-dm B{Kln- p Hcp {]t_m-[\w Hmtcm hkvxp-hnepw Is -Øp-hm \sω A\p-hZn- p p; Imc-Ww, ""hnizm-knsb kw_- n- n-s-tømfw, krjvsn-sb- pdn p [ym\n- p-i-sb- Xv ktμ-i-{i-h-w-amwv; {]Xy- -Øn sshcp- ym-fl-ihpw \n»-_vz-hp-amb Hcp i_vz-øns {ihww.'' 57 ""Xncp-h-N-\-Øne-S-ßp icn pw sszhm-hn-jvi-cww F p hnfn- -s -Sp- Xnt\msSmØv, kqcy-{]-`-bnepw cm{xn-bpss hc-hnepw sszhn-i-amb Hcp Bhn-jvI-c-W-ap v'' 58 F p \ap p ]dbm-\m-hpw. Cu Bhn-jvI-c-W-Øn\p {i sim-sp-øp-sim- v, as m krjvsn-i-fp-am-bp _ - Øn \sω ImWm \mw ]Tn- p p: ""temisø Bhn-jvI-cn- p- -Xn Rm Fs -Øs BhnjvI-cn- p p; temi-øns ]mh-\-xz-øns KqVm- -c-ßƒ hymjym-\n- m-\p {ia-øn Rm Fs -Xs ]mh-\xzw hmbn-s -Sp- p p.'' 59 86. {]] w samø-øn, AXns \m\m-ap-j-amb _ -ß-fn sszh-øns Hcn- epw XocmØ kº -Xsb FSpØpImWn- p- p. sszh-øns

88 Atßbv v kvxpxn \ ""GsX- n-ep-samcp krjvs-h-kvxp-hn-s\-s m- pam{xw IrXy-ambn {]Xn-\n-[m\w snø-s -Sm-\m-hm-Ø- Xp-sIm v'' 60 ""sszhn-i-\- -bpss {]Xn-\n-[m-\-Øns Imcy-Øn GsX- nepw Hcp krjvs-h-kvxp-hn-\p Ipdhv as m- n-s\-s m p ]cn-l-cn- -s -SWw'' 61 F v C n ""BZy-tl-Xp-hns Dt±-iy-Øn \n p hcp- -XmWv'' _lp-xzhpw sshhn-[y-hp-sa v hnip txmakv AIzn-\mkv hnth-i-]q hw {i n- p. AXpsIm v hkvxp- -fpss sshhn-[ysø \mw Ah-bpsS ]e-a-s-ßmb _ -ß-fn a\- n-em-t - n-bn-cn- p p. 62 Hmtcm krjvs-h-kvxp-hn-s\- p-dn pw sszhn- I-]- -Xn-bpsS kmi-ey-øn \mw [ym\n- p-sa- n AXns {]m[m-\yhpw A hpw \mw IqSp-X \ mbn a\- n-em- pw. ax-t_m-[-\w ]Tn n- p- - Xp-t]m-se, ""krjvsn-i-fpss ]c-kv]-cm-{i-bxzw sszh- \n- n-x-amwv. kqcy\pw N{μ\pw tizmc-hr- hpw sndp-ip-kp-ahpw Igp-I\pw sndp-ip-cp-hn-bpw: FÆa Ch-bpsS sshhn-[y-øn-s bpw AkaX-I-fp-sSbpw Zriy-ßƒ hy -am- p- -Xv, Hcp krjvsn-bpw kzbw ]cym-]vx-a-s - mwv; ]c-kv]-cm-{i-b-xz-an- msx krjvsn-iƒ p \ne-\n-ev]n-s mwv. ]c-kv]-c-ap klmb-øn-eqss At\ym\yw ]cn]q W-am- p-hm- \mbn Ah \ne-\n- p- p.'' 63 87. AkvXn-Xz-ap k hxnepw sszhw {]Xn-^-en- -s - -Xmbn \ap p ImWm I-gn-bp-tºmƒ, F m krjvsn-isfbpw-{]xn Ahn-SpsØ kvxpxn- p-hm\pw Ah-tbmSp tn v Ahn-SpsØ ]pigvøphm\pw \ΩpsS lrz-b-ßƒ XpSn- p- p. A okn-bnse

krjvsn-bpss kphn-tijw 89 hnip {^m ko-kns Io Ø-\-Øn Cu hnimcw DPz-e-amb {]Im-i\w t\sp- p: ""Fs \mym, Aß-bpsS F m krjvsn-pm-e-ßfmepw, {]txy-in p kqcy-k-tlm-z-c-\mepw Atßbv p kvxpxn. Fs - m, Ah ]I-em-Ip- p, Ah-\n-eqsS Aßv Rßƒ p {]Im-i-a-cp-fp- p. Ah at\m-l-c\pw D z-e-{]-`m-htømss Xnf-ßp- -h\pw BIp p; atlm- -X-\mb sszh-ta, Ah Aß-bpsS kmzriyw hln- p- p. Fs \mym, BIm-i-hn-cn- n Ag-tImSpw Xnf- -tøm-spw-iqsn Aßv krjvsn N{μ-\- -{Xm-Zn-k-tlm-Z-cn-am-cm Atßbv p kvxpxn. Fs \mym, ktlm-z-c-\mb Im n\mepw talm-hr-xhpw tim`m-b-am-\-hp-amb BImiØmepw, Atß krjvs-pm-e-øn\p kºpjvsn \ Ip F m-øcw Imem-h-ÿ-bmepw Atßbv p kvxpxn. Fs \mym, AXy-[nIw {]tbm-p-\-im-cnbpw hn\o-xbpw hne-s - -hfpw ss\ a-ey-tam-ep- -h-fp-amb Pe-k-tlm-Z-cn-bm Atßbv p kvxpxn. Fs \mym, A n-k-tlm-z-c-\m Atßbv p kvxpxn. Ah-\n-eqsS \ni-bn Aßv R-ßƒ p {]Im-i-a-cp-fp p; Ah kpμ-c\pw hnf-bm-sp- -h\pw Dd- p- -h\pw i -\p-am-ip- p.'' 64

90 Atßbv v kvxpxn 88. {]IrXn samø-øn sszhsø Bhn-jvI-cn- piam{x-a-, Ahn-SpsØ km n-[y-øns _nμp- ]-Yw- (locus) Iq-Sn-bm-Wv AsX v {_ko-ense sa{xm- m Nq n- m- n-bn- p- v. Pohm-flmhv Hmtcm Pohnbnepw IpSn-sIm- p p; Ahn-Sp- p-ambn _ -Ønte p IS- p-hm B Bflmhv \sω hnfn p- p. 65 Cu km n-[y-øns Is -Ø, ""]mcn-ÿn-xni kpirxßƒ'' hf Øn-sb-Sp- p- -Xn-te v \sω \bn- p- p. 66 sszhhpw Ahn-SpsØ kºq WX C mø Cu temi-ønse hkvxp- fpw XΩn- A\- -Zqcw Ds - Xv ad- p-sim- CXv. A m-ø-]- w, krjvsn-iƒ p-xs \mw Hcp \ bpw snøm- Xn-cn- p-i-bmhpw; Fs - m, Ah-cpsS Ah-Imihpw icn-bmb ÿm\hpw AwKo-I-cn- p- -Xn \mw ]cm-p-b-s -Sp-I-bm-hpw. Ahbv v Xß-fpsS elp-xz- Øn \ap mbn \ Ip-hm Ign-bmØXv A\pNn- X-ambn Ah-bn \n v Bh-iy-s -Sp- -Xn-emhpw \mw HSp-hn sns -Øp-I. V. Hcp km h-{xni Iq mbva 89. Cu temi-ønse krjvs-h-kvxp- ƒ DS-a-ÿ- Xm-\n-c-t]- -a : ""Poh-\p- -hsb kvt\ln p \mym, k Δhpw Aß-bp-tS-XmWv'' ( m\w 11:26). {]]- -Øns `mk-sa- -\n-e-bn GI-]n-Xm-hn-\m AkvXn-Xz-Øn-te p hnfn- -s \msa- m-hcpw AZriy-_- -ß-fm LSn- n- -s - -hcpw Hcp-an v Hcp-Xcw km h-{xn-i-ip-spw_w cq]-h-xvi-cn- p- -h-cp-am-sw \ΩpsS t_m[y-øns ASn-Ø-d-bn-Xm-Wv. ]mh-\hpw

krjvsn-bpss kphn-tijw 91 hm -ey-]q Whpw hn\o-x-hp-amb Hcm-Z-chv \Ωn \nd-bv p DZm-Ø-amb Hcp Iq m-bva-bm-w-xv. ""aæns acp-`q-h-xvi-c-ww- \-ap p imco-cn-i-tcm-kwt]mse A\p-`-hn- m Ignbpw; Hcp Pohn-bpsS hwi- \miw thz-\m-p-\-i-amb AwK-`w-Kw-t]m-sebpw. Cuhn[w sszhw \sω Np p-ap temi-tømsp KmVambn kwtbm-pn- n- n-cn- p p'' 67 F v ChnsS Rm Bh Øn p ]d-bpw. 90. F m Pohn-I-sfbpw Htc-X- n \n Øp-Itbm a\p-jy p X\-Xmb hnebpw AtXm-Sp-tN `oaamb DØchmZnØhpw \ntj-[n- p-itbm A CXv. `qanbn {]h Øn- p-ibpw AXns temex kwc- n pibpw snøp- -Xn \n v \sω XS-bp, `qan-bpss Hcp sszhn-ihxv-i-c-whpw ChnsS Dt±-in- n n. AØcw k -ev]-ßƒ ]pxnb Ak- p-e-\- ßƒ krjvsn- p- -Xnte sn p-tn-cq. \sω sh phn-fn- p bmym y-øn \n v AXp \sω AI- n-s m- p-t]m-ipw. 68 a\p-jy-hy- n v Fs - n-epsamcp k thm-xvir-jvsx \ntj[n p Xn\p {]h- WX Nne-t m-sg- nepw \mw ImWp- p- v; F m a\pjycpw Xpey- A-f-hn ] p-h-bv p aløzw kwc- n- p- -Xn-s\- mƒ a p Pohn-Isf kwc- n- p- - Xn AXn-bmb D mlw {]Z in- n- -s -Sp- p. Xo -bm-bpw, \ap p Icp-X-ep- m-hww; As - n a p Pohn-Iƒ \ncp-ø-c-hm-z-]-c-ambn ssiim-cyw-snø-s -Spw. F m a p- -h-sc- mƒ Xßƒ IqSp-X hne-s - -h-cm-sw p Icp-Xp Nne-tcmSp \mw klnjvwpx Im ns m- n-cn- p- -Xn-\m, \ap- n-s-bn-

92 Atßbv v kvxpxn ep AXn-am-{X-amb Ak-a-Xz-ßƒ \Ωn [m anitcmjw hf Ø-Ww. Nne Xßƒ p-s p Icp- Xp t{ijvtx hrym-`n-am-\-tømss {]Z in- n- p- Ibpw Gsd hkvxp- ƒ ]mgm p-ibpw snbvxpsim v, Xß-fpsS kzøp-h-i-iƒsim v F p snøww F -Xn-s\- p-dn v Aev]w-t]mepw [mc-wbn- m-xn-cn- p-tºmƒ, a p-nn-e bmsxmcp hgn-bp-an- msx KXn-sI v lo\-amb Zmcn-{Zy-Øns snfn-bn ]q p Ign-bp-I-bm-sW p ImWp-hm \ap p Ignbm-sX-t]m-Ip- p. F m-bn-søpw C{X-tbsd ]mgm- ep- m-bn-cp-s - n AXv Cu {KlsØ XI pam-bn-cp- p. {]tbm-k-øn, IqSp-X Db Ah- Im-i-ß-tfmsS P\n p Ft mww Xßƒ a p- -hsc- mƒ IqSnb a\p-jy-cm-sw v Nne Icp-Xp- Xv \Ωƒ hi-h- p-sim-sp-øp-sim- n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. 91. \ΩpsS kl-po-hn-ifmb a\p-jytcmsv \ΩpsS lrz-b-øn hm -eyhpw klm-\p-`q-xnbpw IcpXepw Cs - n, {]Ir-Xn-bpsS _m n-`m-k-tømsv Bg- Øn-ep Iq m-bva-bpss t_m[w bym -am-bn-cn- n. a\p-jy- -S-Øen-t\mSv ]q W-ambn DZm-ko\- am-bn-cn- p-ibpw Zcn{Z-tcmSv Icp-X-en- m-xn-cn- p-itbm Bh-iy-an-s p txm p as mcp a\p-jyhy nsb \in- n- m Xøm-dm-Ip-Itbm snøp Xpw hwi-\mi- `ojwn t\cn-sp ark-ß-fpss ISØns m- p-t]m- I XS-bm {ian- p- Xpw HØpt]m-Ip- n-. ]cnÿn-xn- p-th- n-bp \ΩpsS t]mcm- -Øns A -sø-øs CXp cmpn-bm- p- p. Xs krjvsn-i-sf-{]xn sszh-sø hnip {^m kokv

krjvsn-bpss kphn-tijw 93 kvxpxn- p Io Ø-\-Øn At±lw Cßs\ XpS p snm p- Xv bmzr- n-i-a : ""Aß-bpsS kvt\l-sø-{]xn am p-\ Ip- -h-cn-eqss, Fs \mym, Atßbv p kvxpxn.'' F mw _ -s - n-cn- p- p. AXp-sIm v ]cn-ÿn-xn-tbm-sp Icp-X, \ΩpsS kl-po-hn-i-fmb a\p-jytcm-sp Bflm - -amb kvt\ltøm-spw kaq-l-øns {]iv\-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn- p- -Xn-\p Nm -ey-an- mø {]Xn-_- - X-tbmSpw tbmpn- n-t - n-bn-cn- p- p. 92. AXn-ep-]-cn, \ΩpsS lrz-b-ßƒ km h-{xni Iq m-bva-bn-te v B[n-Im-cn-I-ambn Xpd- n-cn- ptºmƒ, Cu kmtlm-z-cy-t_m[w H n-s\bpw Hcmsfbpw Hgn- p-\n Øp- n-. Cu tem-i-ønse klkr-jvsn-i-fpss t\ p \ΩpsS Aew-`m-htam {IqcXtbm, C -s - n \msf, a p a\p-jy-po-hn-itfmsp s]cp-am- sø _m[n- p-sa- Xv CXns A\p-_- -am-wv. \ap v Hcp lrz-bta D q; Hcp ark-tømsp lo\-ambn s]cp-am-dp- Xn-te p \sω \bn- p AtX \nir-jvsx, a m-fp-i-fp-am-bp \ΩpsS _ -ß-fn {]I-S-am-hm Gsd Xma-k-an. GXp krjvsn-s -Xn-cmb {Iqc-Ir-Xyhpw ""a\p-jy-al- Øz-Øn\p hncp- -amwv.'' 69 bmym y-øns GsX- nepw Hcp-hiw Ah-K-Wn- p- p-sh- n, kvt\ln- p- -h-cmwp \mw F p \sω- p-dn- p-xs Icp- Xm-\m-hn : ""kam-[m-\hpw, \oxnbpw, krjvsn-bpss kwc- Whpw Atß-b w ]c-kv]-c-_- n-x-amb aq p {]ta-b-ß-fm-wv, elq-i-c-w-hm-z-øn-te v Hcn- IqSn howp-t]m-imsx Ah th ]n-cn- p-hmt\m

94 Atßbv v kvxpxn shtδ-sd-bmbn ssiim-cyw-sn-øp-hmt\m Ign-bn.'' 70 F mw _ -s - -XmWv; ktlm-z-co-k-tlm-z-c- m F -\n-e-bn \Ωƒ a\p-jy sfiy-s v hnkva-b- I-c-amb Hcp Xo m-s-\-øn-em-wv Xs Hmtcm krjvsn-tbmspw sszh-øn-\p- Xpw kqcy-k-tlm-z-c- \p-ambpw N{μ-k-tlm-Z-cn-bp-ambpw \Zn-k-tlm-Z-c-\pambpw `q-anamxmhp-ambpw D -hm- -ey-øn \sω sfiy-s -Sp-Øp- -Xp-amb kvt\l-øm s\bvsx- SpØ Hcp Xo m-s\øn. VI. hkvxp- -fpss s]mxp-e yw 93. Cu `qan kmcmw-i-]-c-ambn Gh pw {]tbm- P\w- sn-øp-hm Dt±-in- p ^e-ß-tfm-sp-iq-snb ] p-h-bv -s ]nxrkz-ømwv F v C p \mw, hnizm-kn-i-fm-h-s A m-ø-h-cm-i-s, kω-xn- p- p. sszhw F m-h p-ambn temisø krjvsn- -Xn- \m, hnizm-kn-isf kw_- n- n-s-tøm-fw, CXv {kjvsm-hn-t\m-sp hniz-kvx-x-bpss Hcp Imcy-amWv. AXp-sIm v GXp ]mcn-ÿn-xnikao-]-\hpw, Zcn{ZcpsSbpw Zp _-e-cp-ssbpw auen-im-h-im-i-ßƒ IW- n-se-sp- p Hcp kmaq-lni]cn-t{] yw Dƒt t - n-bn-cn- p- p. kzim-cy-kzøv hkvxp- -fpss s]mxp-e- y-øn\p hnt[-b-am-bn-cn- -W-sa XØzhpw AXp-sIm v Hmtcm-cp-Ø pw Ah-bpsS D]-tbm-K-Øn-\p Ah-Im-ihpw kmaq-lni s]cpam- -Øns Hcp kph W-\n-b-aamWv; ""km m Kn- Ihpw kmaq-ln-i-hp-amb {Ia-Øns -bmsibpw BZy- {]-am-whpamwxv.'' 71 ss{ikvx-h-]m-c-ºcyw, kzim-cykz-øn-\p Ah-Im-isØ Hcn- epw \ncp-]m-[n-

krjvsn-bpss kphn-tijw 95 Itam Aew-L-\o-btam Bbn IW- m- n-bn- n- ; kzim-cy-kz-øns F m cq]-ß-fp-ssbpw kmaq-lni- Dt±iyw Xd- n- p-]-d- n- p-ap- v. ""Bscbpw Hgn-hm- m-sxbpw BtcmSpw ] -]m-xw-im- m-sxbpw F m AwK-ß-fp-sSbpw kw]p-jvsn- m-bmwv sszhw apgph a\p-jy-cm-in pw `qansb \ In-bXv'' 72 F p {]kvxm-hn- p-sim v hnip tpm t]mƒ c ma Cu {]t_m-[\w i n-]q hw Du n- -d- p. Ch i -amb hm p-i-fm-wv. ""a\p-jym-h-im-i-ßsf cmjv{s-ß-fp-ssbpw P\-X-I-fp-sSbpw Ah-Im-i-ß-f-S- w, hy n-]-chpw kmaq-ln-ihpw kmº-øn-ihpw cmjv{sob-hp-amb a\p-jym-h-im-i-ßsf BZ-cn- p-ibpw t{]m m-ln- n- p-ibpw snømø Hcp-Xcw hni-k\w bym - -Øn a\p-jy\p tbmpn- -Xm-bn-cn- n '' 73 F v At±lw Nq n- m- n. ""kzim-cy-kzøn-\p \nb-am-\p-kr-x-amb Ah-Im-isØ k` bym - Øn kwc- n- p- p-. F m, hkvxp- ƒ sszhw Ahbv p \ Inb s]mxp Dt±iyw km[n-t - XpsIm v F m kzim-cy-kz-øn-\pw-ta Hcp kmaq-lni ]Wbw Ft mgpw Ds v H pw Ahy- -X-bn- msx Ahƒ ]Tn- n- p-ibpw snøp p'' 74 F v At±lw kp-hy- -ambn hni-zo-i-cn- p. XXv^-e-ambn, ""Cu Zm\- Øns {]tbm-p-\-ßƒ Nne p-am{xw In p- -hn-[- Øn CXv D]-tbm-Kn- -s -Sp- Xv sszh-øns ] - Xn v A\p-kr-X-a '' 75 F v At±lw ]d- p. a\pjy-cm-inbn Hcp hn`m-k-øns A\o-Xn-I-c-amb ioeßsf CXp Kuc-hm-hl-ambn tnmzyw-sn-øp- p. 76

96 Atßbv v kvxpxn 94. ""Ccp-Iq- -scbpw krjvsn- Xv I Øm-hmWv'' (kp`m. 22:2) F -Xn-\m [\n-i pw Zcn-{Z pw Xpey-a-l-Øz-amWv D -Xv. ""Ahn-Sp- mwv hen-b-hs\bpw sndn-b-h-s\bpw krjvsn- Xv'' ( m\w 6:7); ""Ahn-Sp v injvs-cp-ssbpw ZpjvS-cp-sS-bpw-ta kqcys\ DZn- n- p p'' (a-øm. 5:45). CXn\v ]cmtkzbnse sa{xm- m Nq n- m- n-b-xp-t]m-ep {]mtbm- KnI A\- -c-^-e-ß-fp v: ""GsXmcp a\p-jy-hy- n pw (campesino), IpSpw_w ]pe Øp Xn-\pw Hcp hosp ]Wn-bp-hm\pw `{Z-amb Pohn-X-Øn-\pw-th n tpmen-sn-øp-hm\pw ] nb \ymb-amb `qan ]Xn- p-in- m-\p {]Ir-Xn-ZØ-amb Ah-Im-i-ap v. CXns hn\n-tbmkw anyy-bm-hmsx bym -am-bn-cn- -Ø- hn[w Cu Ah-Imiw kwc- n- -s -S-Ww. hkvxp- DSa-ÿ-Xbv p ]pdsa {Kmao-W-P-\-ßƒ v kmt Xn- I-hn-Zym-`ym-kw, hmbv], C jz-d kv, hn]-wn-iƒ F n-h-bpss am K-ß-fn-te p A`n-K-ayX D mhww.'' 77 95. {]Ir-Xn-]-cn-ÿnXn Hcp s]mxp\- bpw ki-ea\pjy-cm-in-bp-ssbpw ss]xr-ihpw F m-h-cp-ssbpw DØc-hm-Zn-Ø-hp-am-Wv. \mw Fs - nepw kz -am- p- p-s - n, F m-h-cp-ssbpw \ -bv p-th n AXns Imcy-hn-Nm-cn p \S-Øp-hm th- n-am{xamwxv. Aßs\ snøp- n-s - n, a p- -h-cpss AkvXnXzw \ntj[n- -Xns `mcw \mw \ΩpsS a\- m- n-bp-ss-ta Npa-Øp-I-bm-hpw. ""Zcn-{Z-cm-jv{SßfpsSbpw `mhn-x-e-ap-d-ifpssbpw \ne-\n-ev]n-\pth hn`-h-ßƒ temi-p-\-kw-jy-bpss 20 ix-

krjvsn-bpss kphn-tijw 97 am\wt] sim -b-sn- p- - coxnbn D]-tbm-Kn- ptºmƒ,'' ""\o sim -cpxv'' F Iev]\bv v F- mwv A -sa v \yqkn-em nse sa{xm- m tnmzn Xv AXp-sIm mwv. 78 VII. tbip-hns ISm w 96. sszhw ]nxm-hmwv F ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb kxyw Du n- -d- p-sim v {kjvsm-hmb sszh-ønep ss n-fnse hnizmkw tbip ]cn-k-wn p (cf.aøm. 11:25). tbip injy- m-tcmsp kwkm-cn- ptºmƒ, sszh-øn\v Xs F m krjvsn-i-fp-am-bp ]nxr-k-l-p-amb _ w Xncn dn-bp- -Xn\v, Ahsc Wn- p-am-bn-cp- p. Ah-tcm-tcm-cp-Øcpw sszh- ZrjvSn-bn {]m[m-\y-ap- -h-cm-sw v Gsd kvt\lhm-bvt]mss Ahn-Sp v Ahsc Hm an- n- p-am-bn-cp p: ""A p Ipcp-hn-Iƒ c p \mw-b-øp- n\p hn s -Sp- nt? Ah-bn H p-t]mepw sszh-k- n-[nbn hnkva-cn- -s -Sp- n '' (eq- m 12:6). ""BIm-i- Ønse ] n-isf t\m p-hn ; Ah hnx-bv p - n-, simøp- n-, If- p-c-bn tij-cn- p- p-an-. F n-epw, \nß-fpss kz K-ÿ-\mb ]nxmhv Ahsb Xo n-t m- p p'' (a-øm. 6:26). 97. hm -eyhpw hnkva-bhpw \nd {i {]Ir- Xn p \ In-s m v I Øm-hp-Xs {]Ir-Xn-bpambn ÿnc-amb kº Øn-em-bn-cp- -Xn-\m, temi-øn-ep kuμcyw {i n- p- -Xn\v a p- hsc Wn- p-hm Ahn-Sp-tØ p Ign- p. tzi-

98 Atßbv v kvxpxn søßpw k -cn- p-tºmƒ, Xs ]nxmhp hnx kuμcyw [ym\n- p-hm Ahn-Sp p ]e-t mgpw \n p-ibpw krjvshkvxp- -fn Hcp sszhn-iktμiw ImWp-hm injysc Wn- p-ibpw snbvxp: ""\nßƒ IÆp-I-fp-b Øn hb-ep-i-fn-te p t\m p-hn. Ah Ct mƒøs hnf p simbvøn\p ]mi-am-bn-cn- p- p'' (tbm-l. 4:35). ""kz KcmPyw Hcp-h hb-en ]minb ISp-Ip-a-Wn p kzriyw. AXv F m hnøn-s\-bpw-imƒ sndp-xmwv; F m, hf p- I-gn-bp-tºmƒ AXp a p snsn-isf- mƒ hep-xmwv'' (a-øm. 13:31 32). 98. tbip krjvsn-bp-ambn ]q W sfiy-øn Pohn- p-ibpw a p- -h Aº-c- p-ibpw snbvxp: ""Ch Bcv? Im pw IS-epw-t]mepw Chs\ A\pkcn- p- p-ht m?'' (a-øm. 8:27). temi-øn \n p amdn- \n p Hcp Xm]-k-s tbm Pohn-X-Ønse BÀm- Z-I-c-amb Imcy-ß-fpsS Hcp i{xp-hn-s tbm cq]ambn-cp- n Ahn-Sp-tØ-Xv. Xs - p-dn- p-xs Ahn- Sp p ]d p: ""a\p-jy-]p-{x ` n- p- -h\pw ]m\w-sn-øp- -h-\p-ambn h p. At mƒ Ah ]dbp p: "CXm, t`mp-\-{]n-b\pw ho p-ip-sn-b-\p-amb a\p-jy!''' (a-øm. 11:19). ico-c-søbpw {Zhy-sØbpw temi-h-kvxp- -sfbpw Ah- m-]q hw ho n XØz-im-kv{X-ß-fn \n v AI-se-bm-bn-cp p Ahn- Sp- v. F nepw AØcw A\m-tcm-Ky-I-c-amb Zzμ-hmZßƒ Ncn-{X-K-Xn-bn Nne ss{ikvx-h-nn- -I-cn ap{z-]-xn- p-ibpw kphn-ti-jsø hni-e-am- p-ibpw snbvxp.- sszhw krjvsn {Zhy-hp-ambp ssz\w- Zn-\ -_- -Øn tbip Xs Icßƒ-sIm p tpmen-

krjvsn-bpss kphn-tijw 99 sn-bvxp. Xs Ic-ssh-Z-Kv[yw-sIm v {Zhy-Øn\v Ahn-Sp v cq]w-\ In. H pw BZ-chp P\n- n- m-xncp efn-x-po-hn-x-ønse Cu ZuXy-Øn\p ka nxam-bn-cp p Ahn-SpsØ Pohn-X-Øns Gdn-b-] pw F Xv {it -b-am-wv: ""Ch adn-b-øns ai-\mb ac- -Wn- m-c-\t?'' (a t m. 6:3). Cu hn-[-øn Ahn-Sp v a\p-jym-[zm-\sø ]cn-]m-h-\-am- p-ibpw \ΩpsS hni-k-\-øn-\p khn-ti-j-amb Hcp {]m[m\yw AXn\p \ In A\p-{K-ln- p-ibpw snbvxp. hnip tpm t]mƒ c m-a ]Tn- n- Xpt]m-se, ""\ap- p-th n {Iqin- -s {InkvXp-hp-ambp sfiy-øn t iw kln- p-i-hgn a\p-jy Hcp-hn-[-Øn am\-h-cm-in-bpss hos -Sp- n-\v sszh- ]p-{x-s Iq m-fn-bm-ip p.'' 79 99. temi-sø- p-dn- p ss{ikvx-h-[m-c-w-bn BZn-ap-X t k n-ln-x-amb {InkvXp-c-l-ky-hpambn IqSn-t n-cn- p-i-bmwv ki-e kr-jvsn-bpssbpw `mk-t[bw: ""F mw Ah-\n-eq-sSbpw Ah-\pth- nbp-amwv krjvsn- -s - Xv'' (sim-tfm.1:16). 80 tbml- ms kphn-ti-j-øns BZn-`mKw (1:1 18) sszh-h-n\w (tem-tkm-kv) F - \n-e-bv p {InkvXp-hns k Km-flI {]h Ø\w shfn-s -Sp- Øp- p. F m, CtX hn\w ""amwk-ambn'' F p ]d-bp -Xn-te v, A{]-Xo- n-x-am-bn, Cu BZn-`mKw XpS-cp p (tbml. 1:14). Ipcn-ip-a-c-W-tØm-fw-t]mepw Xs `mk-t[bw krjvs-{]-]- -hp-ambn tn ØpsIm v {XnXz-Ønse Hcmƒ B {]]- -Øn-te p {]th-in- p.- temim-cw`w-ap-x t, F m khn-tij-ambn a\pjymhxmc-øn-eq-ss, {]mir-xn-i-tem-i-

100 Atßbv v kvxpxn Øn, samø-øn AXn-s kzbw-`-c-wsø l\n msx, ad- n-cn- p- - hn-[-øn {InkvXp-c-lkyw {]h -Ø\-\n-c-X-am-Wv. 100. `uan-i-\mb tbip-hn-s\bpw temi-hp-am-bp Ahn-SpsØ kv] i-\o-ba - mb kvt\l-_ - s - Ø-bpw""tPm ±m-\nse hnip spdmknakv;'' Kntbm Kn Znam-hns cn\ (Ccp]Xmw\q m- v)

krjvsn-bpss kphn-tijw 101 Ip-dn p am{x-a ]pxn-b-\n-baw \tωmsp ]d-bp- -Xv. Xs km h-{xni I Ør-Xz-Øm krjvsn-bn-se- ºmSpw k n-ln-x-\mb D n-x\pw al-øz]q W-\pambn AXv Ahn-SpsØ \ap p ImWn- p-x-cp p: ""Fs - m, Ah-\n k h-k-ºq W-Xbpw \nhkn- -W-sa p sszhw Xncp-a-\- m-bn. kz K-Ønepw `qan-bn-ep-ap F m hkvxp- -sfbpw Ah-\n-eqsS Ahn-Sp p Xt msv A\p-c-RvPn- n- p-ibpw Ah Ipcn-in Nn nb c w-hgn kam-[m\w ÿm]n- p- Ibpw snbvxp''(sim-tfm.1:19-20). ""sszhw F mh pw F m-am-ti- -Xn\v''(1 timdn. 15:28) ]p{x F mw ]nxm-hn-\p ka n- p bpkm- y-øn-te v D p-t\m- p-hm CXp \sω \bn- p- p. AXpsIm v, D n-x sszhn-i-c-l-ky-øn Cu temi- Ønse krjvsn-isf Xt msp tn Øp-h-bv p-ibpw Ah-bpsS e y-sa- -\n-e-bn kºq W-X-bn-te v Ahsb \bn- p-ibpw snbvxp-sim- n-cn- p- -Xn- \m Ah \ap v tihew {]mir-xn-i- th-j-øn ImW-s -Sp- n-. Ahn-SpsØ IÆp-Iƒ [ym\n- Xpw BZ-cn- Xpamb hb-ense ]q fpw ]dh-ifpw C v Ahn-SpsØ {]k-c-w-ap km n-[y-øm \ndw ]nsn- n- -s - n-cn- p- p.

102 Atßbv v kvxpxn A ymbw aq v ]mc-nÿnxni {]Xn-k- n-bpss am\p-jni thcp-iƒ 101. ]mcn-ÿn-xni {]Xn-k- n-bpss am\p-jni DZv`hw AwKo-I-cn- msx AXns e Wßsf- pdn p hnh-cn- p- Xv H pwxs klm-b-i-am-bncn- p-i-bn- -. a\pjypohn-xsøbpw am\p-jn-i-{]h Ø- \-søbpw a\- n-em- p Hcp \n nxcoxn \ap p- Np p-ap temi-øn\p Kpcp-X-c-amb lm\n Dfhm- p hn[-øn ]mfn-t m-bn-cn- p- p. \mw Aev]w \n v CXns\ pdn v Btem-Nn-t - -Xt? Cu L - Øn, kmt -XnIhnZy-bpsS {]_-e-amb amxribnepw temi-øn a\p-jy-hy- n-iƒ pw am\p-jni {]h Ø-\-Øn-\p-ap ÿm\-ønepw \mw {i ti{μo-i-cn- -W-sa v Rm \n t±-in- p- p. I. kmt -XnIhnZy: k Km-fl-I-Xbpw i nbpw 102. \ΩpsS kmt -XnI kma yw \sω Hcp \m -h-e-bn FØn Hcp \h-bp-k-øn-te v am\h-cmin {]th-in- n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. am -Øns

]mc-nÿnxni {]Xn-k- n-bpss am\p-jni thcp-iƒ 103 _rl-zvx-cw-k-ß-fpss; B-hn-b-{ -ßƒ, sdbn m-x- Iƒ, Iºn-bn- m-i-ºn, sshzyp-xn, Hmt m-sam-ss_-ep- Iƒ, hnam-\-ßƒ, cmkhyh-km-b-ßƒ, B[p-\nI Huj-[w, hnh-c-kmt -XnIhnZy XpS-ßn-bh-bpsSbpw Cu ASpØ ImesØ UnPn hnπhw, ssph-kmt -Xn-I-hn-Zy-Iƒ, \mt\m-km-t -XnIhnZy-Iƒ F nh-bp-ssbpw c p ixm-_vz- m-esø KpW-t`m m- -fmwp \mw. Cu apt - ßfn BÀm-Zn- p- Xpw Ah- \-ΩpsS apºn XpS p Xpd- p-x-cp h ]n km[y-x-i-sf- p-dn v Bth-iw-sIm- p- Xpw icn-bm-wv. Fs - m, ""imkv{xhpw kmt - Xn-I-hn-Zybpw sszhw \ Inb am\p-jni k Km-fl- I-X-bpsS hnkva-b-i-c-amb Dev]- -ß-fm-Wv. 81 '' D]- tbm-k-{]-z-amb e y-ßƒ p-th n {]Ir-Xn-sb -am- p- Xv Bcw`w apx Xs a\p-jy-ip-spw-_sø hyxy-kvx-am- n-bn- p- v. kmt -Xn-I-hn-Zy- Xs ""`uxn-i-]-cn-an-xn-isf kmh-imiw XcWw-sNøm a\p-jys\ t{]cn- n- p B -cni kwl -jsø {]I-Sam- p p'' 82 a\p-jy-hy- n-iƒ p tzmjw hcpøp-ibpw Ahsc ]cn-anx-s -Sp-Øp-Ibpw snøp AkwJyw Xn -Iƒ v kmt -XnIhnZy ]cnlmc-am-bn- p- v. Cu ]ptcm-k-xn-sb- p-dn v, hntijn v sshzyim-kv{x-øns bpw F Pn-\o-b-dnw-ßns bpw Bibhn\n-atbm]m-[n-I-fp-sSbpw cwk-ß-fnep -Xns\- p-dn- v, F{]-Im-c-amWv \ap v IrX- - Xbpw A`n-\-μ\hpw txm m-xn-cn- pi? hni-k\w kpÿncam- m -th n _Z am K-ßƒ \ Inb

104 Atßbv v kvxpxn \nc-h[n imkv{x- - m-cp-ssbpw F Pn-\o-b am-cpssbpw {]h Ø-\sØ Fß-s\-bmWv \ap v AwKo- I-cn- m-xn-cn- m km[n- pi? 103. D]-Imc{]Z-amb Km ln-tim-]-i-c-wßƒ apx henb KXm-KX hyh-ÿ-ifpw ]me-ßfpw si n-sßfpw s]mxp-ÿ-eßfpw-hsc, a\p-jy-po-hn-x-øns KpW-ta- -h n- n- m-\p kp{]-[m\ am K-ßƒ \n Ωn- m, \ mbn \nb-{ n- -s Sp-tºmƒ, kmt - XnIimkv{XØn\p km[n- pw. Iebv p cq]w simsp phm\pw `uxni temi-øn apgp-in-bn-cn- p a\pjysc kuμ-cy-øns temi-øn-te v ""IpXn p NmSp- -Xn\v'' {]m]vx-cm- m\pw AXn\p Ignbpw. Hcp hnam-\-øns tbm Aw_-c-Npw-_n-bmb Hcp ku[-øn-s tbm kuμ-cysø B mwp \ntj- [n- m Ign-bpI? Ie-bp-sSbpw kwko-x-øn-s bpw hne-s cn-\-iƒ Ct mƒ ]pxnb kmt -XnIhnZy- Isf {]tbm-p-\-s -Sp-Øp- p- v. AXp-sIm v, ]pxnb kmt -XnI D]-I-c-W-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn- p Hcmƒ Dt±-in- p kuμ-cy-ønepw B ku-μ-cy-sø- p-dn- p [ym\-ønepw Hcp A{]-Xo- nx apt w kw`hn- p- p. XXv^-e-am-bn, AXp-ey-amwhn[w am\pjniamb Hcp kwxr]vxn D m-ip- p. 104. F nepw BW-thm w, ssph-km-t -Xn-IhnZy, hnh-c-km-t -Xn-I-hn-Zy, \ΩpsS Un.F.-F-sb- p-dn- p Adnhv F n-hbpw \mw B n a - t\iw Ign-hp-Ifpw _rl-ømb i n-bmwv \ap p

]mc-nÿnxni {]Xn-k- n-bpss am\p-jni thcp-iƒ 105 \ In-bn-cn- p- Xv F Xpw AwKo-I-cn-t - -Xp- v. IqSp-X IrXy-ambn ]d- m, Cu Adn-hp- h v, {]txy-in v Ah D]-tbm-Kn- m th kmº- ØnI t{kmx- p-iƒ D -h v, ka-kvx-a-\p-jycmin-bp-ssbpw apgp-h temi-øn-s bpwta Ah axn- p-f-hm- p B[n-]Xyw \ Inbncn- p- p. am\hh K-Øn\v AXn-s ta Xs C{X-b-[nIw i n ap s]m-cn- -epw D m-bn- n-. F nepw AXv hnth-i-]q Æ-ambn D]-tbm-Kn- -s -Sp-sa- v, hntijn v Ct mƒ AXv D]-tbm-Kn- -s -Sp coxn ]cn- K-Wn- p-tºmƒ, Dd pxcp Xmbn H p-an-. Ccp- ]Xmw\q m- ns a y-øn h jn AWp-t_mw- _p-i-sf- p-dn- v, AYhm \mkn-khpw Iayq-Wn-khpw CXc- k-a-{km-[n-]xy-`-c-w-iq-s-ßfpw Zi-e- - -W- n\v P\ß-sf sim m D]-tbm-Kn kmt - XnIhnZy-bpsS \nc-sb- p-dn v \mw Nn n-t - - XmWv. B[p-\nI bp -Øn-\p- e-`n- p h ]n amc- Ii- n-bp Bbp-[-ti-J-c-sØ- pdn v ]d-tb- - Xn- t m. Bcp-sS- ssi-i-fn-emwv Cu i n- ÿnxnsnøp- Xv, AYhm AXv Ah-km\w FØn-t -cp- Xv? a\p-jy-h KØns sndnb Hcp `mk-øn\v AXv D m-bn-cn- p- Xv AXy w A]-I-S-I-c-am-Wv. 105. kmt -XnIhpw kmº-øn-i-hp-amb i n-bn \n v AXn-\m Øs bmym yhpw \ bpw kxyhpw kzb-tah {]h-ln- p p F t]mse, i n-bpss Hmtcm hf -bp-ssbpw A w """]ptcm- KXn-'bp-sS-Xs Hcp h \bm-sw- v,'' ""kpc- nx-

106 Atßbv v kvxpxn Xz-Ønepw {]tbm-p-\-]q Æ-X-bnepw t a-ønepw Du -kz-e-x-bnepap '' Hcp apt - -am-sw- v, ""...kwkvim-c-øns [mc-bn-te- p ]pxnb aqeyß-fpss Hcpƒs m- -em-sw v-'' 83 hniz-kn- m-\p Hcp {]h-w-x-bp- v. ""i n \ mbn D]-tbm-Kn- m ka-im-eni a\p-jy\v ]cn-io-e\w e`n- n- n '' 84 F - XmWv hkvxp- -X. Fs - m, \ΩpsS _rl-ømb kmt -XnI hni-k-\-tøm-ssm w am\p-jni DØ-chm-Zn-Ø-Ønepw aqey-ß-fnepw a\xkm n-bnepw hnik-\-ap- m-bn- n-. kz w ]cn-an-xn-isf pdn v Aev]w am{xw Ah-t_m[w D m-im-\p {]h-w-x-bmwv Hmtcm Ime-L- hpw ImWn- p- -Xv. Ct mƒ \ap p ap n-ep sh p-hn-fn-i-fpss Kuc-h-sØ pdn v \mw a\- n-em- m-xn-cn- m-\p- - km-[y-x-bp- v. ""a\p-jy Xs i n th hn[w D]-tbm-Kn- m-xn-cn- -Ø- hn[w Znh-kw-tXmdpw A]-I-S-km-[yX h n psim n-cn- p-i-bmw;v'' ^e-øn ""kzmx-{ y-øn A eo-\-am-bn-cn- p Xocp-am\w kw_- n DØc-hm-Zn-Ø-Øns `mjbn i n Hcn- epw ]cn- K-Wn- -s -Sp- n.'' Fs - m AXns ""\nb-a-ßsf mw Bhiyw F p- ]-d-b-s -Sp- -Xn \n v, D]- tbmktbm-ky-x, kpc- n-x-xzw Ch-bn \nt m, FSp- -s -Sp- -h-bm-wv.'' 85 F m a\pjyhy n-iƒ XnI pw kzbw-`-cwm[n-imcw D -h-c-. At_m-[- a\- ns bpw DS-s\-bp Bh-iy-ß-fp-sSbpw kzm Xm ]-cy-øn-s bpw A{I-a-Øn-s bpw A i- n-iƒ v G ]n- p-sim-sp- -s -Sp-tºmƒ,

]mc-nÿnxni {]Xn-k- n-bpss am\p-jni thcp-iƒ 107 \ΩpsS kzm-x{ yw aßn-t m-ip- p. Cu A - Øn, DØ-tcmØcw h n- p i n \ap- p-s - n-epw, \mw \ cmbpw A\mhrXcmbpw \n p- p. AXns\ \nb-{ n- m-\p apx q v \ap- n-. \ap v D]-cnπ-h-amb Nne kwhn-[m-\-ß-fp- v. ]t, ]cn-[n-iƒ \n -bn- m\pw hy -amb Nn m-k-xnbp Bfl-\n-b-{ Ww ]Tn- n- m\pw bym - - Øn Ign-bp `{Z-amb Hcp [ Ω-im-kv{Xhpw Hcp kwkvim-chpw Bflo-b-Xbpw \ap- p-s v Ah-Imi-s -Sm km[n- p-i-bn-. II. kmt -Xn-I-hn-Zybv v B[n-]-Xy-ap amxr-i-bpss BtKmfhXv -cww 106. ASn-ÿm\ {]iv\w IqSp-X Bgap -XmWv. th Xn-cn- m-øxpw GI-am\ap Xp-amb Hcp amxr- Ibv v A\p-kr-X-ambn a\p-jy-h Kw kmt -Xn-I-hn- Zy-sbbpw AXns hni-k-\-søbpw kzoi-cn- n-cn- p am K-am-W-Xv. \ymb-hm-z-]-chpw bp n-]q h- I-hp-amb \S-]-Sn-{I-a-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn v Hcp _mlyh-kvxp-hns\ {Iam-\p-K-X-ambn kao-]n- p-ibpw AXns ta B[n-]Xyw t\sp-ibpw snøp Hcp cn-bnxmhv F k sø Cu amxri Db Øn- m- p- p. imkv{xo-bhpw ]co- -W-]-c-hp-amb coxn ÿm]n- m-\p F m ]cn-{i-ahpw Cu cn-bnxmhv \S-Øp- p. AXv AXn Øs ssih-i-s -Sp-Øens bpw B[n]Xy-Øn-s bpw cq]m- -c-s -Sp-Ø-en-

- 108 Atßbv v kvxpxn s bpw Hcp kt -X-ambn Ign- n-cn- p- p. cq]-cln-xhpw Xo Øpw Ir{Xna-Øn-te v Xpd- -Xp-amb H ns km n- y-øn cn-bnxmhv Xs -Øs Is -Øp a n-em-wn-xv. a\pjy \nc- -c-ambn {]Ir-Xn-bn CS-s]- n- p- v. hfsc me-tø v AXns A w hkvxp- ƒxs \ Ip km[y- X-I-fpsS Xmf-Øn-s\mØpw Ahsb BZ-cn pw hym]- cn- pi F m-bn-cp- p {]Ir-Xn-Xs A\p-h-Zn- Xv. AXns ssibn \ns - -t]m-se kzoi-cn- p, Hcp Imcy-am-bn-cp p AXv. Ct m-gm-i-s, AXn\p hn]- co-x-ambn, {]Ir-Xn-bnse hkvxp- -fn ssih-bv p- -h-cm-bn-cn- p p \mw. km[y-am-b-sx mw Ah-bn \n v A]-l-cn- m \mw {ian- p- p. AtX-k-abw \mw ]e-t mgpw \ΩpsS ap n-ep bmym - ysø Ah-K-Wn- p-itbm hnkva-cn- p-itbm snøp- p. a\pjyhy n-ifpw `uxn-i-h-kvxp- fpw At\ym-\yw kulr-z-lkvxw \o m-xm-bn-cn- p p. B _ w G p-ap- -em-bn-øo n-cn- p- p. CXv A\- -tam -A- ]-cn-an-xtam Bb hf F Bibw kzoi-cn- p- Xv kpk-a-am- n-bn- p- v. kmº-øni imkv{x- - m pw apx aps p -h pw kmt -Xn-I-hn-Zybnse hnz-kv - m- pw CXv Gsd BI j-i-amsw v sxfn-bn- -s - n-cn- p- p. AXv A[n-jvTn-Xam-bn-cn- p- Xv `qan-bnse hn`-h-ßƒ A\- -am-bn e`n pw F \pw-bn-t em-wv. F m ]cn-[n- p-a- pdw Cu {KlsØ ]ngn v DW- p- -Xn-te v AXp \bn- p-ibpw snøp- p. ""Du hpw hn`-hßfpw A]-cn-an-X-amb Af-hn e`y-am-sw pw

]mc-nÿnxni {]Xn-k- n-bpss am\p-jni thcp-iƒ 109 Ahsb thkw ]p\xÿm]n- m Ign-bp-sa pw {]IrXn{Iaw NqjWw snøp- -Xns \ntj-[m-fli ^e-ßƒ -F-fp Øn Dƒs m- m km[n pw'' 86 F p-ap k w hymp-am-wv. 107. imkv{x-øn-s bpw kmt -XnIhnZy-bp-sS-bpw coxnsbbpw e y-ß-sf-bpw, hy n-i-fpss Pohn-Xßƒ pw kaq-l-øns {]h Ø-\-ßƒ pw cq]w \ Ip-, hn m-\-im-kv{x-]-c-amb Hcp amxr-i-bm- m-\p, Nne-t mƒ t_m[-]q h-a- m-ø, {]h-w- X-bn \n mwv C sø temi-øns A\-h[n {]iv\-ßƒ DZv`-hn- p- -sx p ]d-bmw. bmym y- Øns ta sam-ø-øn Cu amxri ASn-t -ev n- p- -Xns am\p-jn-ihpw kmaq-ln-i-hp-amb ^eßƒ ]cn-ÿn-xn-bpss A[x]X-\-Øn am{x-a ImW-s -Sp- -Xv. am\p-jn-ihpw kmaq-ln-ihpamb Pohn-X-Øns F m hi-ß-sfbpw _m[n- p elq- I-cWhmZ-Øns (reductionism) tih-e-amb Hc-Sbmfw IqSn-bm-WnXv, kmt XnI DXv]- -ßƒ \njv]- -a F v \ap v AwKo-I-cn-t - -Xp- v. Fs - m, i -amb Nne hn`m-k-ß-fpss XmXv]-cy-ßƒ B m-]n- p coxn-bn PohnX ssien-isf ]cph-s -Sp-Øp- -Xn-te pw kmaq-lni km[y-x-iƒ p cq]w simsp- p- -Xn-te pw FØn-t -cp Hcp N - qsv Ah -\n Ωn- p- p. tihew D]-I-c-W-kz-`m-hap- Xv F p txm n- p Xocp-am-\-ßƒ hmkvxh-øn \mw \n Ωn- m B{K-ln- p kaq-l-øns kz`mhsø p-dn- p Xocp-am-\-ß-fmWv.

110 Atßbv v kvxpxn 108. hyxy-kvx-amb Hcp kmwkvim-cn-i-am-xr-isb t{]m m-ln- n pibpw kmt -Xn-I-hn-Zysb tihew Hcp-]-I-c-W-ambn D]-tbm-Kn- p-ibpw snøpi F Bibw C m-eøv ANn yam-wv. kmt -XnI amxr- I-bpsS hn`-h-ß-fn- msx {]h Øn- pi F Xv hnj-a-i-c-am-bn-cn- p-ibpw B hn`-h-ß-fpss B cn- Ibp n v Iogvs -SmsX Ahsb D]-tbm-Kn- pi F Xv IqSp-X hnj-a-i-c-am-bn-cn- p-ibpw snø-ø- -hæw AXv A{X i -am-bn-øo n-cn- p- p. kmt -XnIhnZy-bn \n pw AXns sne-hp-i-fn \n pw BtKm-f-h-XvI-cn- m\pw \Ω-sf-sb mw AXpt]msebm m-\p-ap AXns i n-bn \n pw `mkn-i-am-sb- nepw kzx-{ -amb e y-ß-fp Hcp Pohn-X-ssien Xnc-s -Sp- pi F Xv kwkvimchncp- -ambnøo n-cn p- p. kmt -XnIhnZybv v Ccp-ºp-N- -bn AXns bp n-bn-te v F mw BKocWw snøm-\p {]h-w-x-bp- v. kmt -XnIhnZybm Np -s - -h v ""BXy- ni hni-i-e-\-øn em`-ønt\m a\p-jy-hw-i-øns kpÿn-xnt m th n-b AXp apt -dp- -sx pw B ]-Z-Øns G hpw auen-i-amb A -Øn i n-bmwv F m- n-s bpw taep I Ør-Xz-amWv AXns {]h Ø\tlXpsh pw \ m-b-dnbmw'' 87 XXv^-eambn, ""a\p-jy {]Ir-Xn-bp-sSbpw a\p-jy-{]-ir-xnbp-ssbpw \ LS-I-ßsf Ic-ÿ-am- p p.'' 88 Xocpam\w FSp- m-\p \ΩpsS Ignhv, IqSp-X bym - -amb Hcp kzmx-{ yw, Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cp-sS-bpw _Z {Inbm-fl-I-X-bv p CSw F nh Npcpßnt mip p.

]mc-nÿnxni {]Xn-k- n-bpss am\p-jni thcp-iƒ 111 109. kmt XnI-hn-Zybv v ta t m-bva-bp- -am-xri kmº-øn-ihpw kmaq-ln-i-hp-amb Pohn-X-Ønepw B[n-]Xyw ]pe Øm {]h-w-x- Im-Wn- p- p. em`w e y-am- n-s m- v, kmt -XnIhnZy a\p-jycn snep-øn-tb- m-hp \ntj-[m-fli kzm[o\- sø pdn v Bi- -bn- m-sx, kmt -Xn-I-hn-Zy-bnse F m ]ptcm-k-xn-sbbpw kºzvhyhÿ kzoi-cn- p p. bym kºzvhyh-ÿsb [\w ap n- f-bp- p. ASp-Ø-Im-esØ BtKmf kmº-øni {]Xn-k nbpss ]mt-ßƒ Dƒs m- -s - n-. ]mcnÿn-xni A[x]X-\-Øns ]mt-ßƒ \mw Gsd kmh-[m-\-amwv ]Tn- p- -Xv. Ct m-gsø kmº- ØnIimkv{Xhpw kmt -Xn-I-hn-Zy-bpw, F m ]mcnÿn-xn-i {]iv\-ß-sfbpw ]cn-l-cn pw F v Nne hr-ø-ßƒ A`n-{]m-b-s -Sp- p. BtKm-f-X-e-Ønep hni- n-s bpw Zmcn-{Zy-Øn-s bpw {]iv\-ßƒ hn]-wn-bpss hf tih-e-ambn ]cn-l-cn- p-sa v P\-{]n-b-ap- Xpw kmt -Xn-I-a- m-ø-xp-amb `mjbn, Ah hmzn- p- p. kºzv-hyh-ÿbpss {]h Ø-\-Øn-ep Ah-bpsS bym \n Δ-l- W-tØ- mƒ IqSp-X-embn Npcp- -ambn am{xw Bsc- nepw C p {]Xn-tcm-[n- m Xp\n-bp, Nne kmº- ØnI kn m- -ßƒ kw_- n v Ah v Ipd XmXv]-cy-ta-bp- p. hm p-iƒ-sim v B kn m- ßsf Ah ÿnco-icns - p-h-cn-. F n-cp- mepw, DXv]m-Z\Øns IqSp-X ka-xp-en-x-amb Xe-ßƒ, kº-øns IqSp-X sa -amb hnx-c-ww, ]cnÿnxnsb pdn- p Bi-, hcpw-x-e-ap-d-i-fpss

112 Atßbv v kvxpxn Ah-Im-i-ßƒ F n-h-sb pdn v Hcp XmXv]-cyhpw ImWn- m-sx, Xß-fpsS {]hr-øn-iƒ hgn Cu kn m- -ßƒ v Ah ]n XpW \ Ip- p. Ahsc kw_- n- n-s-tømfw ]c-am-h[n em`w D m- nbm axn F mwv Ah-cpsS s]cp-am w {]I-S-am- p- Xv. F nepw ka-{k-am-\p-jn-i-hn-i-k-\hpw kmaq-lniambn F m-h-scbpw Dƒs m- p- Xpw Dd- m- m Itºm-f-Øn\v AXn-\m -Xs Ign-bp-I-bn-. 89 AtXk-abw, ""Zp hy-b-øn-s bpw D]-t`m-K-kw-kvIm-c-Øns bpw kz`m-h-ap-, A]-am-\-ho-I-cn- p, C m-bvabpss Ct m-gsø Ah-ÿ-I-tfmSp _ -s v Akzo- Im-cy-amb Hcp sshcp y-øn\v cq]w simsp- p-, HcpXcw "AXn-hn-I-k\w' \ap- p- v.'' 90 ASn-ÿm\ hn`-h-ß-fn-te v Zcn-{Z v {Ia-amb {]th-i\w \ Im Ign-bp kmº-øni ÿm]-\-ßfpw kmaqlni DZy-a-ßfpw hni-kn- n- p- -Xn \Ω-sf mw hfsc kmh-[m-\-øn-em-wv. kmt -Xn-Ihpw kmº-øn- Ihpamb hf -bpss Zni, e y-ßƒ, A w, kmaq-lni kqn-\-iƒ F n-h-tbm-sp-_- -s -, \ΩpsS h Ø-am-\-Im-e-tXm hn-i-fpss G hpw Bg- Øn-ep thcp-iƒ Is -Øp- -Xn \mw ]cm-p-bs -Sp- p. 110. kmt -Xn-I-hn-Zy- p {]txy-i- ssh-zkv yw hnim-e-amb ImgvN- msv kzoi-cn p Xv hnj-a-i-cam- p- p.- A-dn-hns Xp m- p- Xv kaq Ø-amb {]tbm-k-ßƒ v klmbiamwv. F m ]et mgpw AXv apgp-h-s\bpw Ipdn- p, Imcy-ßƒ

]mc-nÿnxni {]Xn-k- n-bpss am\p-jni thcp-iƒ 113 XΩn-ep _ -ßsf p-dn- p, At mƒ A{]-k- -am-bn-øo-cp IqSp-X hnim-e-amb N{I-hmfsØ pdn p, hne-bn-cp-ø C m-xm-ip- -Xnte p \bn- p- p. Cu hkvxpxxs, C sø temi-ønse IqSp-X k o Æ-amb {]iv\-ßƒ, {]txy-in v ]cn-ÿn-xn-sbbpw Zcn-{Z-scbpw kw_- n h ]cn-l-cn- m ]cym-]vx-amb am K-ßƒ Is -ØpI F Xv ITn-\-am- p- p. Htc-Hcp ]cnt{]-jyøn \nt m Htc-sbmcp Iq w XmXv]-cy-ßfn \nt m Cu {]iv\-ßƒ ssiimcyw snøm Ign-bp-I-bn-. henb {]iv\-ßƒ p ]cn-lm-c-ßƒ \n t±-in- p Hcp imkv{xw, Ah-iy-ambpw XØzim-kv{Xhpw kmaq-lnikzm-nm-chpw Dƒs ss Adnhns a p- a-fi-e-ßƒ DXv]m-Zn- n- p hnh-c-ßfpw IW- n-se-sp-t - -Xm-Wv. F m C v B n- m {]bm-kap Hcp-io-e-am-WnXv. Hcp-h\v am K- \n tziw txsm-hp bym [m ΩnI N{I-hm-fß-fp-an-. PohnXw {ItaW kmt -XnIhnZy ]cphs -Sp-Øp Ah-ÿ-I-tfm-Sp Hcp-Io-g-S-ß-em-bn- Øo-cp- p. kmt -Xn-I-hn-Zy-Xs Akv-Xn-Xz-Øns A -Øn-te- p apjy-xm-t m-embn ho n- -s - Sp- p. \mw t\cn-sp kaq Ø-km-l-Ncy-Øn, ]mcnÿn-xni A[x]X-\w, DXvIWvT, Pohn-X-sØbpw kmaq-lni Pohn-X-sØbpw kw_- n e yt_m[w \jvs-s S F n-ßs\ sx v F m-sw p Nq n- m-wn- p At\Iw e -W-ßƒ D v. Hcn- q-sn, ""bmym y-ßƒ Bi-b-ß-tf- mƒ {][m\-am-wv'' 91 F p \mw a\- n-em- p- p.

114 Atßbv v kvxpxn 111. ]cn-ÿn-xn-hn- m-\o-b-]-c-amb kwkvim-csø aen-\o-i-c-w-øn-s bpw ]mc-nÿn-xni Po Æ-X-bpsSbpw {]Ir-Xn-hn-`-h-ß-fpsS timj-w-øn-s bpw DSs\-bp {]iv\-ßƒ p ASn-b- -chpw `mkn-i-hpamb {]Xyp-Ø-c-ß-fpsS Hcp ]c-º-c-bm-bn- Np-cp- m Ign-bp-I-bn-. Imcy-ß-sf- p-dn- p Hcp hyxy-kvx ho Ww, Hcp Nn m-ssien, \b-ßƒ, Hcp hnzym- `ym-k-]-cn-]m-sn, Hcp Pohn-X-ssien, Bflo-bX F nh H p-tn v kmt -XnIhnZym[n-]Xy]-c-amb amxr-i-bpss B{I-a-W-tØm-Sp sndp-øp-\n v krjvsn-t - -Xm-h-iy-amWv. A m-ø-]- w, ]cnÿnxnhn m-\o-b-]-camb G hpw \ DZy-a-ßƒ t]mepw AtX BtKm-f-h-XvIr-X-bp- n-bpss ]nsnbn s]- p-t]m-ipw. Db p-h-cp Hmtcm ]mcn-ÿn- XnI {]iv\-øn\pw Hcp kmt -XnI {]-Xn-hn[n am{xw txspi F m hmkvx-h-øn ]c-kv]-c-_- n-xambxns\ th s]-sp-øp-ibpw BtKm-f-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS bym hpw AXy-Km-[-Øn-ep- Xpamb {]iv\- ßsf aqsnhbv p-ibpw snøpi F m-wv. 112. F nepw, Hcn- qsn \ΩpsS ho -WsØ \ap p hnim-e-am- m Ign-bpw. kmt -Xn-I-hn-Zysb ]cn-an-x-s -Sp-Øm\pw Xncn- p-hn-sm\pw Bh-iy-amb kzmx{ yw \ap- p- v. IqSp-X Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb, IqSp-X am\p-jn-i-am-b, IqSp-X kmaq-ln-i-amb, IqSp-X ka-{k-amb as mcpxcw ]ptcm-k-xn-bpss tkh-\-øn \ap v AXns\ D]-tbm-K-s -Sp-Øm km[n- pw. kmt -XnIhnZy B[n-]Xyw ]pe Øp

]mc-nÿnxni {]Xn-k- n-bpss am\p-jni thcp-iƒ 115 Hcp amxr-i-bn \n p tamn\w Nne-t mƒ hmkvxh-øn kw`-hn- p- p- v. DZm-l-c-W-am-bn, sndp-ins Dev]m-Z-I-cpsS kl-i-c-w-kw-cw-`-ßƒ, aen\o-i-cww Ipd Dev]m-Z\ coxn-iƒ Ah-ew-_n- p-ibpw Pohn-X-Øn-s bpw hnt\m-z-øn-s bpw kaq-l-øns bpw D]-t`m-K-kw-kvIm-c-an- mø Hcp amxr-i-xn-cs -Sp- p-ibpw snøp-tºmƒ AYhm IqSp-X A -t mspw Ipd- -th-z\tbmspw IqSn Pohn- m P\ßsf bym -Øn klm-bn- p-sim- v, AhcpsS kaq Ø-{]-iv\-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn- m th n kmt -XnIhnZysb {]my-aniambn Xncn p-hn-sp-tºmƒ, As - n, \n -b-ambpw kuμcysø krjvsn- m\pw AXn-s\- p-dn p [ym\n m\p-ap A`n-emj-Øn-\v, kuμ-cy-ønepw AXp Z in- p -hcnepw kw`-hn p Hcp-Xcw c -bn-eqss, elq-i-c-whm- ZsØ ]cm-p-b-s -Sp-Øm km[n- p-tºmƒ Hcp ]pxnb ka-\zbw Bh-iy-s p-sim- v, bym - -amb Hcp a\p-jyxzw, Hcp AS- -hmxn-ens Iogn arzphmbn Hen- n-d-ßp aqs a p-t]mse GXm p {i n- -s -Sm-sX, \ΩpsS kmt -XnIhnZym-kw-kvImc-Øns a y-øn hkn- p- -Xmbn txm p- p. Cß-s\-sbm-s -bm-sw- n-epw, bym - -amb kie-xn-t\mspwiqsn, ZrV-amb sndp-øp-\n n Db p-h-cp hmkvzm\w \ne-\n - ptam? 113. k p-jvs-amb Hcp `mhn-bn P\ßƒ C\n-ta hniz-kn p- -Xm-bn-tXm- p- n F -h-kvxp-xbpw D v. temi-øns Ct m-gsø Ahÿ-bnepw

116 Atßbv v kvxpxn \ΩpsS kmt -XnI Ign-hp-I-fnepw A[n-jvTn-X-amb Hcp sa -s \mf-sb pdn p A -amb hnizmkw Ah n-. imkv{xo-bhpw kmt -XnI hnzym-]-c-hp-amb ]ptcm-k-xnsb am\-h-cm-in-bp-ssbpw Ncn-{X-Øn-s bpw ]ptcm-k-xn v Xpey-am-bn -IW- m- m Ign-bp-I-bn F hf p-h-cp Hc-ht_m[w, sa -s Hcp `mhn-bn-te- p am Kw as - hn-sstbm ÿnxnsnøp p F hf phcp t_m[w, \ne-\n p- p. CXv kmt -XnIhnZy \ap p XpS p hmkvzm\w snøp km[y-x-isf Xnc-kvI-cn- m th n-b-. F m a\p-jy-h Kw AKm-[-ambn amdn-bn-cn- p- p. \nc- -c-amb ]pxpa-ifpss k bw \sω Hcp -Zn-i-bn-te p ]nsn- p-h-en- p Hcp D]-cn-π-h-XzsØ Db Øp- p. im -ambn Pohn-X-Øn Bgw hos -Sp- pi {]bm-k-i-c-am-bn- Øo-cp- p. hmkvxp-hnzy Hcp Ime-L- -Øns ssnx- \ysø {]Xn-^-en- n- p psh n, \ΩpsS Iq si n-s-ßfpw hnc-k-amb A m vsa v kap- -b-ßfpw {]I-S-am- p- Xv BtKmfhXvIr-X- km-t -Xn-I-hn-ZybpsS kao-]-\søbm-wv. AhnsS ]pxnb DXv]- ßfpsS \nc- -c-am-b Hcp {]fbw Hcp apjn- GI-Xm- \-X-tbm-sSmØv \ne-\n p- p. CXn\p Iog-S-ßm \ap p hnkω-xn- mw. kie-xn-s bpw e ysøbpw A -søbpw Ipdn v B -cy-s -Sp- Xv \ap p XpS-cmw. A m-ø-] w Ct m-g-sø Ahÿbv v \mw shdpsx \nb-a-km-[p-x- \ IpIbmbncn- pw snøpi. iq\yx kln- m klm-bi-

]mc-nÿnxni {]Xn-k- n-bpss am\p-jni thcp-iƒ 117 amb ]emb-\-hm-z-øns \h-cq-]-ßƒ \ap v Bhiy-ambn hcpw. 114. Ch-sb mw ImWn- p- Xv [oc-amb Hcp kmwkvim-cni hnπ-h-øn \mw apt m p \otß- -Xns ASn-b- -cm-h-iy-am-wv. imkv{xhpw kmt -Xn-I-hn- Zybpw \njv]- -a-. Hcp {]{In-b-bpsS XpS w apx HSp w hsc hnhn[ Dt±-iy-ßfpw km[y-x-ifpw hnlcn- p- p- v. Ahbv v hy -amb cq]-ßƒ ssisim- m Ign-bpw. inem-bp-k-øn-te- p Hcp as w Bcpw \n tz-in- p- n-. ]t, D mb {Inbm-fl- Ihpw kpÿn-chpamb ]ptcm-kxn kzmb-ø-am- m am{x-a-, al-øz-sø pdn- p \ΩpsS A\n-b-{ n- X-amb anyym-[m-c-w-iƒ XqØp-am- nb aqey-ßfpw alm-e- y-ßfpw hos -Sp- m IqSnbpw \mw thkx Ipdbv pibpw Hcp hyxykvx coxn-bn bmym - y-øn-te p t\m p-ibpw thww. III. B[p-\nI \c-hw-i-ti-{μo-ir-xhm-z-øns {]Xn-k- nbpw ^e-ßfpw 115. sshcp ysa- p-]-d-b-s, bmym y-tø- mƒ Iq-Sp-X-embn kmt -Xn-I-Nn- -sb hne-a-xn- p- -Xn B[p-\nI \c-hwiti{μo-irxkn m w (anthropocentrism) FØn-t n-cn- p- p. Fs - m, ""\n hn- Im-c-amb Hcp {Ia-ambn, hkvxp-x-i-fpss Hcp XWp- tij-c-am-bn, tihew "\evi-s ' H m-bn, D]-

118 Atßbv v kvxpxn tbm-kn- m-hp Hcp km[-\-ambn, {]tbm-p-\-i-c-amb BIrXn \ Im-hp Hcp Akw-kvIrX ]Zm am-bn, kmt -Xn-I-hnZybp a\ v {]Ir-Xnsb ImWp- p. AXpt]mse-X-s, XnI DZm-ko-\-X-tbm-Sp- IqSn hkvxp- ƒ hen-s -dn-bm Ign-bp tihew Hcp ""iq\ym-imi'ambn AXp {]]- sø ho n- p- p.'' 92 Aß-s\, temi-øns ss\k KnI al-øz- Øns Imcy-Øn hn p-ho-gvn-bp- m-bn-cn- p- p. Cu temi-ønse Xß-fpsS bym ÿm\w Is - Øp -Xn a\p-jy-hy- n-iƒ ]cm-p-b-s -Sp-tºmƒ, Ah Xß-sf-Xs sx n- -cn- p-ibpw Xßƒ p- Xs FXn-cmbn {]h Øn- p- -Xn FØn-t -cp- Ibpw snøp- p. ""`qan- a\p-jy\v \ I-s - Xv AXns auen-i-amb kzp-t±iy-tøm-sp BZ-c-thm- Sp-IqSn Ah AXns\ D]-tbm-Kn-t - -Xn-\mWv.'' sszhw `qan-sb a\p-jy\p \ IpI am{x-a snbvx- Xv. a\p-jy Xs bpw Ah-\p sszh-øns Zm\- am-wv. AXp-sIm v Ah X\n p {]Zm\w snøs - n-cn- p kzm`m-hn-ihpw [m Ωn-I-hp-amb LS- \sb _lp-am-\n- Ww.'' 93 116. B[p-\n-IX Aan-X-amb Hcp \c-hwiti{μoirxkn- m wsim v ap{zn-x-am- -s - n-cn- p- p. C v AXv, as mcp thj-øn, ] p-tn-cp- - [m-c-w-bpssbpw kmaq-ln-i-_- -ßƒ i n-s -Sp-Øm-\p- - GXp ]cn-{i-a-øn-s bpw hgn-bn {]Xn-_ ambn XpS p \ne-sim- p- p. bmym y-ønepw AXpfhm- p ]cn-an-xn-i-fnepw \ho-irx {i -sn-ep-

]mc-nÿnxni {]Xn-k- n-bpss am\p-jni thcp-iƒ 119 tø kabw BK-X-am-bn-cn- p- p. hy n-i-fpssbpw kaq-l-øn-s bpw IqSp-X `{Zhpw ^e-{]-zhp-amb hni-k-\-øn-\p hyh-ÿ-bm-wn-xv. ss{ikvxh-\c-hw-i-imkv{x-øns A]-cym-]vX-amb Ah-X-cWw a\p-jy-hy- n-ifpw temihpw XΩn-ep _ sø pdn v sx mb Hcp [mc-w- n-s-bm- n. ]e-t mgpw \ I-s Xv temi-øns taep B[n- ]Xyw kw_- n Hcp "s{]maoønb ' Z i-\-ambncp- p. CXv {]IrXn kwc- Ww F Xv Zp _-elr-z-b am{xw {i n- p Ft m BWv F [mcw \ Ip-I-bp- mbn. adn- v, {]]- -Øn-s -taep \ΩpsS ""B[n-]-XysØ'' DØ-c-hm-ZnØt_m[- ap Imcy-ÿ-X-bpsS A -Øn IqSp-X DNnXambn a\- n-em- -Ww. 94 117. {]Ir-Xn p snøp D]-{Z-hhpw \ΩpsS Xocpam-\-ß-fpsS ]mc-nÿn-xni BLm-Xhpw \nco- n- p- -Xn-ep Ah-KW\, {]IrXnbpsS LS-\-I-fn Xs AS-ßn-bn-cn- p ktμ-i-tøm-sp A\mÿ-bpsS G hpw {it bamb AS-bmfw am{x-amwv. Hcp Zcn-{Zs, Hcp a\pjy{`qw-øn-s, `n -ti-jn- I-fp Hcm-fpsS GXm\pw DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ am{xamwv ChnsS simsp- p- -Xv- -tbm-ky-xsb bmym - yøns `mk-ambn AwKo-I-cn- p- -Xn \mw ]cm- P-b-s -Sp-tºmƒ, {]Ir-Xn-bpsS \ne-hn-fn-tiƒ p Xp {]bm-k-i-c-am-bn-øo-cp p; F mw ]c-kv]-c-_- n-xam-wv. a\p-jy-hy- n- bmym y-øn \n p kzmx{ yw {]Jym-]n- p-ibpw XnI B[n]-Xy-

120 Atßbv v kvxpxn tøm-sp-iqsn s]cp-am-dp-ibpw snøp-tºmƒ, \ΩpsS Pohn-X-Øns ASn-Ø-d-Iƒ Xs XI-cm XpSßp p. Fs - m ""krjvsn-bpss {]h Ø-\-Øn sszh-øns kl-imcn F \ne-bn-ep Xs ] v \n h-ln- p- -Xn-\p-]-Icw, a\p-jy Xs Øs sszh-øns ÿm\øp {]Xn-jvTn- p-ibpw Aßs\ {]Ir-Xn-bpsS `mk-øp\n v Hcp Iem-]-Øn\v {]tim- ]-\-ap- m- p-ibpw snøp p-'' 95 118. Cu Ahÿ ÿnc-amb Hcp Cc hy n-xz- Øn-te- p -\-bn- n-cn- p- p. XmWXcw Pohn-I-fn ss\k KnI aqey-sam pw ImWmØ kmt -XnI hnzym[n-]-xy-tøm-ssm w G hpw Atß-b- Øv a\pjy-hy- n-i-fn {]txy-iaqeyw ImWmØ Nn m-k- Xn-bp-ap- v. F m Hcp-h\v a\p-jy-h KØn \n v H s p Nn n- m Ign-bp-I-bn-. a\p-jy-hw-i- Øns Xs \hoi-c-w-an- msx, {]Ir-Xn-bp-am-bp \ΩpsS _ w \ho-i-cn- m km[n- p-i-bn-. axnbmb Hcp \c-hw-i-im-kv{x-an- msx ]cn-ÿnxn hn m-\obw D m-im Ign-bp-I-bn-. a\p-jy-hy- nsb a p- -h-bpss Iq -Øn tihew Hcp Pohnbm-bn, BI-kvan-I-X-bp-sStbm `uxni kml-n-cy-ßfp-sstbm Hcp D-Xv]- -ambn IW- m- p-tºmƒ ""\ΩpsS samø-øn-ep DØ-c-hm-ZnØt_m[w bn- p p.'' 96 hgn-sx- nb Hcp \c-hw-i-ti-{μo-ir-xhmzw ""ssph-ti-{μo-bx'' v Ahiyw Iog-S-tß- - Xn-. Fs - m AXv, h Ø-am-\-Im-e-{]-iv\-ßƒ ]cnlcn- p- -Xn ]cm-p-b-s -Sp-Ibpw ]pxn-bh Iq n-

]mc-nÿnxni {]Xn-k- n-bpss am\p-jni thcp-iƒ 121 t p-ibpw snbvxp-sim- v, as mcp Ak- p-en- XXzwIqSn A\n-hm-cy-am- p- p. AtX-k-a-bw, a\p-jyhy nifpss Adn-hn-s bpw C -bp-ssbpw kzmx-{ y- Øn-s bpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-Øn-s bpw InS-b Ign-hp- Iƒ AwKo-I-cn- -s -Sp-Ibpw hne-a-xn- -s -Sp-Ibpw snøm-ø-]- w, temi-tømsv Ah v DØ-chmZnØw A\p-`-h-s -Sp-sa v {]Xo- n- m Ign-bpIbn-. 119. hgn-sx- nb Hcp \c-hw-i-ti-{μo-ir-x-hmz-øns hna i\øns t]cn hy n-iƒ XΩn-ep _ - Øns {]m[m-\ysø hne-ip-d p ImWm ]msn-. ]cn-ÿnxnhn m-\o-b-]-c-amb Ct m-gsø {]Xnk n B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS [m Ωn-Ihpw kmwkvim-cn- Ihpw Bflo-b-hp-amb {]Xn-k- n-bpss Hcp sndnb AS-bm-f-am-sW- n, auen-i-amb F m am\p-jn-i- _- -ß-sfbpw kujy-am- msx {]IrXn-tbmSpw ]cnÿn-xn-tbm-sp-ap \ΩpsS _ w kpj-s -Sp-Ømsa v \ap p k -ev]n- m Ignbp-I-bn-. a p krjvsn-i-tf- mƒ D]-cn-bmbn a\p-jy-hy- n-iƒ v Hcp khn-tij aløzw D -Xmbn ss{ikvx-h-nn ImWp- p. Aßs\ AXv Hmtcm hy n-sb-bpw-ip-dn- p axn pw A\y-tcm-Sp BZ-chpw a\- n ZrVambn ]Xn- n- p- p. Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw Adn-bm\pw kvt\ln- m\pw kwhm-z-øn G s -Sm\pw Ignbp Hcp ""Xm ƒ'' BWv A\y. B A\y-tcmSp Xpdhn a\pjy-hy- n-iƒ F -\n-e-bn-ep \ΩpsS amlm-fly-øns t{kmx- mbn \ne-sim- p- p.

122 Atßbv v kvxpxn krjvs-tem-i-tøm-sp icn-bmb _ w Bh-iy-s - Sp- Xv sszhw F ""Aß''tbmSp \ΩpsS Xpdhn-bpsS AXo-{μn-b-am-\-tØ- mƒ A[nIw Ipd-bmsX, A\y-tcm-Sp Xpd-hn-bpsS Cu kmaqln-i-am\w \mw Zp _-e-am- -cpxv F m-wv. ]cn-ÿn-xn-tbm-sp \ΩpsS _ sø A\y-tcmSpw sszh-tøm-sp-ap \ΩpsS _ -Øn \n v Hcn- epw H -s -Sp-Øm km[n- p-i-bn-. As n AXv, izmkw-ap n p Hcp A h Øn-Xz-Øn \sω ]q n-bn- p-sim- v, ]mcn-ÿn-xn-i- thj-a-wn Imev]-\nI hy n-hmztø- mƒ IqSp-X H pw Bbn-cn- p-i-bn-. 120. ki-expw ]c-kv]cw _ n-x-am-b-xp-sim- v, {]Ir-Xn-kw-c- -W-sØ pdn p Bi K `- n-{z- Øns \oxo-i-c-w-hp-ambn tn p-t]m-ip- -X-. Hcp a\p-jy-{`q-w-øns km n[yw AkpJ-I-chpw sshj-ay-ßƒ krjvsn- p- -Xp-am-bn-cn- p-tºmƒt]mepw, AXns\ kwc- n- p- -Xn \mw ]cm-p-bs -Sp-I-bm-sW- n, B{I-a-W-hn-t[-b-am-Im-hp CXc Pohn-I-sf pdn p DXvI-WvT-bpsS, Ah F{X-Xs D]-{Z-h-I-chpw Aku-I-cy-{]-Z-hp-am-sW- n t]m-epw {]m[m\yw Bflm -ambn \ap v Fßs\ ]Tn- n- m Ignbpw? ""]pxp-xmbn FØp Pohs\ kzoi-cn- Ww F t_m[w, hnim-cw, hy n-iƒ pw kaq-l-øn\pw C m-xm-ip-tºmƒ, kaq-l-øn\v Bh-iy-amb CX-c-aq-ey-ßfpw AwKo- I-cn- m-\p at\m-`m-hhpw Iqº-S- p-t]m-ipw.'' 97

]mc-nÿnxni {]Xn-k- n-bpss am\p-jni thcp-iƒ 123 121. C -gn ixm-_vz-ß-fnse hymp-hm-z-ßsf ]cm-p-b-s -Sp-Øm {]m]vx-amb Hcp ]pxnb ka\zbw \mw hni-kn- n-t - -Xm-Wv. AXns kz w X\n-a-tbmSpw tbip-{in-kvxp-hn \n v AXp kzoi-cn- n- p kxyøns kº- -amb \nt -]- tømspw hniz-kvxx ]pe Øn-s m- v, amdp Ncn- {X-]-c-amb kml-n-cy-ß-fp-am-bp ^e-{]-z-amb kwhm-z-øn, Cu hnj-b-ß-sf- pdn v {InkvXo-bX XpS p hnnn- \w snøp- p. Aßs\ snøp-tºmƒ AXv AXns \nxy-\q-x-\xzw shfn-s -Sp-Øp-IbmWv. 98 {]mtbm-kni Bt]- n-i-xm-hmzw 122. hgn-sx- nb Hcp \c-hw-i-ti-{μo-ir-x-kn- m w hgn-sx- nb Hcp Pohn-X-ssi-en-bn-te p \bn- p- p. \ΩpsS Ime-L- -Øns e -W-amb {]mtbm-kni Bt]- n-i-xm-hmzw ""ssk m- ni {]mtbm-kn-i-hm- Z-tØ- mƒt]mepw IqSp-X A]-I-S-I-c-amWv'' 99 F v ""kphn-ti-j-øns B\μw'' (Evangelii Gaudium) F A -kvtxm-eni DZvt_m[\-Øn Rm \nco- n- p-i-bp- m-bn. a\p-jy-hy- n-iƒ Xß-sf-Øs ti{μ-ÿm-\øp {]Xn-jvTn- p-tºmƒ, DS-s\-bp kui-cy-øn\v Ah XnI ap KW\ \ -Ip-Ibpw as mw Bt]- n-i-ambnøocp-ibpw sn-øp p. AXp-sIm v kmt -XnIhnZym-[n-]-Xy-Øns k hhym]n-bmb amxritbmspw A\n-b-{ n-x-amb a\pjyi n-bpss D]m-k-\-tbmSpw tn v, Hcp-hs DSs\- bp kz w XmXv]-cy-ßƒ v klm-b-i-amim-ø-

124 Atßbv v kvxpxn ]- w, F mw A{]-k- -am-sw p ImWp Hcp Bt]- n-i-xm-hm-z-øns DZbw Z in- p- -Xn \mw AXn-i-bn-t - -Xn-. Ch-bn-se mw Hcp bp nbp- v. X q-ew, ]mcn-ÿn-xni A[x-]-X-\-Øn-te pw kmaqlni Po ÆX-bn-te pw \bn- p-sim- v, hyxykvx at\m-`m-h-ßƒ v At\ym\yw t]mjn- n- m Ign-bpw. 123. as m-cmsf {]tbm-p-\-s -Sp-Øm, A\y-cp-sSta \n _- nx tpmen ASn-t -ev]n- pitbm AhcpsS IS-ßƒ ho m Ahsc ASn-a-I-fm- p-itbm snbvxp-sim- v Ahsc tihew hkvxp- -fmbn Icp- Xm Hcp-hs\ t{]cn- n- p AtX- {I-a`wKwX-s bmwv Bt]- n-i-xm-hm-z-øns kwkvim-cw. CtXXc-Øn-ep Nn Ip n-i-fpss ssewkn-i-nq-j- W-Øn-te pw \ΩpsS Xmev]-cy-ßƒ v C\n DX- ImØ htbm[nisc Dt]- n- p- -Xn-te pw \bn- p- p. CXv C{]-Imcw ]d-bp- -h-cpss at\m-`m-hw- Iq-Sn-bmWv: \ap v kºzvhyhÿsb \nb-{ n- m hn]-wn-bpss AZr-iy-i n-isf A\p-h-Zn- p-ibpw A{]-[m\ kam- -c-\jvsw F \ne-bn kaq-l-øns bpw {]IrXn-bp-sSbpwtaep Ah-bpsS BLm- X-sØ- p-dn p ]cn-k-wn- p-ibpw snømw. \ΩpsS kz w A`n-em-j-ß-fp-sSbpw DS-s\-bp Bh-iyß-fp-sSbpw kwxr-]vxn-b- msx hkvxp-\n-jvt-amb kxyß-fp-sstbm `{Z-amb XØz-ß-fp-sStbm A`mh-Øn, a\p-jy- -S-Øv, kwl-snx Ip -Ir-Xy-ßƒ, ab- p-a-cp- p-hym-]m-cw, Iem-]-Im-cn-Isf klm-bn- m th n A\-[n-Ir-X-ambn Ipgn-s -Sp- p

]mc-nÿnxni {]Xn-k- n-bpss am\p-jni thcp-iƒ 125 h{pß-fp-ssbpw (blood diamonds) hwi-\miw t\cn- Sp Pohn-I-fpsS tcma-øn-s bpw hmwnpyw F nhbpssta F p ]cn-[n-i-fmwp hbv m km[n- pi? ]p\ hn-ev]-\t m ]co- -W-Øn D]-tbm- Kn- mt\mth n Zcn{ZcpsS Ah-b-h-ßƒ hmßp- - Xn-s\, AYhm amxm-]n-xm- - m B{K-ln- Xv Ahscb- m-ø-xp-sim v Ip n-isf C m-xm- p- -Xns\ \oxo-i-cn- p- Xv CtX Bt]- n-ixm-bp nxs bt? bym -Øn Bh-iy-ap- -Xn-t\- mƒ IqSp- X D]-tbm-Kn- m-\p {Ia-c-ln-X-amb tamlw ImcWw, ""D]-tbm-Kn p Zqsc-sb-dn-bpI'' F CtX bp n hf-sc-tbsd ]mgvs -ehv Df-hm- p- p. ]cnÿn-xnsb _m[n- p {]h Ø-\-ßƒ XS-bm cmjv{sob]cn-{i-a-ßtfm \nb-a-øns i ntbm axnbmipw F p \mw hnnm-cn- m ]msn-. Fs - m, kwkvim-cw-xs Zpjn- n-cn- p-ibpw hkvxp-\njvtamb kxyhpw km h-{xn-i-ambn km[p-x-bp XØzßfpw Db Øn- n-sn- -s -Sm-Xn-cn- p-ibpw snøptºmƒ, \nb-a-ßsf tkz m-]-c-amb ASn-t -ev]n- ep-itfm Hgn-hm- -s -ts {]Xn-_- -ßtfm am{xamtb ImWm Ign-bq. sxmgn kwc- n-t - -Xns Bhiyw 124. \n h-n-\-{]-imcw a\p-jy-hy- n-isf Hgn-hm- mø Hcp ka{k ]cn-ÿnxnhn m-\o-b-tøm-sp GXp kao-]-\-hpw, hnip tpm t]mƒ c m-a At±-l-Øns "a\p-jy-{]-b-xv\-sø- p-dn v' (Laborem Exercens) F Nm{In-I-te-J-\-Øn hnth-i-]q hw

126 Atßbv v kvxpxn \nco- n- n- p- -Xp-t]mse, A zm-\-øns aqeyw IW- n-se-sp-t - -Xm-Wv. krjvsnsb kw_- n ss n-fnse hnh-cww A\p-k-cn- v, sszhw Xm krjvsn txm w (cf. Dev]. 2:15) \ne-\n Øm (""kwc- n- m '') am{x-a AXns\ ^e-k-ar- -am- m\pw (""Irjn-sN-øm\pw'') ]pcp-j-s\bpw kv{xosbbpw Ahn-sS-bm- n. Aßs\ sxmgn-em-fn-ifpw Ic- Iu-i-e- mcpw ""temi-øns LS\ \ne-\n Øp p'' ({]`m. 38:34). krjvs-tem-isø hnth-i-]q Æ-amb coxn-bn hni-kn- n- p-i-bmwv AXns\ ]cn-n-cn- m- \p G hpw \ am Kw. Fs - m, CXns A w sszhw-xs hkvxp- -fn Bte-J\w snbvxn- p km[yx ]pd-øp-sim- p-h-cm \mw- Xs Ahn-Sp v D]-tbm-Kn- p D]-I-c-Wambn- Øocp p F m-wv. ""I Ømhv `qan-bn \n v Huj- [-ßƒ krjvsn p; _p n-bp- -h Ahsb Ah-K- Wn- p-i-bn '' ({]`m. 38:4). 125. a\p-jy-hy- n-ifpw \ap- p-np- p-ap temihpw XΩn-ep icn-bmb _ -sø- p-dn v \mw hnnn- \w snøp- -]- w, sxmgn-ens\ kw_- n Hcp icn-bmb [mc-w-bpss Bh-iy-IX \ap p ImWmw. a\p-jy-hy- n-ifpw hkvxp- fpw XΩn-ep _ sø pdn v \mw kwkm-cn- p-i-bm-sw- n, F m am\p-jn-i-{]-h Ø-\-Øn-s bpw A hpw e y-hpw kw_- n tnmzyw DZn- p p. Ic-thetbmtSm Im jnihrøntbmssm am{x-a-, Hcp kmaq-lni dnt m v Xøm-dm- p- Xp apx

]mc-nÿnxni {]Xn-k- n-bpss am\p-jni thcp-iƒ 127 kmt XnI hnzym-]-c-amb Hcp hni-k-\-øns cq]- tc-j-h-sc, \ne-hn-ep bmym y-øn Hcp am w Dƒs m- p GXp {]h Ø-\-tØmSpw _ -s - -Xm-Wn-Xv. sxmgn-ens F m cq]-ßfnepw A `hn- n-cn- p- Xv \tωm-sp-xs b msx \ap- p- m-im Ign-bp- Xpw D m-ti- -Xp-amb _ w kw_- n Hcm-i-b-amWv. A o-kn-bnse hnip {^m ko-kn \mw ImWp, krjvsnsb kw_- n hnkva-b-`-cn- X-amb hnnn- -\-tøm-ssm-øv, ss{ikvxh Bflo-b- ]m-c-ºcyw, DZm-l-c-W-ambn hmgvø-s Nmƒkv sz ^ut mƒzn-s bpw A\p-bm-bn-I-fp-sSbpw Pohn-X- Øn-se- t]mse, sxmgn-ens A -sø- p-dn v kº hpw ka-xp-en-x-hp-amb Hcp [mc-wbpw hnikn- n- n- p- v. 126. B{i-a-Po-hn-X-Øns al-ømb ]mc-º-cy-ønte pw \ap p t\m m-hp- -XmWv. BZy-ImeØv AXv temi-øn \n- p Hcp-Xcw ]em-b-\-am-bn-cp- p, \K-c-ß-fpsS Po Æ-X-bn \n p Hcp c s S. sszh-km- n[yw A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn- m G hpw tbmpn ÿew acp-`q-an-bm-sw t_m y-øn k\ym-knam acp-`qan txsn-t m-bn. ]n o-sv, {]m \- sbbpw Bflob hmb-\-sbbpw Imbn-Im- zm-\- tømsp tbmpn- n- p-sim v (ora et labora) Xs k\ymkn-am kaq-l-ambn Pohn- -W-sa v t\m knbm-bnse hnip s_\-univsv \n t±-in- p. Imbn-Im- zm\w Bflo-b-ambn A -]q Æ-am-sW p ImWp- Xv hnπ-h-i-c-am-sw p sxfn- p. [ym\-øn-s bpw

128 Atßbv v kvxpxn sxmgn-en-s bpw ]c-kv]-c-{]-h Ø-\-Øn hy n-]camb hf bpw hnip- nbpw At\zjn- -s -Sm CSbm n. sxmgn ]-cn-n-b-øns Cu am Kw \sω ]cn-ÿn-xnsb kw_- n v IqSpX kwc -W-t_m- [hpw BZchpw D -h-cm- p p. AXv temi-hp-ambp \ΩpsS _ sø Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb Hcp ka- Nn-Ø-X-tbm-Sp-IqSn Dƒs m- p- p. 127. ""a\p-jy-\mwv kmaqlni -km-º-øn-i-po-hn-x- Øns hn[m-xmhpw ti{μ-_n-μphpw e yhpw'' 100 F v \ap v t_m y-ap- v. F n-cp- m-epw, [ym\- Øn\pw BZ-c-hn-\p-ap am\p-jn-i-tijn Zp _eambn gn-bp-tºmƒ, sxmgn-ens A w sx n- -cn- -s -SpI Ffp- -am-bn-øo-cp- p. 101 kv{xo]p-cp-j- m v ""Ah-cpsS `mk-t[bw sa -s -Sp-Øm\pw AhcpsS [m Ωn-I-h-f h n- n- m\pw Ah-cpsS Bflobkn n-iƒ hni-kn- n- m-\p-ap Ignhp v'' 102 F p \mw Hm t - -Xm-Wv. hy n-bpss kº- -amb Cu hf -bv p ] m-øew sxmgn Bbn-cn- -Ww. AhnsS {Inbmfl-I-X, `mhn- pth- n-bp Bkq-{X-Ww, \ΩpsS Ign-hp-I-fpsS hnim-kw, \ΩpsS aqey-ß-fn Pohn- p-i, A\ytcmSp _ -s -Sp-I, sszh-øn\p aløzw \ IpI F n-ßs\ Pohn-X-Øns [mcmfw hi-ßƒ I Ω- \n-c-x-am-ip- p. C sø BtKm-f-h-XvIrXk-aq-l- Øns bmym - y-øn, _nkn-\- ns ]cn-anx XmXv]cyßfpw kwi-b-i-c-amb kmº-øni bp nbpw F m-bm-epw, ""F m-h pw ÿnc-amb

]mc-nÿnxni {]Xn-k- n-bpss am\p-jni thcp-iƒ 129 sxmgnens e`yx F e y-øn\v \mw XpS p ap K-W\ \ ti- Xv'' 103 AXym-h-iy-am-sW v CXn \n- p kn n- p- p. 128. tpmen- p Hcp hnfn-tbm-sp-iq-sn-bmwv \mw krjvsn- -s - -Xv. kmt -XnIhnZy-bpsS ]ptcmkxn h n- -txm-xn a\p-jys {]h Ø-\-Øn\v ]Ic-am-IWw F -Xm-bn-cn- -cpxv e yw. Fs - m, CXv a\p-jy-h K-Øn\v lm\n-i-c-am-bn-cn- pw. tpmen Hcm-h-iy-am-Wv, Cu `qan-bnse Pohn-X-Øns A - Øns `mk-am-wxv, hf -bn-te pw am\p-jn-i-hn- Im-k-Øn-te pw hy n-]-c-amb kwxr]vxn-bn-te- pap Hcp ]mx-bmwv. Zcn-{Zsc kmº-øn-i-ambn klm-bn- p- Xv Ft mgpw ASn-b- -cm-h-iy-ß-fpss ] m-ø-e-øn-ep Hcp XmXv m-eni ]cn-lm-cambncn -Ww. tpmen-bn-eqss amlmfly-ap Hcp PohnXw Ah p \ Ip-I-bm-bn-cn- Ww Ft mgpw hnim-e-amb e yw. F nepw kºzvhyhÿbpss ]cn-jvi-cww A\p-Iqen p Xv sxmgn-em-fn-isf ]ncn- p-hn pw Ah p ]Icw b{ -ßƒ ÿm]n pw DXv]m-Z-\-s -ehp Ipd-bv p kmt -Xn-I-hn-Zy-bpsS Hcp-Xcw ]ptcmkxn-sb-bm-wv. ho pw CXv \aps XnscXs \mw {]h Øn- p- -Xn-te v FØnt -cp as mcp am K-am-Wv. sxmgn -\jvsw ""{ItaW \jvs-am-bn-s m- n-cn- p kmaq-lni aqe[\w hgn'' kºzvhyhÿ-tbbpw {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n- pw. ""]c-kv]-c-hn-izm-k-øn-s bpw ]c-kv]cw B{i-bn- p -Xn-s bpw \nb-a-ß-tfm-sp BZ-c-hn-t\m-Sp

130 Atßbv v kvxpxn _ -ß-fpsS irwj-esb'' AXv {]Xn-Iqeambn _m[n- pw. ""taev]-d _ w GXp kaq-l-ønepw kl-h ØnXzw D m-ip- -Xn\v A\p-t] -Wo-b-am- Wv.'' 104 a p-hm- p-i-fn ]d- m, ""am\pjn-i-amb sne-hn Ft mgpw kmº-øn-i-amb snehv Dƒs - n-cn- pw. AXp-t]mse kmº-øn-i-amb hni-e-{]- h Ø\w am\p-jn-i-amb sne-hn\p Imc-W-am-Ipw.'' 105 {lkz-im-e-tø v IqSp-X henb kmº-øn-i-t\ w e`n- m th n Bfp-I-fn-ep \nt -]w Ah-km- \n- n- p- Xv kaql-sø kw_- n v tami-amb _nkn-\- m-wv. 129. sxmgn \ Ip- Xp XpS-cm th- n, DXv]mZ\- ]-c-amb sshhn-[y-søbpw _nkn-\ v kw_- n k Km-fl-I-X-sbbpw A\pIqen- p Hcp kºzvhyhÿsb t{]m m-ln- n-t - Xv AXym-h-iyamWv. DZm-l-c-W-am-bn, temi-p-\-x-bpss henb Hcp `mk-øn\v Blmcw \ Ip-, h txm-xn sshhn- [y-am, sndp-ins `t ym-xv]m-z\ k{º-zm-b-ßƒ D v. sndnb Im jni Xp p-`qan-i-fn-em-bmepw ]gtøm- -ß-fn-em-bmepw ] - -dn-tøm- -ß-fn-em-bmepw \mbm- n-em-bmepw kzm`m-hni ]cn-ÿnxnbn - \n p hn`-h-ti-j-cwøntem (wild harvest) \ms a y-_- -\-Øn-tem Bbm-epw, Ah anx-amb Afhnte `qan D]-tbm-Kn- p-ibpw Ipd- -txm-xn am{xta amen\yw DXv]mZn n p-ibpw snøp- p q. IqSp-X henb ]cn-am-w-ßƒ (economies of scale) D]- tbm-kn p t\sp B\p-]m-Xn-I-em-`-ßƒ, {]txyin v

]mc-nÿnxni {]Xn-k- n-bpss am\p-jni thcp-iƒ 131 Im jnitaj-e-bn-ep- -h, sndp-ins`qhp-s-a-isf AhcpsS `qan hn mt\m Ah-cpsS ]c-º-cmkx hnf-iƒ Dt]- n- mt\m \n _- n-x-cm- p- -Xnte v FØn- p- p. {]mtz-ini hn]-wn-i-fp-ambpw BtKmf hn]-wn-i-fp-ambpw _ -s -Sm-\p sshjayw Imc-Wtam hnev]-\bv pw KXm-K-X-Øn- \p-ap ASn-ÿm-\-ku-I-cy-ßƒ henb _nkn-\- p- Iƒ p-th n {Iao-I-cn- n-cn- p- -Xp-sIm-t m, IqSp- X sshhn-[y-am CXc DXv]m-Z-t\m-]m-[n-I-fnte p \oßm-\p Ah-cpsS {ia-ßƒ ^e-iq-\yam-bn-øo-cp- p. sndp-ins DXv]m-Z-I-scbpw hyxy-kvxamb DXv]m-Z-\-sØbpw ]n Xm-ßm-\p hy hpw ZrV-hp-amb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoi-cn- m-\p Ah-Imihpw IS-abpw `c-wm-[n-im-cn-iƒ p- v. F mh pw ^e-{]-z-ambn {]tbm-p\w D m- m Ignbp kmº-øni kzmx{ yw Dd- m- m th- n, hºn hn`-h-ßfpw kmº-øn-i-i- nbpw D -h-cpss-ta Nne Ah-k-c-ß-fn \nb-{ Ww G s -SptØ- n-h-cpw. kmº-øni kzmx{ yw hmkvx-h- Øn e`n- p- -Xn -\n v bym kml-n-cy-ßƒ At\-Iw-t]sc XS-bp-Ibpw sxmgn km-[y-x-iƒ XpS p Npcpßp-Ibpw snøp-tºmƒ, kmº-øni kzmx{ yw Ds v Ah-Im-i-s -Sp- Xv cmjv{so-b- Øn\v A]-JymXn Df-hm- p-, sx n- m-c-wm-p-\-iamb, Hcp kwkm-c-am-wv. [\w DXv]m-Zn- n- m\pw \ΩpsS temisø sa -s -Sp-Øm\pw Dt±-in- p al-ømb Hcp sxmgn-emwv _nkn-\- v. AXv {]h - Øn- p taj-e-iƒ v, hnti-jn v tpmen-iƒ krjvsn- p- Xv s]mxp-\- - p-th- n-bp AXns

132 Atßbv v kvxpxn tkh-\-øns Hc-Xym-hiy`mK-ambn AXp ImWp - ]- w, kar- n-bpss ^e-{]-z-amb Hcp t{kmx- m- Im AXn\p Ign-bpw. Poh-im-kv{X-]-c-amb ]pxnb kmt -Xn-I-hn-Zy-Iƒ 130. bp n-t_m-[hpw Adnhpw e`n- n- p a\p-jyhy n Hgn-hm- -s -ts Hcp _mly-l-s-i-a-s - v, a\p-jy-hy- n-sbbpw krjvs-tem-i-sø-bpw-ip-dn v Rm Ah-X-cn- n XØz-Nn- m-]-chpw sszh-imkv- {X-]-c-hp-amb Z i-\-øn \n p hy -am-wv. a\p-jy- Po-hn-X-Øns Bh-iy-ß-tfmSv _ -s - n-cn- ptºmƒ, snsn-i-fnepw P p- -fn-ep-ap a\p-jys ""BIm-i-Øns kr n'' (]m-se tam-bnse ]me-øo\m It -f-bn-ep- -Xv) CS-s]-S A\p-h-Z- \o-b-am-wv. P p- fn-ep ]co- Ww [m Ωn-I-ambn kzo- Im-cy-am-Ip- Xv ""A- Xv \ymb-amb ]cn-[n- Iƒ p- n \nesim p-ibpw a\pjy-po-hn-x-ßsf ip- {iq-jn- mt\m Ahsb c- n- m-t\mth n kw-`mh-\ \ Ip-I-bpw sn-øptºmƒ'' 106 am{xamwv F v "ItØm-

]mc-nÿnxni {]Xn-k- n-bpss am\p-jni thcp-iƒ 133 en- m-k-`-bp-ss ax-t_m-[-\-{k-ÿw' (Catechism of the Catholic Church) ]Tn- n- p p. a\p-jy-i- n v ]cn-an- Xn-Iƒ Ds pw ""P p- ƒ thz-\n- mt\m A\mh-iy-ambn NmImt\m CS-bm- p- Xv a\p-jy-a-l-øz- Øn\v hncp- -amwv'' 107 F pw "ax-t_m-[\w' ZrVambn {]kvxm-hn- p- p. Aß-s\-bp D]-tbm-K- Øn\pw ]co- -W-Øn\pw ""krjvsn-bpss ka-{k-x-tbm- Sp Bflo-b-amb Hcm-Z-chv Bh-iy-am-Wv.'' 108 131. hnip tpm t]mƒ c m-as ka-xp-en-xamb \ne-]msv Rm\n-hnsS A\p-kva-cn- p-i-bmwv. imkv{xo-bhpw kmt -Xn-I-hn-Zym-]-c-hp-amb ]ptcm-k- Xn-bpsS {]tbm-p-\-ßƒ ""sszh-øns k Km-fl-I- {]-h Ø-\-Øn DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-]q hw ]s -Sp- m- \p a\p-jys hnfn-bpss amlmfly-øn\v'' sxfnhm-sw v At±lw Du n- -d-bp-i-bp- m-bn. ""CXcta-J-e-I-fn Dfhm- p {]Xym-Lm-X-ß-sf- p-dn v icn-bmbn {i n- msx Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS Hcp taj-e-bn CS-s]-Sphm \ap v Ign-bp-I-bn '' 109 F pw At±lw \nco- n- p. ""P\n-X-I-imkv{Xwt]mse-bp CX-c-hn- m-\-im-j-iƒ A\p-]q-c-Iambn h Øn- p-, X m-{xm-po-h-im-kv{x-øns ]T- \-Øn \n pw {]tbm-k-ß-fn \n pw Irjn-bnepw hyh-km-b-øn-ep-ap AXns kmt XnI-hn-Zym-]- c-amb {]tbm-k-øn \n pw'' 110 Df-hm-Ip {]tbm- P-\-ßsf k` hne-a-xn- p- p-sh v At±lw hy - am- n. ]t, CXv Aß-s\-bp CS-s]-S-ep-I-fpsS \ntj-[m-fl-i-^-e-ßƒ Ah-K-Wn- p-, ""hnth-n-\-

134 Atßbv v kvxpxn c-ln-x-amb P\n-XI Ir{Xn-a-Xz-Øn-te p'' 111 \bn- cp-sx pw At±lw Nq n- m-wn p. am\p-jni {Inbm-fl-I-Xsb ASn- -a Øm Ign-bp-I-bn-. Xs k Km-fl-IX D]-tbm-Kn- p- -Xn \n v Hcp Iem- Im-cs\ ]n ncn n- m km[n- p-i-bn-s - n, imkv{x-øns bpw kmt -Xn-I-hn-Zy-bp-sSbpw ]ptcm- K-Xn pth {]txy-i-kn- n-iƒ D -hsc A\y-cpsS ip{iqjbv p-th n XßfpsS sszh-z-ø-amb Ignhp-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn- p- -Xn \n v XS-bm\pw Ign-bp- I-bn-. KW-\o-b-amb A]-I-S-km-[yX-Iƒ Dƒ-s m- p i n-bpss Hcp cq]-am-b Cu am\p-jn-i-{]- h -Ø-\-Øns e y-ßƒ, ^e-ßƒ, samø- Ønep kml-n-cyw, [m ΩnI ]cn-[n-iƒ F n-hsb- p-dn v \mw \nc- cw ]p\ hn-nmcw \S-tØ- - Xp v. 132. At mƒ, kky-ß-fnepw P p- -fn-ep-ap am\p-jni CS-s]-S kw_- n GXp hnnn \- Øn\pw th icn-bmb N - qsv CXm-Wv. Ct mƒ, `uxni bmym y-øn k n-ln-x-amb km[yx NqjWw snøm th- n-bp ssph-km-t -Xn-I-hnZybpsS P\n-X-I-amb Ir{Xn-a-{]-h Ø\w CXn Dƒs - Sp- p. bp n p \ Im hnizm-k-øn\p _m y- X-bp BZ-chv Bh-iy-s -Sp- -Xv, kmº-øni XmXv]-cy-ßƒ kzm[o-\n- mø Kth-j-W-Øn-eq-sS, Poh-im-kv{X-]-c-amb LS\-I-sfbpw Ah-bpsS km[y- X-I-sfbpw Ah-bn kw`-hn- p am -ß-sfbpw kw_- n v ssph-hn- m-\o-b-]-c-amb imkv{xßƒ v \sω ]Tn- n- m Ign-bp- -Xn-t\mSv kq va-

]mc-nÿnxni {]Xn-k- n-bpss am\p-jni thcp-iƒ 135 {i thw-sa- m-wv. \nb-am-\p-kr-x-amb GXv CSs]- Sepw {]Ir-Xn-bp-sS-ta {]h Øn- p- Xv ""AXn-t - Xmb coxn-bn-ep AXns hni-k-\-øn-s\, sszhw Dt±-in- p- -Xp-t]m-se-bp krjvsnsb A\pIqen- m '' 112 th n am{xambn-cn- pw. 133. kky-ß-sftbm P p- -sftbm kw_- n- -XmsW- n-epw, sshzy-im-kv{x-]-ctam Im jnitam BsW- n-epw, P\n-X-I-am- sø (GM) pdn v s]mxphmb Hcp Xo p Iev]n- pi hnj-a-i-c-am-wv. ImcWw, Ah-bpsS CS-bn Øs Ah henb hyxym-k-ßƒ D Xpw {]txyi ]cnkw\-iƒ Bhiy-s -Sp- -h-bp-am-wv. CXn A `-hn- n-cn- p A]-I-S-km-[y-X-Iƒ Ft mgpw AXn\p-]-tbm-Kn- p kmt -Xn-I-hnZyaqew D m-ip- -X- ; {]XypX, AXns A\p-Nn-Xtam AanXtam Bb {]tbm-kwsim p mip- -h-bm-wv. hmkvx-h-øn, P\n-X-Iam- -ßƒ ]e-t mgpw {]Ir-Xn-Xs D m- n-bn- p- hbpw XpS p- m- p- -h-bp-am-wv. am\p-jni CSs]-S aq-e-ap- m-ip P\n-X-I-am- -ßƒ Hcp B[p- \ni {]Xn-`m-k-hp-a-. ark-ßsf ho n CW n hf Øp- -Xv, Pohn-h K-ß-fpsS k -c-pm-xn-iƒ v cq]w-sim-sp- p- Xv F n-hbpw ]g- -ap- -Xpwkm h{xni-ambn AwKo-I-cn- -s - -h-bp-amb a p ioeßfpw DZm-l-c-W-ß-fmbn ]cm-a in- m-hp- -h-bm-wv. {]IrXym D AWp-Po-hn-Iƒ kkyspt\m-ap-isf kzta-[bm am p p F \nco- -W-tØm-Sp-Iq-SnbmWv G.M [m\y-ß-fn imkv{xo-b-amb am w-h-cp- Ø-ep-Iƒ Bcw-`n- -sx v \mw A\p-kva-cn-t - -

136 Atßbv v kvxpxn Xp v. F nepw {]Ir-Xn-bn Cu {]{Inb kmh-[m\- ap- -Xm-Wv. AXns\ kmt -XnIhnZym-]-c-amb ka- Im-enI apt - -ßƒ, Ah GXm\pw h j-ß-fnse imkv{xo-b-]p-tcm-k-xn-bpssta ]Sp-Øp-b Ø-s h BsW- n t]m-epw, Df-hm- p {ZpX-K-Xn-bp-ambn Xpe-\w-sN-øm km[n- p-i-bn-. 134. P\nX-I-am w hcp-ønb [m\y-ßƒ a\p-jyhy n-iƒ v tzmj-i-c-amwv F -Xn\v \n Æm-b-Iamb sxfn-hp-i-sfm- p-an-. Nne {]tz-i-ß-fn AhbpsS D]-tbmKw {]iv\-]-cn-lm-c-øn\p klm-b-iamb kmº-øn-i-h-f D m- n-bn- p-ap- v. F nepw hne-ip-d p ImWm ]msn- mø \nc-h[n kp{]-[m\ sshjayßƒ Ah-ti-jn- p- p. Cu hnf-iƒ Ah- X-cn- n Xns\ XpS v [mcmfw ÿe-ß-fn DXv]mZ- \- -a-amb `qan GXm\pw DS-a-I-fpsS ssii-fn ti{μo-i-cn- -s - p. CXns ImcWw ""NqjnX`qan \jvs-s - -Xns ^e-ambn sndp-ins DXv]m-Z-I {ItaW A{]-Xy- -am-ip-ibpw t\cn- p DXv]m-Z\- Øn -\n p ]n hm-ßm Ah \n _- n-x-cm-ip- Ibpw snøp p'' 113 F -Xm-Wv. Ch-cn G -hpw Zp _-e-cmbh XmXv meni sxmgn-em-fn-i-fm-bn-øocp- p. ]e {KmaoW sxmgn-em-fn-iƒ pw Zcn-{Z-_m-[n- X-amb \K-c-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn-te v \otß n-hcp- p. Cu hnf-i-fpss hni-k-\-øns {]`mhw ]mcn-ÿn-xnihy-h-ÿ-i-fpss k o Æ irwj-esb \in- n- p- p. AXv DXv]mZ-\-Øns sshhn[yw Ipd-bv p-ibpw Ct m-g-søbpw `mhn-bn-sebpw {]mtz-ini kºzvhyhÿ-isf _m[n- p-ibpw snøp- p. ` y-[m-\yß-fp-ssbpw Ah-bpsS Irjn v Bhiyamb CXc

]mc-nÿnxni {]Xn-k- n-bpss am\p-jni thcp-iƒ 137 DXv]- -ß-fp-sSbpw DXv]m-Z-\-Øn-\p-th n Hcp]nSn Bfp-Iƒ hn]wn \nb-{ n- p Hcp hnik\-amwv hnhn[ cmpy-ß-fn \mw ImWp- -Xv. DXv]m-Z-\- a- X-bp hnøp-i-fpss DXv]m-Z\w ]cn-k-wn- p-tºmƒ Cu B{in-XXzw IqSp-X hj-fm-ipw. AXns ^eambn h InS DXv]m-Z-I-cn \n v Ah hmßm Irjn- m \n _- n-x-cm-ipw. 135. \n -b-am-bpw, Cu hnj-b-ßƒ v \nc- -c-amb {i bpw Ah-bn A `-hn- n-cn- p [m Ωn-Ihnjb-ß-sf- p-dn v Bi- bpw thww. e`y-am-ip F m hnh-c-ßfpw ]cn-k-wn- m\pw Imcy-ßsf AhbpsS t]cp-snm- n-hn-fn- m\pw Ign-bp-, hnim-ehpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-]q Æhpw imkv{xo-bhpw kmaq-ln-ihp-amb Hcp N \S-t - -Xm-Wv. Nne-t mƒ ]q Æhn-h-c-ßƒ tai- pd-øp hbv -s -Sp- n-. {]txyi Xmev]-cy-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn, Ah cmjv{sob- ]ctam km-aq-ln-itam {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-]-ctam BIs Hcp Xnc-s -Sp v \S- p p. CXv hyxykvx tnmzy-ß-sf- p-dn- v, _ -s `n m-`n-{]m-b-ßsf mw IW- n-se-sp-øp-sim- v, ka-xp-en-xhpw hnth-i-]q Æ-hp-amb Hcp Xo p-i-ev]n- -en FØnt -cpi hnj-a-i-c-am- p- p. {]Xy- -amtbm ]tcm- amtbm _m[n- p F m-h pw (Irjn- m, D]- t`m- m- ƒ, `c-wm-[n-im-cn-iƒ, imkv{x-, hnøv DXv]m-Z-I, ]pi-bv -s -Sp hb-ep-iƒ v kao]w Xma-kn- p- -h, a m-fp-iƒ) Ah-cpsS {]iv\-ßfpw Bi- -Ifpw Adn-bn- m Ign-bp N -Iƒ Bh-iy-amWv. Ct m-g-søbpw `mhn-bnsebpw s]mxp\ bv- p-th n Xocp-am-\-ßƒ

138 Atßbv v kvxpxn FSp m th axn-bm-bxpw hniz-k-\o-b-hp-amb hnhc-ßƒ Ah p e`n- p-ibpw thww. CXv k o Æ-amb Hcp ]mcn-ÿn-xni hnj-b-am-wv. Npcpßn-b-] w, {]iv\-øn-te v ]pxnb shfn w XqIm Ign-bp-, kzx-{ hpw ]e hn m-\-im-j- Iƒ tn p- Xpamb Kth-j-W-Øns hnhn[ kcwn-iƒ v kmº-øniklmbw \ Im-\p henb ]cn-{i-a-ßƒ th k hx-e-kv] in-bmb Hcp kao-]\w CXn\v Bhiy-am-Wv. 136. adp-h-i-øv, imkv{xob Kth-j-W-Øn Nne \nb-{ -W-ßƒ G s -Sp-Ø-W-sa v icn-bmbn Bhiy-s - p-sim- v, ]cn-ÿn-xn-hn- m-\o-b-]-c-amb Nne {]ÿm-\-ßƒ ]cn-ÿn-xn-bpss ka{kx-sb {]Xn-tcm- [n- p-tºmƒ, AtX XØz-ßƒ a\p-jy-po-h-\n {]- tbm-kn- p- -Xn Ah Nne-t mƒ ]cm-p-b-s -Sp p F Xv tjz-i-c-am-wv. F m koa-ifpw AXn-ew-Ln- p-sim- v, Poh-\p a\p-jy-{`q-w-øns ta ]co- Ww \S-Øp- -Xns\ \ymbo-i-cn- m-\p Hcp {]h- W-X-bp- v. Hcp a\p-jy-po-hn-bpss A\ym-[o-\-s -Sp- Øm-\m-hmØ tbmkyx Ahs As - n Ah-fpsS hf -bpss Ah-ÿbv v AXo-X-am-sW v \mw ad- p-t]m-ip- p. AtX-co-Xn-bn, kmt -Xn-I-hnZy al- Øm-b [m ΩnI XØz-ßƒ Ah-K-Wn- p-tºmƒ, F- p \S-]-Snbpw A\p-h-Z-\o-b-am-sW v IW- m- p - Xn AXv FØn-t -cp- p. Cu A ym-b-øn \mw I -Xp-t]m-se, [m Ωn-I-Xbn -\n p th s]-sp-øs Hcp kmt -Xn-I-hn-Zy v AXns kz w i n ]cnanx-s -Sp-Øm Ffp Øn Ign-bp-I-bn.

139 A[ymbw \mev ka{k ]cn-ÿn-xn-hn- m-\obw 137. ki-expw KmV-ambn ]c-kv]cw _ n-xambxpsim pw C sø {]iv\-ßƒ BtKm-f-{]Xnk nbpss F m-h-i-ßfpw IW- n-se-sp- m Ignbp Hcp Z i\w Bh-iy-s -Sp- -Xp-sIm- pw, ka- {K-amb Hcp ]cn-ÿn-xn-hn- m-\o-b-øn-s, AXns am\p-jn-ihpw kmaq-ln-i-hpamb am\-ßsf hy - ambn am\n- p H n-s, Nne LS-I-ß-sf- p-dn v Ct mƒ \ap p ]cn-k-wn- m-sa p Rm \n t±-in- p-i-bm-wv. I. ]mcn-ÿn-xn-ihpw kmº-øn-ihpw kmaq-ln-i-hp-amb ]cn-ÿn-xn-hn- m-\obw 138. Pohn-Ifpw Ah hf-cp ]cn-ÿn-xnbpw XΩnep _ -sø- p-dn v ]cn-ÿn-xn-hn m\o-bw ]Tn- p- p. Pohn-X-Øn\pw kaq-l-øns AXn-Poh-\-Øn\pw Bh-iy-amb \n_- \-I-sfbpw hni-k\- Øn-s bpw DXv]m-Z-\-Øn-s bpw D]-t`m-K-Øn-s bpw Nne amxr-i-isf tnmzyw snøm th kxy-

140 Atßbv v kvxpxn k X-sbbpwIpdn- p hnnn- -\hpw N bpw CXv Ah-iy-ambpw A\n-hm-cy-am- p- p. ki-expw F{]- Im-c-amWv At\ym\yw _ n-x-am-bn-cn- p- Xv F - Xn\v F{X Du -simsp-ømepw axn-bm-ip-i-bn-. ka-bhpw ÿehpw H p at -Xn \n p kzx-{ a. AWp- sf-bpw Ah-tb- mƒ sndnb IWn-I-Isfbpwt]mepw H -s p ]cn-k-wn- m Ign-bp-I-bn. \ΩpsS {Kl-Øns hyxykvx hi-ßƒ `uxn- Ihpw ck-x-{ -]-chpw Poh-im-kv{X-]-c-hp-am-bh ]ckv]cw _ -s - n-cn- p- -Xp-t]m-se-X-s, \mw Hcn- epw ]q Æ-ambn ]cy-th-jww \S-Øp-Ibpw a\ n- em- p-ibpw snømø Hcp irwj-e-bpss `mk-amwv Pohn-h K-ßƒ. \ΩpsS P\n-X-I-tIm-Uns `qcn-`m- Khpw [mcmfw Pohn-Iƒ ] p-] p p- v. kn n- p - Xv, Adn-hns inyn-eo-i-c-whpw hnh-c-ß-fpss Xp p- I-fpsS H -s -S-epw, bmym y-øns Hcp hnim-e- Z i-\-øn Ahsb ka-\z-bn- n- m-ø-]- w, hmkvx-h-øn A -X-bpsS Hcp cq]-am-bn-øocmhp- -XmWv F mwv CXn -\n p kn n- p- -Xv. 139. ""]cn-ÿnxn''sb pdn p kwkm-cn- p-tºmƒ, hmkvx-h-øn \mw Dt±-in- p- Xv {]IrXn-bpw AXn hkn- p kaq-lhpw XΩn \ne-hn-en-cn- p _ -sø-bm-wv. \Ω-fn \n- p-xs hyxykvx-amb Ft m H v, AYhm \mw Pohn- p tihew Hcp ] m-øew F v {]Ir-Xn-sb p-dn v Icp-Xm Ign-bp-I-bn-. \mw {]Ir-Xn-bpsS Hcp `mkamwv. \mw AXn Dƒs - n-cn- p p. Aßs\ \mw AXp-ambn \nc- cw ]c-kv]-c-{]-h Ø-\-Øn-ep-am-Wv.

ka{k ]cn-ÿn-xn-hn- m-\obw 141 Hcp \n n-x-{]-tzisø aen-\oi-c-w-øns Imc-Wßƒ Xncn- -dn-bm, kaq-l-øns {]h Ø-\w, AXns kºzvhyh-ÿ, AXns s]cp-am amxr-i- Iƒ, AXv bmym ysø a\- n-em- p am Kßƒ F n-h-sb- p-dn v Hcp ]T\w Bh-iy-am-Wv. am -Øns txmxp IW- n-se-sp- p-tºmƒ, {]iv\- Øns Hmtcm `mk-øn\pw {]txy-ihpw thdn- -Xpamb Hcp-Øcw Is -ØpI C\n-ta km[y-a-. {]Ir-Xn-hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ p n Øs bpw kmaq-ln-ihy-h-ÿ-i-fp-am-bp-ap At\ym-\y-{]-h Ø-\-ßƒ ]cn-kwn- p ka-{k-]-cnlmcßƒ txts- Xv AXym-h-iy-am-Wv. \mw t\cn-sp- Xv ]mcn-ÿn-xn-ihpw kmaq-ln-ihpw F c p `n -{]-Xn-k- n-i-sf-b- ; {]XypX, ]mcn-ÿn-xn-ihpw kmaq-ln-i-hp-amb GI k o Æ-{]-Xn-k- n-sb-bmwv. Hcp ]cn-lm-c-øn\p th X{ -ßƒ Bh-iy-s -Sp- Xv Zmcn-{Zy-tØmSp t]mcm-sm\pw Hgn-hm- -s -Sp- -h-cpss aløzw ]p\xÿm-]n- m\pw AtX-k-abw {]IrXnsb kwc- n- m\pap Hcp kwtbm-pnx kao-]-\-am-wv. 140. Hcp kaq Ø DZyaØns ]mcn-ÿn-xni BLmXw \n Æ-bn- p-tºmƒ IW- n-se-sp-t LS-I-ß-fpsS FÆhpw sshhn-[yhpw Imc-Ww, Kthj-I v Ah A ln- p ] v \ ti- Xpw Ah-cpsS ]c-kv]-c-{]-h Ø\w kpk-a-am-t - Xpw hnim-e-amb A m-z-ani kzmx-{ yw kp\n- n-x-amt - Xpw AXym-h-iy-am-Wv. \S- p-sim- n-cn- p Kth-j-Ww, ""]mcn-ÿn-xni-hy-h-ÿ-iƒ'' F p \mw C p t]cn-sp henb LS-I-ß-fpsS \n Ωm-W-

142 Atßbv v kvxpxn Øn hyxykvx Pohn-Iƒ F{]-Im-c-amWv At\ym\yw _ -s -Sp- Xv F -Xn-s\- p-dn v sa s Hcp [mcw \ap p \ Ip-Ibpw thww. Cu hyh-ÿ-isf \mw IW- n-se-sp- p- Xv F{]-Imcw G hpw \ mbn Ahsb D]-tbm-Kn mw F p \n Æ-bn- m th n am{x-a-, Ah-bpsS {]tbm-p- \-Øn -\n p kzx-{ -ambn Ahbv v Hcp ss\k Kn- I-aqeyw D -Xp-sIm p-iq-sn-bm-wv. sszh-øns Hcp krjvsn F -\n-e-bn Hmtcm Pohnbpw AXn - Øs \ Xpw BZ-c-Wo-b-hp-am-Wv. Hcp \n nx CS- Øn \ne-\n p- Xpw Hcp hyh-ÿ-bmbn {]h Øn- p Xpamb Pohn-I-fpsS samø-øn-ep tn -tbm-sp-iq-snb LS-\sb kw_- n pw CXp icnbm-wv. \mw ]e-t mgpw CXn-s\ pdn p t_m[-hm mc-s - n-epw, \ΩpsS kz w \ne-\n-ev]n\v Cu henb hyh-ÿ-isf \mw B{i-bn- p- p v. Im _ ssu- Hm-IvsskUv NnX-dn- p- -Xnepw sh w ip o-icn- p- -Xnepw tcmk-ßfpw ]I -hym-[n-ifpw \nb-{ n- p- -Xnepw aæn\v cq]w-sim-sp- p- -Xnepw amen\yw hnl-sn n p- -Xnepw \mw {i n- m-øtxm shdpsx Ah-K-Wn- p- txm Bb a -t\iw hgn-i-fnepw Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ F{]-Im-c-amWv At\ym\yw {]h Øn- p- -sx v \mw A\p-kva-cn-t - -Xm-h-iyamWv. CXn-s\- p-dn v t_m[-hm- m-cm-bn- -gn-bptºmƒ, \ap v t\c-tø-xs \ I-s - n- p- Xpw \ΩpsS AkvXn-Xz-Øn\pw \ΩpsS Ign-hp-Iƒ pw ap t]-bp- -Xp-amb Hcp D -bpss (reality) ASn-ÿm- \-Øn-emWv \mw Pohn- p-ibpw {]h Øn- p-ibpw snøp- -sx v At\-Iw-t] a\- n-em- p- p. AXp-

ka{k ]cn-ÿn-xn-hn- m-\obw 143 sim v, \mw ""kpÿn-c-amb D]-tbmK''sØ pdn p kwkm-cn- p-tºmƒ, Hmtcm ]mcn-ÿn-xni-hy-h-ÿ-bpssbpw hyxy-kvx-ta-j-e-i-fnepw hi-ß-fnepw AXn- \p ]p\-cp-xv]m-z-\-]-c-amb Ignhn\v Ft mgpw ]cnk-w\ \ ti- -Xm-Wv. 141. kmº-øn-i-h-f AXns `mkøv {]h-nn- mhp {]Xn-I-c-W-ß-fpw, \S-]-Sn-{I-a-ßƒ efnx-am- p- Ibpw sne-hp-iƒ Ipd-bv p-ibpw snøpi F e y-tøm-sp-iqsn Hcp \n nxtxmxnep {IaoIc- Whpw D m- m-\p {]h-wx ImWn- p- p. CXv bmym y-øns hnim-e-amb Hcp Z i-\-øn-te v BI jn- m Ign-bp Hcp ""kmº-øni ]cn-ÿn- Xn-hn- m-\ob''øns Bhiyw kqnn- n- p- p. ]cn-ÿn-xn-kw-c- Ww hmkvx-h-øn ""hni-k-\-{]- {In-b-bpsS Hcp Ahn-`m-Py-`m-Khpw AXn \n v H - s v ]cn-k-wn- m Ign-bm-Ø-Xp-am-Wv.'' 114 IqSp-X ka-{khpw kwtbmpn- n- p- -Xp-amb Hcp Z i-\øns tkh-\-øn-ep, kmº-øn-i-imkv{xw Dƒs ss-bp, hyxykvx hn m-\-a-fi-e-ßsf H n- psim- p-h-cm Ign-bp Hcp am\-hn-ix \ap v ASnb- -c-ambn Bh-iy-ap- v. C v ]mcn-ÿn-xn-i-{]-iv\- ß-fpsS A]-{K-Y-\-sØ, am\p-jn-ihpw IpSpw_-]- chpw sxmgn _ n-xhpw \mk-cn-i-hp-amb kml-ncy-ß-fpss A]-{K-Y-\-Øn \nt m, F{]-Imcw hy n-iƒ Ah-tcm-Sp-Xs _ -s -Sp p F - Xn \nt m, th s]-sp-øm km[n- p-i-bn-. hy n-iƒ v Ah-tcmSpXs -bp _ w \bn- p- Xv Ah F{]-Imcw A\y-tcmSpw ]cn-ÿn-xn-

144 Atßbv v kvxpxn tbmspw _ -s -Sp p F -Xn-te- m-wv. ]mcn-ÿn- XnI-hy-h-ÿ-I-fpsS CS-bnepw kmaq-lni-amb ]ckv]-c-{]-h Ø-\-Øns hnhn[ hrø-ß-fpss CSbnepw Hcp B -cn-i-_- -ap- v. CXp ho pw {]I- S-am- p- Xv ""`mk-tø- mƒ hep-xmwv samøw'' 115 F m-wv. 142. ki-expw _ -s - -Xm-sW- n, Hcp kaq-l- Øns ÿm]-\-ß-fpss Btcm-Ky-Øn\v, ]cn-ÿn- Xn pw a\p-jy-po-hn-x-øns KpW-ta- pwta ]cn- W-X-^-e-ßƒ D v. ""sfiy-zm Vy-Øn-s bpw kmaqlnikulm ±-Øn-s bpw Hmtcm ewl-\hpw ]cnÿn-xn v lm\n D m- p p.'' 116 Cu A -Øn, kmaq-lni ]cn-ÿn-xn-hn- m-\obw Ah-iy-ambpw ÿm]-\-]-c-am-wv. AXv {]my-ani kmaq-ln-i-l-s-iamb IpSpw-_-Øn \n v IqSp-X hnim-e-amb {]mtzinihpw tziobhpw A -tz-iobhpamb kaq-l-ßfn-te- v, kakvx kaq-l-øn-te v {ItaW hym]n- p- p. Hmtcm kmaq-lni hn`m-k-øn-\p- nepw hn`m- K-ßƒ n-s-bnepw a\p-jy-_- -ßƒ {Iao-I-cn- m ÿm]-\-ßƒ hnikn- p- p. B ÿm]-\-ßsf Zp _-e-s -Sp-Øp F n\pw A\o-Xn, A{I-aw, kzmx-{ y-\jvsw F n-ß-s\-bp \ntj-[m-fl-i- ^e-ßƒ D v. [mcmfw cmpy-ßƒ v ÿm]-\-]-cambn Xmc-Xtay\ Xmgv Hcp Xe-Øn-ep k^exbmwp Xv. CXv Ah-bnse P\-ßƒ v IqSp-X {]iv\-ßƒ D m- p-ibpw Cu Ah-ÿ-bn \n p em`-ap m- p- -h v {]tbm-p-\-i-c-ambnøocp-ibpw snøp- p. cmpy-`-c-w-øn-em-bmepw ]uc-k-aq-l- Øns hnhn[ Xe-ß-fn-em-bmepw hy n-iƒ n-s-

ka{k ]cn-ÿn-xn-hn- m-\obw 145 bn -Xs -bp _ -ß-fn-em-bmepw \nb-a-tøm- Sp A\m-Z-chv IqSp-X km[m-c-w-am-bn-s m- ncn- p- p. \nb-a-ßƒ \ mbn Xøm-dm- n-b-xm-bn-cn- mw. F nepw Ah \n Po-hm- -c-ß-fmbn Ah-tijn- p- p. At mƒ, Aß-s\-bp kμ `-ß-fn, ]cn-ÿnxn kw_- n \nb-a-\n Ωm-Whpw \nb-{ - W-ßfpw hmkvx-h-øn ^e-{]-z-am-ip-sa v \ap v {]Xo- n- m Ign-bptam? DZm-lcW-am-bn, h\kwc- -W-Øn\v hy -amb \nb-a-ß-fp cmpy-ßƒ Ah Bh Øn p ewln- -s -Sp -Xp-I v \n»- _vzx ]men- p-sim- n-cn- p p F v \ap- -dn-bmw. IqSm-sX, GsX- nepw Hcp ÿeøp kw`-hn- p- - Xn\v a p ÿe-ß-fn {]Xy- tam ]tcm- tam Bb kzm[o\w D m-ip p v. DZm-l-c-W-am-bn, AXnk-º- - cm-py-ß-fnse ab- p-a-cp- p-]-tbmkw Zcn-{Zcm-Py-ß-fn \n p Cd- p-axn snøp DXv]- -ßƒ- v XpS-cp- Xpw h n- p-h-cp- -Xp-amb Bhiyw krjvsn- p p. B Zcn{ZcmPy-ß-fn s]cp-am w Zqjn- X-am-Ip-Ibpw Pohn-X-ßƒ \in- p-ibpw ]cn-ÿn-xnbpss A[x-]-X\w XpScpIbpw snøp- p. II. kmwkvim-cni ]cn-ÿn-xn-hn- m-\obw 143. {]Ir-Xn-bpsS ss]xr-i-tøm-ssm- w, Ncn-{X- ]chpw Iem-]-chpw kmwkvim-cn-i-hp-amb ss]xr- Ihpw AXp-t]m-se-Xs `oj-wn-bpss Iogn-em-Wv. Cu ss]xriw Hmtcm ÿe-øn-s bpw ] ptncp kzxz-øns Hcp `mkhpw hmk-tbm-ky-amb Hcp \Kcw \n Ωn-t Hc-Sn-ÿm-\-hp-am-Wv. AXv

146 Atßbv v kvxpxn s]mfn p-i-f-bp- -Xn-s bpw ]cn-ÿn-xn-tbmsv IqSp- X BZ-c-hp sx p k -ev]n -s -Sp- sx- nepw Pohn- p- -Xn\v Ft mgpw IqSp-X BI j-i-a- m- Ø-Xp-amb ]pxnb \K-c-ßƒ \n Ωn- p- -Xn-s bpw Hcp Imcy-a-. AXn-t\- mƒ, Hmtcm ÿe-øn-s bpw Ncn-{Xhpw kwkvim-chpw hmkvxp-hn-zybpw Dƒs m- n- p-ibpw Aßs\ AXns auen-i-kzxzw \ne- \n Øp-Ibpw sntø Bhiy-ap- v. At mƒ, hnim-e-amb A -Øn, a\p-jy-cm-in-bpss kmwkv- Im-cn-I-\n-[n-I-fpsS kwc- -Whpw ]cn-ÿn-xn-hn- m- \o-b-øn Dƒs -Sp- p. IqSp-X {]txy-i-ambn ]d- m, ]mcn-ÿn-xni-{]iv\-ßƒ ]Tn- p-tºmƒ, imkv{xo-b- -kmt -XnI `mjbpw P\-ß-fpsS `mjbpw XΩn-ep Hcp kwhm-zsø A\p-Iq-en- psim v, {]mtz-in-i-kw-kvim-c-ßƒ v IqSp-X {i \ I-W-sa v AXv Bh-iy-s -Sp- p. `qx-im-e-øp- \n v \ap v Ah-Im-i-ambn e`n- -Xn-t\- mƒ IqSp- X-emb H mwv kwkvim-cw. AXv, k thm-]-cn, kpohhpw Ne-\m-fl-Ihpw ] p-tncp -Xp-amb Hcp h Ø-am-\Ime bmym ywiqsn-bm-wv. a\p-jyhy n-ifpw ]cn-ÿn-xnbpw XΩn-ep _ -sø- pdn v \mw ]p\ hn-nn- \w \S-Øp-tºmƒ, AXns\ Hgn-hm- m km[n- p-i-bn-. 144. C sø BtKm-f-h-XvIrX kºzvhyhÿbpss bm{ n-i-l-s-\-iƒ t{]m m-ln- n- p-, a\pjy-hy- n-i-fpss D]-t`m-K-hm-Z-Z i-\-øn\v kwkvimc-ß-fp-ss-ta Ahsb ka-\n-e-bnem p Hcp {]`mh-ap- v. apgp-h am\-h-cm-in-bp-ssbpw ss]xr-i-amb

ka{k ]cn-ÿn-xn-hn- m-\obw 147 h ]n sshhn-[ysø AXp Ipd-bv p- p. GIo- Ir-X-N- -ßƒ hgntbm kmt -XnI CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ hgntbm F m {]iv\-ßfpw ]cn-l-cn- m-\p ]cn- {i-a-ßƒ v kaq-l-ønse F m AwK-ß-fp-sSbpw kpoh `mk-`m-knxzw Bh-iy-s -Sp {]mtz-ini {]iv\-ß-fpss k o Æ-X-Iƒ Ah-K-Wn- p- -Xnte p \bn- m Ign-bpw. cq]w-sim- p ]pxnb {]{In-b-Iƒ shfn-bn \n v Cd- p-axn snøp N - q-sp-i-tfmsv A\ptbmPy-amIm Ft mgpw Ign-bp- I-bn-. Ah {]mtz-ini kwkvim-c-øn Xs A[njvTn-X-am-tI- XmWv. Pohn-Xhpw temihpw Ne-\mflI bmym y-ß-fm-bn-cn- p- -Xp-t]m-se, temitøm-sp \ΩpsS Icp-Xepw Ab- Xpw Ne-\mfl-I-hp-am-bn-cn- -Ww. tihew kmt -Xn-I-amb ]cnlm-c-ßƒ v IqSp-X Kuc-h-ap A eo-\-{]-iv\- ßƒ p-]-icw e -W-ßsf ssiimcyw snøpi F A]-I-S-km-[y-X-bp- v. P\-X-I-fp-sSbpw kwkvim-c-ß-fp-ssbpw Ah-Im-i-ßsf BZ-cn- p- Ibpw Hcp kmaq-lni hn`m-k-øns hni-k\w Ncn- {X-]-c-amb Hcp {]{In-bsb ap Iq n hn`m-h\w snøp p F Xv hne-a-xn- p-ibpw sntø Bhiy-ap- v. Cu {]{Inb Hcp kmwkvim-cni ] m-øe-øn-\p- n kw`-hn- p-ibpw {]mtz-ini P\-ßfpsS {]txyi kwkvim-c-øn-\p- n \n v Ah-cpsS \nc- chpw kpo-h-hp-amb ] m-fnøw Bh-iy-s - Sp-Ibpw snøp- p. Pohn-X-Øns KpW-ta- -bpss Bibhpw ]pdsa-\n v ASn-t ev]n m\pw Ign-bpIbn-. Fs - m, Hmtcm a\p-jy-hn-`m-k-øn\pw

148 Atßbv v kvxpxn {]txyi-am-bp {]Xo-I-ß-fp-sSbpw BNm-c-ß-fpsSbpw temi-øn-\p- n-emwv Pohn-X-Øns KpWta a\- n-em- -s -ts- -Xv. 145. ]mcn-ÿn-xni Nqj-W-Øn-s bpw A[x-]-X-\- Øn-s bpw ]e Xo{h-cq-]-ßfpw {]mtz-ini kaqlßƒ v D]-Po-h\w \ Ip hn`-h-ßsf D]-tbm- Kn pxo p-i -am-{x-a, kmwkvim-cni kzxz-øn\v hf-sc- m-e-ambn cq]w-sim-spø kmaq-ln-i-l-s-\-isfbpw Pohn-X-Øn-s bpw kaq-l-øn-s bpw A w kw_- n Ah-cpsS t_m[-sø C m-xm- p-i-iqsn snøp- p. Hcp kwkvim-c-øns A [m\w Hcp kky-h K-Øns tbm P p-h K-Øn-s tbm A [m-\-tøm-ssm- tam AXn-t\- mƒ IqSp-Xtem Kuc-h-ap- -Xm-Wv. DXv]m-Z-\-Øns Hcp GI-cq-]- tømsv _ -s Hcp {]_e Pohn-X-ssien ASnt -ev]n- p- Xv Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ am p- -Xpt]mseXs D]-{Z-h-I-c-am-Wv. 146. Cu A -Øn, {]mtz-ini kaq-l-ß-tfmspw Ah-cpsS kmwkvim-cni ]mc-º-cy-ß-tfmspw khn-tij-{i ImWn-t - Xv AXym-h-iy-am-Wv. Ah tihew a p- -h-cp-ss Iq -Ønse Hcp \yq\-]- -a ; kwhm-z-ønse {]apj ] m-fn-i-fm-bn-cn- -Ww; {]txy- In v Ah-cpsS `qansb _m[n- p h In-S-]- -Xn- Iƒ \n t±-in- -s -Sp-tºmƒ. Ahsc kw_- n- n-stømfw `qan Hcp hym]m-c- c- - ; {]XypX, sszh- Øn -\n pw AhnsS hn{i-an- p Ah-cp-sS ]q ho- I-cn -\n- p-ap Hcp Zm\-am-Wv; Ah-cpsS kzxzhpw

ka{k ]cn-ÿn-xn-hn- m-\obw 149 aqey-ßfpw \ne-\n Ø-W-sa- n Ah v _ -s ts Hcp hnip CSamWv. Ah Ah-cpsS `qanbn XpS-cp-tºmƒ, Ah Xs AXns\ G hpw \ mbn ]cn-n-cn- p- p. F n-epw, temi-øns hnhn[ `mk-ß-fn, {]Ir-Xn-bp-sSbpw kwkvim-c-øns bpw A[x-]-X\w hi-h-bv msx Gs Sp- p Im jn-itam J\-\-kw-_- tam Bb ] -Xn-Iƒ v ÿew \ Im th- n, Ah-cpsS kz w `qan Dt] n- m Ah-cp-sS-ta kω ±w snep-ø-s - Sp- p. III. ssz\w-zn-\-po-hn-x-øns ]cn-ÿnxnhn m-\obw 147. bym hni-k-\-øn a\p-jy-po-hn-x-øns KpW-ta- -bn ka{kamb A`n-hr n ssih-cp-øm- \p ]cn-{i-a-ßƒ Dƒs -Sp- p. CXv P\-ßƒ v Ah Pohn-Xw \bn- p ] m-ø-e-sø pdn p ]cn-k-w\ A\n-hm-cy-am- p- p. \mw Nn n- p-ibpw A\p-`-hn- p-ibpw {]h Øn- p-ibpw snøp coxnsb Cu ] m-ø-eßƒ kzm[o-\n- p- p- v. \ΩpsS apdn-i-fnepw \ΩpsS `h-\-ß-fnepw \ΩpsS sxmgn ÿ-e-ß-fnepw \ΩpsS ]cn-k-c-ß-fnepw \ΩpsS ]cn-ÿn-xnsb \ΩpsS kzxzw Bhn-jvI-cn- m-\p Hcp am K-ambn \mw D]-tbm-Kn- p- p. \ΩpsS ]cn-ÿn-xn-tbmsv s]mcp-ø-s -Sm \mw F m ]cn-{i-ahpw \S-Øp- p. ]t AXv {Ia-c-ln-Xtam Ipg w ]nsn- txm i_vzhpw sshcq-]yhpw \nd- txm BsW- n, Aß-s\-bp Aan-tXm-tØ-

150 Atßbv v kvxpxn P\w \sω-øs ka-{k-x-bp- -hcpw k p- -cpambn Is -Øp- Xv {]bm-k-i-c-am- p- p. 148. ]mcn-ÿn-xni ]cn-an-xn-i-tfmsv {]Xn-I-cn- p hy nifpw hn`m-k-ßfpw, Xß-fpsS Np p-]m-sp-i-fpss {]Xn-Iqe {]`mhw elq-i-cn- p-ibpw {Ia-`w-K-Øns bpw A\n- n-x-xz-øn-s bpw a y-øn XßfpsS Pohn-X-ßƒ \bn- m A`y-kn- p-ibpw snbvxp-sim- v, A`n-\-μ-\o-b-amb k Km-fl-I-Xbpw alm-a-\-kvi-xbpw {]I-Sn- n- p- p. DZm-l-c-W-am-bn, si n-s-ß-fpss ]qap-j-ßƒ ssihn \ne-bn-em-bn-cn- p Nne ÿe-ß-fn P\ßƒ Ah-cpsS `h-\- ß-fp-sS- Dƒh-i-sØ- p-dn v henb {i ImWn- p- Itbm A\y-cpsS Zb-bnepw kulr-z-ønepw kwxr- ]vxn Is -Øp-Itbm snøp p. ka-{k-amb Hcp kmaq-ln-i-po-hn-x-øn-\v, A\-`n-e-j-Wo-b-ambn ImWs -Sp Hcp ]cn-ÿn-xnsb {]Im-i-am-\-am- m Ignbpw. Nne-t mƒ, FÆ-a sshj-ay-ßƒ Ds - n-epw, Zcn-{Z {]iw-k-\o-b-amb Hcp am\p-jni ]cn-ÿnxnhn m-\obw {]mh Øn-I-am- p- p. KmVhpw Dujva-f-hp-amb _ -ßƒ hni-kn- p-i-bm-sw- n, kaq-l-ßƒ kr n- -s -Sp-I-bm-sW- n, sfiy- Zm Vy-Øn-s bpw kz w F t_m[-øn-s bpw Hcp irwj-e-bv p- n-emwv Xm F A\p-`-h-ap Hmtcm hy n-bp-ssbpw D n ]mcn-ÿn-xni ]cn-an- Xn-Iƒ ]cn-l-cn- -s -Sp- -]- w, P\-ßƒ Xnßn-\nd ]m n-s-ta-j-e-iƒ Df-hm- p izmkwap ens A\p-`-hsØ FXn-cn-Sm-hp- -Xm-Wv. Cu coxn-

ka{k ]cn-ÿn-xn-hn- m-\obw 151 bn GXp ÿe-øn\pw `qan-bnse \ciw F Ahÿ-bn \n pw al-øz-]q Æ-amb Hcp Pohn-X- Øns ] m-ø-e-ambn amdm Ign-bpw. 149. sfiy-øn-s tbm Xpd ÿeßfp-sstbm ka-\z-b-øn-\p km[y-x-bp-sstbm A`mhap {]tz-i-ß-fn A\p-`-h-s -Sp ISpØ Zmcn-{Zyw, arkob kw`-h-ß-fn-te pw Ip -hmfn kwl-ß-fpss Nqj-W-Øn-te pw \bn- mhp Xm-Wv. h \K-cßfpsS Aÿn-c-amb ]cn-k-c-{]-tz-i-ß-fnse P-\- _mlp-ey-øn-s bpw kmaq-lni A m-x-xz-øns bpw {]Xn-Zn\ A\p-`-h-Øn-\v, kmaq-ln-i-hn-cp s]cp-am- -ambpw A{I-a-ambpw ]cn-w-an- p-, IS-]pg- n-sb-dn-b-s p F Hcp t_m[w kr n- m km- [n- pw. F n-cp- m-epw, kvt\lw IqSp-X i -amsw v Ft mgpw sxfn-bn- -s -Sp-sa v Dd- n- p-]-dbm Rm B{K-ln- p- p. Cu Ah-ÿ-I-fn-ep A\h[n P\ßƒ v kz w F t_m[-øn-s bpw HsØm-cp-a-bp-sSbpw irwj-e-iƒ s\bvsx-sp- m Ign-bp- p- v. Ah P\-_m-lp-eysØ kmaq-lni A\p-`-h-am n am p- p. AhnsS Al- -bpss axnep- Iƒ s]mfn- p-ho-gp-ibpw kzm -X-bpsS XS- - ßƒ ]cm-p-b-s -Sp-Ibpw snøp- p. kmaq-ln-i-amb Cu c m-\p-`hw ]e-t mgpw Hcp si n-s-øn-s tbm kao-]-øp Hcp ÿe-øn-s tbm A`n-hr- n- pth {Inbm-flI Bi-b-ßƒ DXv]m-Zn- n- p p. 117 150. Xma-k-ku-I-cy-Øn-\p ÿehpw a\pjycpss s]cp-am- hpw XΩn-ep At\ym-\y-_ w IW- n-

152 Atßbv v kvxpxn se-sp- p-tºmƒ, si n-s-ßfpw ]cn-k-c-ßfpw s]mxpÿ-e-ßfpw \K-c-ßfpw cq]-i-ev]\ snøp- -h, P\- ß-fpsS Nn m-{]-{in-b-ifpw {]Xo-Im-fl-I-`m-jbpw {]h Ø-\-co-Xn-Ifpw a\- n-em- m \sω klm-bn- p hnhn[ hn m-\-im-j-i-fn \n v Bi-b-ßƒ Dƒs m-t - -Xm-Wv. cq]-i-ev]-\-bpss kuμ-cywam{xw txsn-bm t]m-cm. as mcpxcw kuμ-cy-øn\v \mw \ Ip ip{iqj C\nbpw IqSp-X hne-s - - XmWv: P\-Po-hn-X-Øns KpW-\n-e-hm-cØn\pw ]cnÿn-xn-tbm-sp P\-ß-fpsS CW-ßn-t -cen\pw IqSn- m-gvn pw ]c-kv]c klm-bøn\pw. Chn-sS-bpw, Cu {]tz-i-ß-fn Pohn- m t]m-ip- -h-cpss A`n- {]m-b-ß-sf, \K-cm-kq-{XWw Ft mgpw ]cn-k-wn-t - Xv F{X {][m-\-am-sw v \mw ImWp- p. 151. \sω Dƒs m- p-ibpw \sω Hcp-an- n- p- Ibpw snøp Hcp \K-c-Øn, kz -am-sw- p \ΩpsS t_m[hpw thcp-iƒ Ds - p t_m[hpw ""kz`h-\ønem-sw A\p-`-h-Øns '' t_m[hpw h n- n- p s]mxp-ÿ-e-ßfpw Zr n-tkm-n-c-amb {it b hkvxp- fpw \mk-cni {]IrXnZriyßfpw kwc- n-t Bh-iyhpw D v. Hcp \K-c-Øns hyxykvx `mk-ßƒ \ mbn ka-\z-bn- -s -ts- Xpw AhnsS Xma-kn- p- -h v, Hcp ]cn-k-c-{]-tz-itø v HXp-ßp-Ibpw A\y-cp-ambn ] p-h-bv p HcnSw F \ne-bn hnime \K-csØ ImWp- - Xn ]cm-p-b-s -Sp-Ibpw snøm-sx, samø-øn-ep- - Xn-s\- p-dn v Hcp t_m[w D m-ti- Xpw {][m-\- am-wv. \K-c-Øn-setbm {Kma-Øn-setbm {]Ir-Xn-

ka{k ]cn-ÿn-xn-hn- m-\obw 153 ZriysØ _m[n- p CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ, Xß-fpsS Pohn-X-ßƒ p A\p-tbm-Pyhpw A -]q Æ-hpamb Hcp N - q-smbn AXnse \nhm-kn-iƒ ImWp Hcp kmi-ey-øn\v cq]w simsp m hnhn[ LS-Ißƒ F{]-Imcw IqSn-t -cp p F Xv IW- n-se-sp- -Ww. At mƒ C\n-ta A\y A]-cn-Nn-X-cm-bn- ImW-s -Sp-I, {]XypX kr n- m th n \Ωsf- m-hcpw {]h Øn- p Hcp ""\ΩfpsS'' `mk-ambn- m-bn-cn- pw. C m-c-w-øm -Xs, \ne-\n Øm- \pw am\p-jni CS-s]-S sim- p-h-cp \nc- -c-amb am -ß-fn -\n v kwc- n- m\pw Ign-bp Ipd p ÿe-ßƒ \mk-cn-ihpw {Kmao-W-hp-amb ] m-ø-eß-fn am n-h-bv pi klm-b-i-am-bn-cn- pw. 152. temi-øns ]e `mk-ß-fn-epw, {KmaoW taje-i-fnepw h \-K-c-ß-fn-epw, `h-\-\n Ωm-W-Øns A`mhw Kuc-h-ap Hcp {]iv\-am-wv. Fs - m, Bh-iy-ap- -Xns Hcp sndnb `mk-øn-\p-am-{xta k m _P- p-iƒ hi-bn-cp-øs Sp- p- p. Zcn- {Z p-am-{x-a kaq-l-ønse a p ]e AwK-ßƒ- pw kz -ambn Hcp hosp- m- pi {]bm-k-i-c-amwv. Hcp hosp- m-bn-cn- pi F Xv hy n-]-c-amb al- Øz-Øns Hcp t_m[-tømspw IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS hf -tbmspw Gsd _ -s - n-cn- p- p. am\p-jni ]cn-ÿnxn hn m-\obsø kw_- n v CXv Hcp {][m\ hnj-b-am-wv. XmXv m-eni D]-tbm-K-Øn- \p sn - p-sn-ep-i-fpss ] -W-ßƒ Db p-h- n- p Nne ÿe-ß-fn CXns A w, Ah CSn p-\n-c-øp-itbm Ah-bv p-]-icw hbv p-itbm

154 Atßbv v kvxpxn snøpi F -Xn-t\- mƒ B {]tz-i-ßƒ hni-kn- n- pi F m-wv. ipnn-xz-an- mø tncn-i-fntem A]-I-S-I-c-amb IpSn-bn-cn- p-i-fntem Zcn-{Z Xma-kn- p-tºmƒ ""Ahsc ]p\-c-[n-h-kn- n-t Bh-iyap Ah-k-c-ß-fn, thz-\-bp-ss-ta thz\ Ipan- p-iq-sm-xn-cn- m, axn-bmb hnh-c-ßƒ ap Iq n \ ti- -Xm-Wv. am\y-amb ]m n-s-ßƒ Xnc-s - Sp- m-\p \n t±-i-tøm-sp-iq-sn-bm-bn-cn- Ww CXv. t\cn v Dƒs -Sp Bfp-Iƒ Cu {]{In-b-bpsS `mkambn-cn- p-ibpw thww.'' 118 AtX-k-a-bw, {]h Ø- \-c-ln-x-amb kao-]-{]-tz-i-ßsf kzmk-xm l-amb Hcp \K-c-am n ka-\z-bn- n- p- -Xn k Km-fl-IX {]I-Sn- n-t - -XmWv: ""Xf Øp Ahn-izm-ksØ adn-i-s- p-, hyxy-kvx-cm-b-hsc H n p-tn p-, Cu DZv{K-Y-\w-Xs hni-k-\-øns ]pxn-sbmcp LS-I-am- p \K-c-ßƒ F{X at\m-lcamwv! hmkv- Xp-hn-Zym-]-c-amb \n Ωn-Xn-bn t m-epw, tbmpn- n- p- Xpw _ -s -Sp-Øp- Xpw a p- -hsc AwKo-I-cn- p- -Xns\ A\p-Iq-en- p- -Xp-amb Xpd ÿeßƒ \nd B \K-c-ßƒ F{X BI j-iw!'' 119 153. \K-c-ß-fnse Pohn-X-Øns KpW-\n-e-hm-c- Øn\v KXm-KX kwhn-[m-\-ß-fp-ambn Gsd _ -ap- v. Ah D]-tbm-Kn- p- -hsc kw_- n v Ah ]et mgpw henb t i-øns Hcp t{kmx- m-wv. Ht m AXn-e-[n-Itam Bfp-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn- p ]e Imdp- I-fpw, KXm-K-X-Øn-c v kr n- p-ibpw aen-\o-i-c-w- \ne Db Øp-Ibpw ]p\-cp-]-tbm-k- -a-a- mø Du w h txm-xn sne-hm- p-ibpw snbvxp-

ka{k ]cn-ÿn-xn-hn- m-\obw 155 sim- v, \K-c-ß-fn Np n-k- -cn- p- p. CXv IqSp- X tdmup-ifpw ]m nßv taj-e-ifpw \n Ωnt Bhiyw D m- p- p. X qew \K-c-Ønse {]Ir-Xn-Zr-iy-Øn\v tim wx p- p. s]mxp-k-xm-k-x- Øn\v ap K-W\ simsp-t - -Xns Bhiyw ]e hnz-kv cpw kω-xn- p- p- v. F n-epw, Bhiy-amb Nne \S-]-Sn-Iƒ, kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ Xs kmc-ambn sa -s -Sp-Øm-Ø-]- w, kaq-l-øn\v Ffp Øn kzoim-cy-am-bn-cn- p-i-bn-. Xnc pw Aku-I-cyhpw k ho-kp-iƒ IqsS- qss \S-ØmØXpw kpc- n- X-Xz-Øns A`m-hhpw apjm- ncw A - n- mø Ah-ÿ-Iƒ kln- m ]e \K-c-ß-fnepw Cu kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ P\ßsf \n _- n-x-cm- p- p. 154. a\p-jy-hy- n-iƒ F \ne-bn-ep \ΩpsS aløzw \K-c-Po-hn-X-Øn P\ßƒ kln-t - nh-cp Ipg- w-]n-sn bmym y-ß-fp-ambn s]mcp- Ø-s -Sp- n-. F n-epw, Nne {KmaoW P\-k- -bßƒ A\p-`-hn- p ]cn-xy- -Xbpw Ah-K-W-\bpw \mw {i n- m-xn-cn- m CXv CS-bm- -cp-xv. Ah v AXym-h-iy-tk-h-\-ßƒ e`n- p- n-. Ah-Im-ißtfm IqSp-X al-øz-ap Hcp Pohn-XsØ pdn- p {]Xym-i-t]m-eptam C msx Nne sxmgn-em-fn- Iƒ AhnsS Zmkym-h-ÿ-I-fn-te v XmgvØ-s -Sp- p. 155. am\p-jni ]cn-ÿnxnhn m-\obw AKm-[- amb as mcp bmym yhpw kqnn- n- p- p v: \ΩpsS kz`m-h-øn Dt -J\w snbvxn- p- Xpw IqSp-X al-øz-ap Hcp ]cn-ÿn-xn-bpss kr n v

156 Atßbv v kvxpxn Bh-iy-hp-amb [m ΩnI \nb-ahpw a\p-jy-po-hn-xhpw XΩn-ep _ w. ""a\p-jy\v Ah _lp-am-\n-t - Xpw C m-\p-k-cww Ah\v Ir{Xnaw Im m Ignbm-Ø-Xp-amb Hcp kz`m-h-ap v'' 120 F hkvxp-xbn A[n-jvTn-X-amb Hcp ""a\p-jys ]cn-ÿn-xnhn- m-\ob''sø pdn v s_\-univsv ]Xn-\m-dm-a am ]m kwkm-cn- p-i-bp- m-bn. \ΩpsS icocw Xs \sω ]cn-ÿn-xn-bp-ambpw CXc Pohn-I-fpambpw t\cn- p Hcp _ -Øn ÿm]n- p p F v AwKo-I-cn- m axn. \ΩpsS ico-c-ßƒ sszh- Øns Zm\-am-sW v AwKo-I-cn- p- -Xv, temiw apgph \nxy-]n-xm-hn \n- p Zm\-am-sW pw CXv \ΩpsS s]mxp-`-h-\-am-sw pw AwKo-I-cn v AXns\ kzmkxw snøp- -Xv kp{]-[m-\-am-wv. \ΩpsS kz w ico-c-ß-fp-ss-ta \ap v A\n-b-{ n-x-amb A[n- Imcw Ds - p Nn kr temi-øn-s -ta \ap v A\n-b-{ n-x-amb A[n-Imcw Ds - p Nn -bn-te- v ]e-t mgpw KqV-ambn Xncn-bp- p. \ΩpsS ico-csø AwKoI-cn- m\pw AXn-s\ -]-cn- N-cn- m\pw AXns ]q Æ-amb A sø BZcn- m\pw A`y-kn- p- Xv bym -amb GXv am\pjni ]cn-ÿn-xn-hn- m-\o-b-øns bpw Hcp AXymh-iy- L-S-I-am-Wv. hyxy-kvx-x-bp Hcm-fp-am-bp Hcp t\ m-gvn-bn Fs -Øs AwKo-I-cn- m F\n v km[n- -W-sa- n kz w ico-csø AXns kv{xoxz-øntem ]pcp-jxzøntem hne-bncp-tø- Xpw Bh-iy-am-Wv. Cu coxn-bn, {k mhmb sszh-øns cn-\-bmb as mcp ]pcp-j-s tbm kv{xobp-sstbm khn-ti-j-zm-\-ßƒ \ap v B\-μ-

ka{k ]cn-ÿn-xn-hn- m-\obw 157 ]p-c- cw AwKo-I-cn- m\pw At\ym\yw kº- X Is -Øm\pw Ign-bpw. ""AXns\ t\cnts Xv Fßs\-sb v Adn- p-iqsm-ø-xp-sim v \ΩpsS ssewkn-i-amb hyxymkw C m-xm- m '' 121 {ian- p- Xv Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb Hcp at\m-`m-h-a. IV. s]mxp-\- -bpss XØzw 156. am\p-jni ]cn-ÿnxnhn m-\obw s]mxp-\ F k -ev]-øn \n- v, kmaq-lni [m Ωn-I-XbpsS {][m-\hpw GIo-I-cn- p- -Xp-amb Hcp XØz- Øn \n- v, Ahn-`m-Py-am-Wv. s]mxp-\ ""]-cn-]q Wambpw Ffp- -Ønepw X\-Xmb e yw {]m]n- m kaq-l-øn\pw hy n-iƒ pw Ah-kcw \ Ip kmaq-ln-i-po-hnx kml-n-cy-ß-fpss BsI-Øp-I-bm- Wv.'' 122 157. Ahs As - n Ah-fpsS ka-{k-hn-i-k-\- Øn-\p-th n {Iao-I-cn- n- p ASn-ÿm-\-]-chpw A\ym-[o-\-s -Sp-Øm-\m-hm-Ø-Xp-amb Ah-Im-i-ßƒ kn n- n- p a\p-jy-hy- n-tbmsv B coxn-bn Xs -bp BZ-c-hmWv s]mxp-\- -bpss XØz-Øn A `-hn- n-cn- p- -Xv. A[o-\m-h-Im-i-kw-c- W XØzw {]tbm-kn- p-sim- v, kaq-l-øns samø- Øn-ep t a-tømspw CS-bn-ep hnhn[ hn`m-kß-fpss hni-k-\-tømspw AXv _ -s - n-cn- p- p. B hn`m-k-ß-fpssbns-bn {it -b-am-bxv kaq-l- Øns ASn-ÿm-\-L-SIw F \ne-bn IpSpw-_- am-wv. Ah-km-\-am-bn, s]mxp-\-, Hcp \n n-x-{iaw

158 Atßbv v kvxpxn G s -Sp-Øp kmaq-lni kam-[m-\hpw ÿnc-xbpw kpc- n-x-xzhpw Bh-iy-s -Sp- p. Hmtcm-cp-Ø pap \oxn kw_- n v {]txy-i-amb XmXv]-cy-an- msx Cu {Iaw t\spi km[y-a-. CXv ewln- s -Sp-tºm-sgms XXv^-e-ambn A{Iaw D m-ip- p. kaq-l-øn-\p- sam-ø-ønepw cm{ -Øn\p {]txy-iambpw s]mxp-\- sb {]Xn-tcm-[n- m\pw t{]m mln- n- m-\p-ap km[y-x-bp- v. 158. A\o-Xn-Iƒ s]cp-ip-ibpw h n- p-h-cp kwjy P\-ßƒ v ASn-ÿm\ a\p-jym-h-im-i-ßƒ \ -am-ip-ibpw Ah \in- n- -s -Sm-hp- -h-cmsw v Icp-Xp-Ibpw snøp BtKm-f-k-aq-l-Øns C sø Ah-ÿ-bn, s]mxp-\- -bpss XØzw DS Xs bp n-bp- -ambpw A\n-hm-cy-ambpw sfiy-zm Vy-Øn-\p Hcp Whpw \ΩpsS ktlm-zcoktlm-z-c- m-cnse ]c-a-z-cn-{z v ap K-W- \-bp Hcp sf n-i-hp-am-bn-øo-cp- p. Cu sf n- Iw temi-ønse hn`-h-ßƒ kw_- n km h-{xni e y-øns hnh- -Iƒ AwKo-I-cn- p- Xv A\nhm-cy-am- p- p- v. F m, "kphn-ti-j-øns B\μw' 123 F A -kvtxm-eni DZvt_m[\-Øn Rm ]cm-a in- n- p- -Xp-t]m-se, AXv Bh-iy-s - Sp- Xv hnizm-kn-iƒ F \ne-bn-ep \ΩpsS G - hpw AKm-[-amb t_m y-ß-fpss shfn- -Øn as - nepw IqSp-X-embn Zcn-{Z-cpsS Af-h al-øzsø hne-a-xn- -W-sa- m-wv. Cu sf niw hmkvx-h- Øn s]mxp-\ ^e-{]-z-ambn t\sm AXym-h-iy-

ka{k ]cn-ÿn-xn-hn- m-\obw 159 amb Hcp [m ΩnI Bh-iy-IX-bm-sW p ImWm \mw C v \ap- p- Np pw t\m n-bm axn. V. Xe-ap-d-Iƒ n-s-bnse \oxn 159. s]mxp-\ F Bibw `mhn-x-e-ap-d-i-fnte pw hym]n- p- p- v. \ΩpsS ]n X-e-ap-d-bn s] hsc Hgn-hm- m Ign-bm-Ø, \ΩpsS s]mxp-`m- K-t[-bsØ Ah-K-Wn- p- -Xns tzmj-^-e-ßƒ BtKm-f km-º-øni {]Xn-k- n-iƒ thz-\m-]q Æam-b- co-xn-bn hy -am- n- -gn- p. Xe-ap-d-Iƒ nsbnse sfiy-zm Vy-Øn \n p th s]- v\n v kpÿnc hni-k-\-sø- p-dn v \ap v C\n kwkmcn- m km[n- p-i-bn-. hcpwxe-ap-d-iƒ p-th n \mw hn p-sim-sp- p temi-øns kz`m-h-sø- pdn v Nn n- m Bcw-`n- p-tºmƒ, \mw Imcy-ß-fnte v hyxy-kvx-am-bn -t\m- p- p. \ap v kup-\yambn e`n- Xpw A\y-cp-ambn \mw ] p-h-bvt - - Xp-amb Hcp Zm\-amWv temi-sa p \mw a\- n-em- p- p. temiw \ap v \ I-s - -Xm-b-Xp-sIm- v, \ΩpsS hy n-]-c-amb KpW-Øn-\p-th n Imcy- a-xbpw DXv]m-Z-\- -a-xbpw ]q W-ambn Nen- n- p, XnI pw {]tbm-p-\-ic-am-b -co-xn-bn \ap v C\n D asb ho n- p-hm Ign-bp-I-bn-. Xe-apd- Iƒ n-s-bnse sfiy-zm Vyw sf n-i-a- ; {]XypX, \oxn-bpss Hcp ASn-ÿm-\hnjbam-Wv. Fs - m, \ap v e`n- n-cn- p temiw \ap v ]n mse hcm t]m-ip- -h-cp-ssbpw kz -am-wv. \oxn-bpss Cu ISa AwKo-I-cn- m t]m p-kokv sa{xm- m

160 Atßbv v kvxpxn \sω Blzm\w snbvxn- p v: ""kzoi-cn- m-\p k - -X-sb bp n-bpss `mk-amwv ]cn-ÿn-xn. Hmtcm Xe-ap-d-bv p-ap Hcp hmbv]-bm-w-xv. ]n osv AXv ASpØ Xe-ap-dbv p ssiam-d-ww.'' 124 Cu hnime Z i\-øm ap{zn-x-amwv Hcp ka{kamb ]cn-ÿn-xn-hn- m-\o-bw. 160. \ap- p-tijw hcp- -h v Ct mƒ hf psim- n-cn- p Ip n-iƒ v F p-xcw temi-amwv \mw hn p-sim-sp- m B{K-ln- p- Xv? Cu tnmzyw H -s coxn-bn ]cn-ÿn-xnsb am{xw _m[n- p- -X-. IjWwIj-W-ambn kao-]n- m-hp Hcp hnj-b-a CXv. F p-x-c-øn-ep temi-sø-bmwv \mw ]n n hn n- p-t]m-im B{K-ln- p- -sx v \mw \tωm-sp-xs tnmzn- p-tºmƒ, {]Y-a-ÿm-\- Øp \mw Nn n- p- Xv AXns s]mxp-hmb Znisbbpw A -søbpw aqey-ß-sfbpwipdn- m-wv. Cu AKm-[-hn-j-b-ß-tfmSv \mw s]mcp-xm-ø-]- w, ]cnÿn-xn-hn- m-\o-b]c-amb \ΩpsS Bi kp{]- [m-\-^-e-ßƒ Df-hm- p-sa v Rm hniz-kn- p- n. F m, B hnj-b-ßsf \mw [oc-ambn t\cn-sp-ibm-sw- n, aq -bp a p tnmzy-ßƒ D -bn- p- -Xn-te v \mw A{]-Xn-tcm-[y-ambn \bn -s -Sp p: Cu temi-ønse \ΩpsS Pohn-X-Øns Dt±iyw F mwv? F p-sim- mwv \mw Chn-sS-bm-bn-cn- p- Xv? \ΩpsS tpmen-bp-ssbpw F m {]bxv\-ß-fpssbpw e yw F mwv? \Ωsf kw_- n v temi- Øn\v F m-h-iy-am-wp- Xv? `mhnxeap-d-i-sf- pdn v \mw XXv]-c-cm-bn-cn- Ww F p shdpsx

ka{k ]cn-ÿn-xn-hn- m-\obw 161 {]kvxm-hn- m t]mcm; A]-I-S-Øn-em-bn-cn- p- Xv \ΩpsS kz w al-øz-am-sw v \mw ImtW- - Xp v. {]Y-ahpw {][m-\-hp-am-bn, hmk-tbm-kyamb Hcp {KlsØ hcpw-x-e-ap-d-iƒ v \ IWw F p Xocp-am-\n-t - Xp \mam-wv. Cu hnjbw \sω A]- I-S-I-c-ambn _m[n- p H m-wv. Fs - m, `qanbnse \ΩpsS XmXv m-eni PohnXØns BXy- ni A -hp-ambn AXv _ -s - n-cn- p- p. 161. A y-hn[nzn\-sø- p-dn- p {]h-n-\-ßƒ hymtpm n F p ]dt m Ah- m-]q htam X n- -f-bm-\m-hn-. `mhn-x-e-ap-d-iƒ p \mw hn psim-sp- p- Xv \mim-h-in-jvs-ßfpw P\-hm-k-an- m- Xmb ÿe-ßfpw Agp- p-am-bn-cn- mw. D]-t`m-K-Øns bpw ]mgm- -en-s bpw ]mcn-ÿn-xn-i-am- -Øn-s - bpw KXn-thKw \ΩpsS {Kl-Øns Ign-hns\ hen p apdp nbn-cn- p- p. \ne-\n Øm-\m-hmØ \ΩpsS ka-im-en-i -Po-hn-X-ssi-en v alm-hn-]-øp-i-fpss B w- h n- n- m am{xta Ign-bq. Aß-s\bp hn]-øp-iƒ Ct mƒøs temi-øns hnhn[ tajeifn IqsS- qss kw`-hn- p- p- v. ChnsS Ct mƒ \mw FSp- p \n Æm-bI \S]Sn- p am{xta Ct m-gsø Ak- p-en-xm-h-ÿ-bpss ^eßƒ Ipd-bv m km[n- q. Zmcp-W-amb ]cnw-x- ^-e-ßƒ A\p-`-hn-t nhcp- -h-tcmsv IW- p-]- d-bm-\p \ΩpsS _m y-x-sb- p-dn v \mw hnnn- \w sntø- -Xm-h-iy-am-Wv.

162 Atßbv v kvxpxn 162. Cu sh p-hnfn Kuc-h-]q hw Gs -Sp- p- -Xn \ap- p {]bm-k-øn-\v, ]mcn-ÿn-xni A[x-]-X-\- tøm-ssm- -ap- mb [m Ωn-Ihpw kmwkvim-cn-i-hpamb A]-N-b-tØmSv Gsd _ -ap- v. \ΩpsS DØcm-[p-\n-I-tem-I-Ønse a\p-jy D{K-amb hy nhmzøns A]ISkm[yXbnemWv k -cn- p- Xv. kaq-l-øns \nc-h[n {]iv\-ßƒ C -sø XXv W kwxr]vxnbpss kzbw- -ti-{μo-irx kwkvimctømsp _ s hbmwv. IpSpw-_-Ønse {]Xn-k- n-bnepw kmaq-lni _ -ß-fnepw A]c-s\ AwKoIcn p Xnse sshj-ay-ß-fnepw \mw CXp ImWp- p- v. ho p-hn-nm-c-an- m-øxpw ]mgv-s e-hnt Xpamb D]-t`m-K-Øn-\p {]h-wx amxm-]n-xm- - m v D m-im-hp- -Xm-Wv. CXp ]n osv Ah-cpsS Ip n-isf _m[n- p-ibpw B Ip n- Iƒ v kz ambn Hcp hosp kºm-zn- p-ibpw Hcp IpSpw_w si n Sp pibpw snøp- Xv hfsc t i- I-c-ambn A\p-`-h-s -Sp-Ibpw snøpw. IqSm-sX, hcpw- X-e-ap-d-I-sf- p-dn v Kuc-h-ambn Nn n- m-\p \ΩpsS Ignhn mbva, \ΩpsS Ct m-gsø XmXv]cyß-fpsS hym]vxn hnim-e-am- p- -Xnepw hni-k-\- Øn \n v Hgnhm s pign-bp- -h v ]cnkw\ \ Ip- Xn-ep-ap \ΩpsS Ign-hp-tI-Sn-t\mSp _ - s - n-cn- p p. `mhn-bnse Zcn-{Z-sc- p-dn p am{x-a-, Cu `qan-bnse PohnXw {lkz-ambhcpw XpS p ImØn-cn- m Ign-bm-Ø-h-cp-amb C sø Zcn-{Z-sc- pdn- piqsn \ap p Nn n- mw. AXp-sIm- v,

ka{k ]cn-ÿn-xn-hn- m-\obw 163 ""Xeapd-Iƒ p- n-ep sfiy-zm Vy-Øns Hcp \ymb-t_m-[-øn-\p-]p-d-sa, Xe-ap-d-Iƒ n-s-bnse sfiy-zm Vyw kw_- n Hcp \ho-ir-x-t_m-[øns ASnb camb [m Ωn- I m- h iyw IqSnbp v.''125 ""hnip {^m kokv A okn ] n-i-tfmsv {]kw-kn- p p;'' Pntbm-tØm-bpsS cn\ (1299)

164 Atßbv v kvxpxn A[ymbw A v kao-]-\-øn-s bpw {]h Ø\Øn-s bpw ] -Xn-Iƒ 163. \mw A[n-h-kn- p {Kl-Ønse hn -ep-ifpw ]mcn-ÿn-xni A]-N-b-Øn\v a\p-jy X-s ImcWamIp taj-e-ifpw Nq n- m-wn- p-sim v ka- Imeo\ kml-n-cy-ßsf kw_- n v Hc-h-tem-I\w \S-Øp-hm-\mWv Rm CXp-hsc DZy-an- -Xv. Cu bmym y-sø- p-dn- p hnnn- \w AXn-\m - Xs Hcp ZnimhyXn-bm-\-Øn-s bpw CXc \S-]-Sn- I-fp-sSbpw Bh-iy-IX CXn-\-Iw-Xs hy -am- p- I-bp- m-bn. F n-cp- mepw Ct mƒ \sω {Kkn- ncn- p kzbw-\-io-i-c-w-øns Ducm- p-sp- n \n v c -s -Sp-hm klm-bn- p kwhm-z-øns {][m\ am K-ßƒ kw_- n Hcp cq]-tcj Xømdm- p-hm \ap v {ian- mw. I. ]cn-ÿnxnkwhm-zw A tz-iob kaql-øn 164. Ign- -\q- m- ns a[y-øn-ep-s-se-spøv At\Iw sshj-ay-ßƒ Xc-Ww-sN-bvXv, \ΩpsS

kao-]-\-øn-s bpw {]h Ø\Øn-s bpw ] -Xn-Iƒ 165 {Klw Hcp amxr-`q-an-bm-sw pw am\-h-ipew Hcp s]mxp-`-h-\-øn hkn- p GI P\-X-bm-sW- pap Ah-t_m-[-Øn\v hf -bp- m-bn- p- v. ]c-kv]- cm-{in-x-amb temiw \sω-sb mw _m[n- p-sim- ncn- p Nne Pohn-X-ssi-en-I-fp-sSbpw DXv]m-Z-\-Øns bpw D]-t`m-K-Øn-s bpw am K-ß-fp-sSbpw \ntj- [m-fl-i-amb ^e-ßsf kw_- n v \sω IqSp-X Aht_m[-ap- -h-cm- p- p. F p-am-{x-a-, AXn-t\- mƒ {][m-\-am-bn, ]cn-lm-c-am K-ßƒ BtKm-f-Xe- Øn-ep Hcp ImgvN- m-sn \n v \n t±-in- -s -Sp p F pw AXv GXm\pw Nne cmpy-ß-fpss XmXv]-cyßƒ kwc- n- p- -Xn-\p-th n am{x-am-bn- -s pw Dd- p-h-cp-øp-hm \sω t{]cn- n- p-i-bpw snøp- p. s]mxp-hmb Hcp ] -Xn-tbm-Sp-Iq-Snb GI-tem-IsØ- pdn v Nn n- p-hm ]c-kv]-cm-{i-bxzw \sω \n - _- n-x-cm- p- p. F n pw _rl-ømb kmt -XnI ]ptcm-kxn ssih-cn am\p-jniss\]pwyw temihym-]-i-amb Kuc-h-ta-dnb ]mcn-ÿn-xni kmaq-lni {]iv\-ßƒ ssiimcyw snøp- -Xn\v ^e-{]-z-amb am K-ßƒ I p-]n-sn- p- -Xn\v A]-cym-]vX-amWv F v CXn-\Iw sxfn-bn- p-i-gn- p. X\Xp cmpyßfpss `mk-øp-\n- p GI-]- o-b-amb {]h Ø-\- ßƒsIm v ]cn-l-cn- m-\m-hmø Kl-\-amb {]iv\- ßƒ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn- p- -Xn\v BtKm-f-X-e-Øn-ep A`n-{]m-b-sFIyw AXy- m-t]- n-x-am-wv. DZm-lc- W-Øn-\v, \ne-\n p- Xpw sshhn-[y-am -Xp-amb Irjn v cq]w-sim-sp- pi; \ho-i-cw ahpw aen\o-i-c-w-tijn Ipd- -Xp-amb Du P-cq-]-ßƒ hni-kn- n- pi; IqSp-X Imcy- -a-amb Du P-D-]- t`mkw t{]m m-ln- n- pi; kap-{z, h\ hn`-h-ß-fpss

166 Atßbv v kvxpxn sa -s ssiimcyw t{]m m-ln- n- pi; IpSn-sh e`yx BtKm-f-X-e-Øn Dd- p-h-cp-øpi XpS-ßn-bhbn-te v AØ-c-sam-c-`n-{]m-b-sFIyw \sω \bnt mw. 165. `qan-bn \n pw Ipgn-s -Sp- p aen-\o-i-c-w- -ax IqSnb C -\-ß-fn {]txy-in v I -cn, IqSmsX FÆ, Ipd- -txm-xn-em-sw- nepw hmxiw A[njvTnX-amb kmt -Xn-I-im-kv{X-Øn-\v, ]Sn-]Snbm-bn- m-sw- nepw ]Icw kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ Is -Øntb axn-bmiq F p \ap- -dn-bmw. hym]-i-amw-hn[w kwe-`y-amb \ho-i-c-w- -a-amb Du P-t{km-X- p- Iƒ hni-kn- n- p- -Xn h ]p-tcm-kxn ssih-cn- p- -Xp-hsc; c p Xn -I-fn tzmjw-ip-d H v Xnc-s -Sp- pi AYhm Ipd Ime-b-f-hn-tebv p ]cn-lm-c-ßƒ Ah-ew-_n- pi \ymbbp - amwv. F m, Du P-Øns Cu ]cn-h Ø-\-L- - Øn-\m-h-iy-amb sne-hp-h-ln- p- -Xn-\p DØ-chm-Zn-ØsØ kw_- n v ]cym-]vx-amb Hcp [mcwbn A m-cm-jv{s-k-aqlw C\nbpw FØn-t n- n-. kao-]-z-i-i-ß-fn ]mcn-ÿn-xn-ihnjb-ßƒ ]cn-k-w-\o-b-amb s]mxp-kw-hm-z-øn\p hgn-sx-fn- p- Ibpw Ah hnhn-[-x-c-øn-ep {]Xn- m-_- hpw DZm-c-hp-amb {]Xn-I-c-W-ßƒ shfn-hm- p-ibpw snbvxn- p- v. \ΩpsS temiw A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn- p sh p-hn-fn-i-fpss ASn-b- n-c-kz-`m-h-øn-\-\p-kr-x-amwhn[w {]Xn-I-cn- p- -Xn cmjv{so-b, _nkn-\ v cwkß-fn-ep h sas -t m p\-b-amwv kzoi-cn- -Xv. hymh-km-bn-im-\- cime-l w Ncn{XØnse G hpw \ncp-øchmz-]-c-amb H mbn Hm Ωn- -s -t - m-sa-

kao-]-\-øn-s bpw {]h Ø\Øn-s bpw ] -Xn-Iƒ 167 nepw Ccp-]-sØm- mw-\q- m- ns {]mcw-`-ønse am\-h-hwiw AXns `mcn DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-ßƒ DZmc-ambn Npa-te- n-b-xns t]cn A\p-kva-cn- s Spw F v {]Xym-in- m Imc-W-ap- v. 166. ]uc-k-aq-l-ønse At\Iw kwl-s-\-i-fpss- IqSn {]b-xv\-^-e-ambn ]mcn-ÿn-xni {]ÿm\-ßƒ temi-hym-]-i-ambn KW-\o-b-amb ]ptcm-kxn t\snbn- p- v. B kwl-s-\-i-sf-sb mw ChnsS FSp- Øp]dbphmt\m Ah-bpsS kw`m-h-\-i-fpss Ncn{Xw Ah-tem-I\w snøp-hmt\m km[y-a- -t m. Ah-cpsS {]h Ø-\-ßƒaqew ]mcn-ÿn-xni {]iv\-ßƒ s]mxpap (Imcy]cn]mSn) bn h n- txmxn CSw-t\-Sp-Ibpw IqSp-X Zo L-ho- -WtØm-Sp-Iq-Snb kao-]-\-ßƒ t{]m m-ln- n- p-ibpw snbvxn- p- v. F n-cp- m-epw, Chsb X n- -f-bmsx-x-s, ]cn-ÿn-xnsb kw_- n v ASp-Ø-ImeØp \S BtKmf -D- timsni-sfm pw {]Xo bvs møp ^e-ap-f-hm- n-bn-. Fs - m cmjv{sob C m-i- n-bpss A`m-hw-aqew bym -Øn A -]q Æhpw ^e-{]-z-hp-amb BtKmf DS-º-Sn- I-fn FØn-t -cp- -Xn\v Ahbv p Ign-bmsX t]mbn. 167. 1992 dntbm sz Ps\bv-tdm-bn h p \S D -timsn (Earth Summit) {]txyiw {]kvxm-h-tbm- Ky-amWv. ""a\p-jy-\mwv kpÿnc hni-k-\-sø pdn- p Imcy-ß-fpsS ti{μ-ÿm-\øp \n p- Xv'' 126 F v B D -timsn {]Jym-]n- p-i-bp- mbn. 1972 se tãm v tlmw D -tim-sn-bpss {]Jym-]\-sØ

168 Atßbv v kvxpxn {]Xn[z\n- n- p-sim- v, `qan apgp-h-s bpw ]mcn-ÿn- XnI LS-\sb kwc- n- p ImcyØn ; A mcm-jv{s-k-l-i-c-ww, aen-\o-i-c-w-øn\p ImcW- mcm-ip- -h AXns ]cn-w-x-^-e-ß-fpss sne-hp- IqSn Gs -Sp- p-hm-\p _m[y-x, ]cn-k-w-\-bn-ep ] -Xn-Ifpw {]h Ø-\-ßfpw D m- m-hp ]mcnÿn-xni BLmXw \n Æ-bn- p- -Xn-\p I Øhyw Ch-sbms Dƒs m- n p {]Xn-jvTn- p- -Xn\v AXn\p Ign- p. BtKmf Xm]-\-Øns KXnsb Zp _-e-s -Sp-Øp- -Xn-\p {ia-øns `mkambn A -co- -Ønse lcn-x-kr-l-hm-x-i-km-{μx ]cnanxs SpØpI F e yw {]kvxpx D -timsn apt m- p-h- p. Hcp I Ω-]- -Xnbpw ssph-ssh-hn-[ysø kw_- n v cmjv{s-ßƒ XΩn-ep XmXvImenI k nbpw Dƒs ss Hcp Imcy-]-cn-]m-Sn p cq]wsim-sp- p-hm\pw h\-ß-sf- p-dn v am K-\n tz-ii XØz-ßƒ {]kvxm-hn- p-hm\pw AXn\p Ign- p. ta -d D -timsn Hcp bym Nph-Sp-hbv]pw {]kvxpx Ime-L- -Øn {]hm-n-i-]-chpw Bbncp p F p ]d-bmw. F m, ta t\m w hln- p- -Xn-\p ]cym-]vx-amb kwhn-[m-\-ß-fn- m-bva, Imem-Im-e-ß-fn \S-tØ Ah-tem-I-\w, hogvnh-cp-øp Imcy-ß-fn th in m-\-s-]-sn-iƒ ChbpsS A`mhwaqew AXnse HØp-Xo p-iƒ hnpb- I-c-ambn \S- n h-cp-øp-hm Ign- n-. AXn {]Jym-]n- -s am K-\n t±-i-i-x-øz-ßƒ {]mtbm- Kn-I-ambn \S- n h-cp-øp- -Xn-\p-th Imcy- -ahpw hnt[-b-xz-ap- -Xp-amb am K-ßƒ C\nbpw D mbn- n-.

kao-]-\-øn-s bpw {]h Ø\Øn-s bpw ] -Xn-Iƒ 169 168. Cu Imcy-Øn, hmkvx-hn-i-amb A\p-`-h-ßfpsS Iq -Øn, DZm-l-c-W-Øn-\v, A]-I-S-km-[y-Xbp amen-\y-ß-sf- p-dn p "_msk I sh j ;' AXns dnt m nßv k{º-zm-bw, \nehmcw, \nb-{ -W-tijn F n-h-bpƒs ss {]txyiw kqnn- n-t - -Xp- v. hwi-\m-i-`o-jwn t\cn-sp P p-k-ky-h K-ß-fpsS A m-cm-jv{s-hym-]m-csø kw_- n- v, ]n Xp-S-cp-hm _m[y-ÿ-cm- p hyhÿ-i-tfmss \S I sh j\pw C q- -Øn s Sp- p. ^e-{]-zamw-hn-[-ap hnt[-b-xz-øns hmkvx-hn-ix sxfn-bn- p- -Xn\v Cs s\ v kμ - in- p- -Xn-\p km[y-xbpw CXns `mk-am-bp- v. Hmtkm ]m-fn-i-fpss kwc- -W-Øn-\p-th n \S "hnsb I sh j-s 'bpw "sam {Sn-b t{]mt mt mƒ' {]Imcw AXv \S- m- p Xn\p t`z-k-xnbp-ssbpw ^e-ambn; Hmtkm ]m-fn-iƒ t\ Øphcp p F {]iv\w Hcp- -Xo-cp-am\w ssis m- p Xe-Øn-te v FØn-bn-cn- p p F p ]d-bmw. 169. ssph-ssh-hn-[y-ß-fpss kwc- -Whpw acp-`qhxvi-c-w-hp-ambn _ -s kwk-xn-ifpw ]cn-kwn- ptºmƒ Imcy-ß-fpsS ]ptcm-kxn hfsc \n m-camb txmxn-em-sw p ]d-bmw. Imem-h-ÿm-hy-Xnbm-\-Øns ImcyØnemIs, ZpxJ-I-c-amw-hn[w Ipd ]ptcm-k-xntb D m-bn- p- q. lcn-x-{k-lhmx-i-ß-fpss elq-i-c-w-øn-\v, IqSp-X i cpw aen-\o-i-c-w-øn\v IqSp-X Imc-W- m-cp-amb cmjv{sß-fpss `mk-øp-\n v kxy-k- -Xbpw [oc-xbpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Øhpw D m-ti- -Xm-h-iy-am-Wv. "kpÿnc hni-k-\-sø- p-dn- p bp.f.

170 Atßbv v kvxpxn tim ^d kv,' ""dntbm+20'' (dntbm sz Ps\bvtdm 2012), Zqc-hym-]-Ihpw AtX-k-abw ^e-{]-z-a- m-ø- Xp-amb Hcp tcj {]kn- o-i-cn- p-i-bp- m-bn. BtKmf-X-e-Øn-ep kpÿn-xn- p-]-cn-bmbn Xß-fpsS tziob XmXv]-cy-ßƒ {]Xn-jvTn- n-cn- p cmpy-ßƒ ssi-øm-fp ]Z-hn-Iƒaqew A m-cm-jv{s-x-e-ønep N -Iƒ v KWy-amb ]ptcm-kxn ssih-cn- m-\m-hn-. \Ωƒ ad- p-h-bv p-hm {ian- p- -Xns ]cn-w-x-^-e-ßƒ A\p-`-hn-t - n-h-cp- -h a\- m- n-bp-ssbpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-Øn-s bpw Cu ]cm-pbw hnkva-cn- p-i-bn. Cu Nm{In-I-te-J\w Xøm-dm- ns m- n-cp- -t mƒxs hmz-{]-xn-hm-z-ßƒ Xo{ham-bn-s m- n-cp- p. Zpcp-t±-i-]-c-amb D]-tZ-i-ßƒ - \p-krxw \Ωƒ hcp-øp Ime-Xm-a-k-Øns ]cn- W-X-^-e-ßƒ hcpw-x-e-apd A\p-`-hn- m-xn-cn-t - - Xn-\v, hnizm-kn-i-fmb Rßƒ v, Ct m-gsø N - I-fn \n pw {Inbm-fl-I-amb ^ew e`n- p- -Xn-\mbn sszh-tømsv tnmzn- m-xn-cn- p-hm-\m-hn-. 170. aen-\o-i-c-w-tl-xp-hmb hmx-i-ßƒ ]pdw- X p- Xv Ipd-bv p- -Xn-\p Nne \b-ßƒ ]cnÿn-xn-{]-h Ø-\-ß-fpsS sne-hp-iqsn A tz-iobh-xvi-cn- p- -Xn\v Bh-iy-s -Sp- p. Cu {]{In-b-bn, hymh-km-bni ]ptcm-kxn ssih-cn kº cmjv{sßƒ m\p-]m-xn-i-ambn ]cn-an-x-amb hn`-h-ßƒ am{xap cmpy-ß-fp-ss-taepw Zp h-l-amb _m[y-x-iƒ Npa-tØ- n-h-cp p F A]-I-S-km-[yX \ne-\n - p- p. CØcw \S-]-Sn-Iƒ ASn-t n- p- Xv hnik\w G hpw IqSp-X Bh-iy-am-bn-cn- p {]kvxpx cmpy-ßƒ v Hcp in -bmbn `hn- p- p.

kao-]-\-øn-s bpw {]h Ø\Øn-s bpw ] -Xn-Iƒ 171 ]cn-ÿnxnkwc- -W-Øns t]cn Aßs\ Hc\oXn-IqSn Npa-Ø-s -Sp- p. Chn-sSbpw Imcy-ßƒ Zcn-{Z hne-sim-sp-t - n-h-cp Ah-ÿ-bn FØnt -cp- p. AXn-\pw-]p-d-ta, Imem-h-ÿm-hy-Xn-bm-\- Øns ^e-ßƒ hnzq-c-`m-hn-bn hsc A\p-`-h-s - Sp-sa- -Xn-\m, Ct mƒ hfsc I i-\-amb \S-]-Sn- IƒXs kzoi-cn- mepw Xß-fpsS kºzvhyhÿsb _m[n- pw-hn[w Ct mƒxs A\p-`-h-s - p-sim- n-cn- p A\- -c-^-e-ß-tfmsp s]mcp-ø-s -Sp- - Xn-\v, hn`-h-zu e`yw A\p-`-hn- p Nne cmpyßƒ v klmbw Bh-iy-ambn hcpw. Cu ] m-øe-øn s]mxp-hm-bn- p- Xpw th Xn-cn- p- -Xp-amb DØ-c-hm-ZnØw Bh-iy-ap- v. s_mfo-hn-bm-bnse sa{xm- m {]kvxm-hn- -Xp-t]mse: ""lcn-x-kr-l-hm- XIß-fpsS hn]p-e-amb ]pdw-x- Bh-iy-ambn h h n txmxn-ep hyh-kmbhxvi-c-w-øn - \n pw {]tbm-p\w e`n- n- p cmpy-ßƒ v; Xßƒ Imc-W- m-cmb {]iv\-ßƒ v {]Xn-hn[n Is -Øp- -Xn\v IqSp-X DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-ap- v.'' 127 171. ""Im _ s{iun- p-iƒ'' hmßp-ibpw hn p- Ibpw snøp k{º-zm-bw, temi-hym-]-i-ambn aen\o-i-c-w-tl-xp-hmb hmx-i-ß-fpss ]pdw-x- en\v Ipd-hp-h-cp-Øp-hm klm-bn- p ]pxnb Nn m-[mc-bn-te v \bn- p H m-wv. Cu hyhÿ, ]cn-ÿn-xn-tbm-sp {]Xn-_- XsIm mwv F p txm n- n- pw-hn[w Xzcn-Xhpw kpk-a-hp-amb Hcp ]cnlmcw ssih-cp-øp Xmbn ImW-s -Sp- p. F m C sø kml-n-cy-ßƒ Bh-iy-s -Sp aq Øamb ]cn-h Ø-\-Øn\v CXv Hcp-hn-[-Ønepw A\phZn-

172 Atßbv v kvxpxn p- n-. icn-bmbn ]d-bp- -]- w, Nne cmpyß-fpssbpw ti{μ-ß-fp-ssbpw Aan-X-amb D]-t`mKw \ne- \n Øp- -Xn-\p Hc-S-hp-\bw am{x-ambn CXv ]cnwan- p- p. 172. Zcn-{Z-cm-Py-ßsf kw_- n- n-s-tømfw AXoh Zcn-{Zm-hÿ D q-e\w snøp-i, kzp-\-ß-fpss A`nhr n t{]m m-ln- n- pi F n-h-bm-bn-cn pw AhcpsS ap K-W-\-Iƒ. AtX-k-a-bw-X-s, Ah, Ahcp-sS-Xs P\-kw-Jy-bnse hnti-jm-\p-iqeyw A\p- `-hn- p Nne taj-e-i-fn-ep- -h-cpss D]-t`m-K- Øns txmxv A]-Io Øn-I-c-amw-hn[w hn]p-e-amwv F bmym yw AwKo-I-cn- p-ibpw Agn-a-Xn-s - Xnsc ^e-{]-z-amw-hn[w t]mcm-sp-ibpw sntø- - Xp v. AXp-t]m-se-X-s, aen-\o-i-c-w- -ax Ipd Du tpm-xv]m-z\t{kmx- p-iƒ hni-kn- ns -Sp- p-hm Ah _m[y-ÿ-cm-wv. F m Cu {Kl-Øns aen-\o-i-c-w-øn\p Imc-W-am-bn-s m v h ]p-tcm-kxn ssih-cn cmpy-ß-fpss klmbw Cu Imcy-Øn Ah m-h-iy-ap- v. kar- -amb kutcm Pw {]tbm-p-\-s -Sp-Øp- -Xn-\v, kmt -Xn-Ihn-Zy-bpsS Cu am w kwe-`y-am- p- -Xn\v Xßƒ p Ign-bpw-hn-[w, b{ -kw-hn-[m-\-ßƒ ÿm]n- p-i, kmº-øni B\p-Iqeyw, kmt -XnI klm-bw, kmº-øni t{kmx- p-iƒ Ch-sbms Ah mh-iy-ap- v. F m AX-Xp-cm-Py-ß-fn-ep kml- N-cy-ßƒ am\n- pw-hn[w Ch e`y-am-i-ww. ImcWw ""Cß-s\-bp B -c-l-s-i-ß-fpss A\p-Iq-emhÿ ]cn-k-wn- p-tºmƒ, GXp kml-ncysø Dt±in- mwv Ah cq]-i \ snø-s - Xv F

kao-]-\-øn-s bpw {]h Ø\Øn-s bpw ] -Xn-Iƒ 173 Imcyw F m-bvt mgpw ]cym-]vx-amw-hn[w \n W-bn- -s -Sp- n-. Imem-h-ÿm-hy-Xn-bm-\-Øns A]-I- S-km-[yX-bp-ambn Xmc-Xayw snøp-tºmƒ CXn-\p-th- n-h-cp snehv Ipd-hm-bn-cn- pw. GXp kml-ncy-øn-em-bm-epw, Ch-sbm-s, H m-a-xm-bn, F m P\- X-Ifpw XΩn-ep sfiy-zm Vy-Øne[n-jvTn-X-amb [m -ΩnI Xocpam\-ß-fm-Wv. 173. {]mtz-ini `c-wm-[n-im-cn-iƒ v ]e-t mgpw CSs]-Sp-hm Ign-bm-Ø-Xn-\m, \n _- -]q hw \S nem- p A tz-iob DS-º-Sn-I-fpsS ASn-b- c Bh-iy-ap- v. cmpy-ßƒ XΩn-ep _ w ]c-kv]cap ]c-am-[n-im-csø am\n- p- -Xm-bn-cn- -Ww. F m, BXy- n-i-ambn F m-h-scbpw _m[n- phm CS-bp {]mtz-in-i-amb Zpc- -ßƒ Hgn-hm- p- -Xn\v D`-b-k-Ω-X-{]-Im-c-ap am K-ßƒ Ah-ew- _n- p-hm km[n- -Ww. I Ø-hy-ßƒ \n _- - ]q hw \S- n h-cp-øp- -Xn\pw Akzo-Im-cy-amb \S- ]-Sn-Iƒ, XS-bp- -Xn\pw BtKm-f-X-e-Øn-ep \nb- { -W-N- -ßƒ Bh-iy-ap- v. i -cmb Iº-\n-Ifpw a pw A\y-cm-Py-ß-fn amen-\y-ßƒ \nt -]n- p- txm As - n kap{zxoc-{]-tz-i-øp-\n pw AIse-bp hyh-km-b-im-e-iƒ CXc cmpy-ß-fn aen\o-i-c-w-øn\p Imc-W-am-Ip- txm DZm-l-c-Wambn FSp- m-hp- -Xm-Wv. 174. kap-{z-ß-fpss `c-w-kw-hn-[m-\w-iqsn \mw ]cn- K-Wn-t - -Xp- v. A tz-io-bhpw {]mtz-in-i-hpamb I sh j-\p-iƒ Ds - Xv hmkvx-h-am-wv. F m ]e X p-i-fn-embn ÿnxn-sn-øp p

174 Atßbv v kvxpxn F Xpw I i-\-amb \nb-{ -W- -in- m-\-s-]-sn-ifpss A`m-hhpw CØcw {ia-ßƒ v Xpc- w-h-bv p- -Xn Ah-km-\n- p- p. kap-{z-am-en-\y-ß-fpss h n- p-h-cp {]iv\hpw Xpd IS-ens kwc- - Whpw khn-ti-j-amb sh p-hn-fn-i-fm-wv. ""t m_ tima -kv'' F p hnfn- -s -Sp taj-e-i-fpss apgph `cw-kw-hn-[m-\-ßƒ kw_- n DS-º-Sn-I-fmWv {]mtbm-kn-i-ambn th -Xv. 175. BtKm-f-Xm-]-\-Øns KXn ]nt m- -Sn- p-hm I i-\-amb Xocp-am-\-ßƒ ssis m- p- -Xn \ne- \n p AtX at\m-`mhw Zmcn-{Zy-\n Ωm P\w F e yw ssih-cn- p- -Xnepw D m-i-ww. c p {]iv\-ßfpw ssiimcyw snøp- -Xn\v IqSp-X DØc-hm-Zn-Ø-]q Æ-amb Hcp BI-am-\-k-ao-]\w BhiyamWv: aen-\o-i-cww Ipd-bv epw Zcn-{Z-amb cmpyßfp-ssbpw taj-e-i-fp-ssbpw D -a-\-hpw. Ccp-]-sØm- mw\q m v ]n Im-e-Øp-\n pw ss]xr-i-ambn kzoi-cn `c-w-kw-hn-[m-\-ßƒ \ne-\n Øp-tºmƒ- Xs "t\j tã p'-i-fpss A[n-Imcw Zp _-e-s ph-cp- p F -Xn\pw km yw-h-ln- p- p. tzio-b-xbv -Xo-X-ambn (transnational) Øocp kmº-øn- Ihpw [\]c-hp-amb taj-e-ifpss cmjv{so-b-tø- mƒ ta ss t\sm-\p {]h-w-x-bmwv CXn\v apjy-im-c-ww. Cu kml-n-cy-øn, tziob `c-w- Iq-S-ß-fpsS ]c-kv]c kω-x-{]-imcw \nb-an-xcpw Xocp-am-\-ßƒ \n _- -]q hw \S- n hcp-øp-hm A[n-Im-c-ap- -h-cp-amb Imcy-Z inifpss Npa-X-ebn, kpi- hpw IqSp-X Imcy- -a-ambn kwlsn- n- -s - -Xp-amb A tz-io-b-{]-ÿm-\-ßƒ

kao-]-\-øn-s bpw {]h Ø\Øn-s bpw ] -Xn-Iƒ 175 Bkq{XWw sntø- Xv AXy- m-t]- n-x-am-wv. k`-bpss kmaq-lni {]t_m-[-\-ß-fpss XpS -bmbn s_\univsv ]Xn-\m-dm-a Dd- n p ]d- -Xp-t]mse, ""BtKmf kºzvhyhÿ ssiimcyw snøp- -Xn\v; {]Xn-k n t\cn-sp kºzvhyhÿ-isf ]p\-cp- cn- p- -Xn\v; Ct m-gsø {]Xn-k n IqSp-X cq am-ip- Xpw X qew h n-x-am-bn-øo t - m-hp Ak- p-en-xm-h-ÿbpw Hgn-hm- p- -Xn\v; ka-{khpw ka-tbm-nn-x-hp-ambn \ncm-bp-[o-i-c-whpw ` y-kpc- bpw \S- n h-cp-øp- -Xn\pw kam-[m\w ssihcn- p- -Xn\pw; ]cn-ÿnxn kwc- Ww Dd- p-h-cp-øp- -Xn\pw IpSn-tb w \nb-{ n- p- -Xn\pw; Ch-bvs - mw, GXm\pw h j-ßƒ p-apºv Fs ap Kman hmgvø-s tpm Ccp-]-Øn-aq- m-a Nq n- m- Wn- -Xp-t]mse bym -amb Hcp temi-cm-jv{s-ob A[n-Imc-Øns Bh-iy-I-X-bp- v.'' 129 \sω F mh-scbpw _m[n- p Kpcp-X-c-amb {]iv\-ßsf ap Iq n Adn-bm Ign-bp A tz-iob \b-ßƒ hni-kn- n-s -Sp- p {]h Ø-\-Øn \b-x-{ hpw \h-amb {]m[m\yw ssih-cn p p. II. tzio-bhpw {]mtz-in-i-hp-amb \bßƒ p-th nbp kwhmzw 176. hnp-bn- -hcpw ]cm-p-b-s - -hcpw F tih-ehy-xymkw cmpy-ß-fpss CS-bn-e D Xv, IqSp-X Zcn-{Z-amb cmpy-ßƒ p- n X-s -bm-wv. C m-c-w- Øm hnhn-[-ß-fmb DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-ßƒ \n Æ-bnt - -Xns Bh-iy-IX \ne-\n p- p. ]cn-ÿn- Xn-tbmSpw kmº-øni hni-k-\tømspw _ -s

176 Atßbv v kvxpxn {]iv\-ß-sf, taen, cmpy-ßƒ XΩn-ep hyxymk- Øns \ne-]m-sn \n pam{xw kao-]n- m-\m-hn ; tzio-b- -{]m-tz-in-i-x-e-ß-fnse \b-ßƒ v IqSp-X {i \ Ip- -Xn\v AXm-h-iy-s -Sp- p. 177. am\-h-tijn Zpcp-]-tbmKw snøp-hm-\p A[n- Imcw bym -Øn \ne-\n s, Hmtcm cmjv{s- Øn\pw Bkq-{X-Ww, GtIm-]-\w, Dt]-, \n _- -]q hw \S- m- XpS-ßn-b-hbv v Xßƒ p DØ-c-hmZnØw Ah-K-Wn- m-\m-hn-. \nc- cw hf p-sim n-cn- p kmt -XnI \ho-i-c-w-øn- \n-s-bn Fß-s\-bmWv Hcp kaq-l-øn\v AXns `mhn Bkq-{XWw snøp-hm\pw kwc- n- p-hm\pw Ign-bpI? s]mxp-\- -bpss shfn- -Øn A\p-h-Z-\ob-amb s]cp-am- -Øn-\p N -ßƒ \n Æ-bn- p \nba-amwv Dt]- -bp-ssbpw GtIm-]-\-Øn-s bpw Imcy-Øn \ΩpsS B[n-Im-cnI t{kmx- v. Btcm- Ky-ap- -Xpw, ]Iz-hpw, DXvIr-jvS-hp-amb Hcp kaqlw \n _- -]q hw ]men-t ]cn-[n-iƒ; Zo Lho -Ww, kpc- n-x-xzw, \nb-{ -W-N- -ßƒ, katbm-nn-x-amb \n _- nx \S- m-, Agn-aXn ap - am-, \n am-w-{]-{in-b-bpss B{K-ln- mø ]m iz-^-e-ßƒ, A\n- n-x-amb A]-I-S-km-[y-X-Iƒ Dƒs -Sp- n-søv \S-Øp A\p-tbm-Py-amb CS-s]Sep-Iƒ F n-h-tbmsp _ -s - -Xm-Wv. hmwn-py- {]h Ø-\-ßƒaqew D m-ip aen-\o-i-cww Ipdbv p- Xv ssiim-cyw-sn-øp \nb-a-øns XØzkw-ln-X-Iƒ h n- -txm-xn D v. F m tamiamb ioe-ßƒ Hgn-hm- p-hm th n am{x-a-, G hpw \ ioe-ßƒ t{]m m-ln- n- p-hm\pw

kao-]-\-øn-s bpw {]h Ø\Øn-s bpw ] -Xn-Iƒ 177 ]pxnb ]cn-lm-c-am K-ßƒ txsp- -Xn {Inbm-fl- I-Xbv v t{]cw \ Ip- Xn\pw hy n-]-c-hpw kaql-]-c-hp-amb ]pxnb kwcw-`-ßsf t{]m m-ln- n- p-hm-\pw-th- n- q-sn-bmwv cmjv{so-bhpw ÿm]\- ]-c-hp-amb N - q-sp-iƒ \ne-\n p- -Xv. 178. P\-kw-Jy-bn D]-t`mKw IqSp-X \S-Øp hn`m-k-ß-fm ]n m-ß-s -Sp Xzcn-X-amb ^e-ßfn XXv]-c-amb Hcp cmjv{sobw {lkz-im-e-tøbv p ^e-ßtf ]pd-s -Sp-hn- p-i-bp- q. sxcs -Sp- nse XmXv]-cy-ß-tfm-Sp {]Xn-I-cWw F \ne-bn D]-t`m-K-Øns txmxn-s\tbm hntz-i- \nt -]-søtbm {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n- p \S]Sn- I-fn-eqsS s]mxp-p-\-ßsf _p n-ap- n-em- p-hm `cw-iq-s-ßƒ sshapjyw ]pe Øp- p. i n- Zo L-ho- -W-tØm-sS-bp Hcp ]mcn-ÿn-xni Imcy-]-cn-]mSn `c-w-iqs-øns BI-am\ Imcy-]-cn- ]m-sn-bn Dƒs -Sp-Øp- Xv sship- -Xn\v cmjv{sob- Øns {lkz-zrjvsn CS-bm- p- p. Aßs\ ""Imew (time) CS-tØ- mƒ (space) al-ø-c-amwv'' 130 F Xv, A[n-Im-c-ÿm-\-ßƒ \ne-\n Øp- -Xn-t\- mƒ ]cnwma]- -Xn-Iƒ p cq]w-\ Ip-tºm-gmWv \Ωƒ Ft mgpw IqSp-X ^e-ap-f-hm- p- -h BIpI F -Xv, \mw ad- p-t]m-ip- p. hnj-a-l- -ß-fn \Ωƒ D X XØz-ßƒ apdp-si-]n-sn- p-ibpw Zo L- Im-e-tØ- p s]mxp-\- -sb- pdn v Nn n- p-ibpw snøp-tºm-gmwv bym cmpy-x-{ - X {]I-Sam-Ip- -Xv. cmjv{s-\n Ωm-W-{]-h Ø-\-ß-fn Cu ZuXyw Dƒs m- pi F Xv Ffp- -ap H mbn cmjv{so-b-i- n-iƒ ImWp- n-.

178 Atßbv v kvxpxn 179. {]mtz-in-i-amb kzbw ]cym-]vxx Dd- p-h-cp-øp- Ibpw A[n-Iw-h-cp Du w hn p- -Xn-\pt]mepw {]m]vx-am- p-ibpw snøp \ho-i-c-w- aamb Du -t{km-x- p-iƒ ]c-am-h[n D]-tbm-K-s Sp- Øp-hm Nne-bn-S-ß-fn kl-i-c-w-kw-l-ßƒ v cq]w-sim-sp-øn- p- v. \ne-hn-ep temi-{iaw AXns DØ-c-hm-ZnØw \n h-ln- p-hm Ai- - am-sw v sxfn-bn- p-tºmƒ, {]mtz-in-i-kw-l-ßƒ- pw hy n-iƒ pw bym hyxymkw kwpm-xam- p-hm Ign-bp-sa- Xv Cu sndnb DZm-l-cWw ImWn- p- p. h n- - Hcp-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Ø-t_m[w, kmaq-ln-im-h-t_m-[w, a p- -hsc kwc- n- p- -Xn- \p k - -X, k Km-flI ssnx-\yw, Bg-amb tzi-kvt\lw Ch-sb mw a\- n Df-hm- p-hm Ah p Ign-bpw. BXy- n-i-ambn a ƒ- pw sim p-a- ƒ pwth n Xßƒ F mwv Ah-tijn- n- pi F -Xns\ kw_- n pw DXv -WvT-bp- -h-cmwv Ah. AX-Xp-tZ-isØ \nhm-kn-i-fmb P\ßfn Cu aqey-ßƒ Bg-Øn thcq- n-bn-cn- p- p. \nbaw \S- n h-cp-øpi F Xv Agn-a-Xnaqew Nne-t mƒ A]-cym-]vX-am-bn-Øo-cp- -Xn-\m, \n Æm-b-I-amb cmjv{so-b-\-s-]-sn-iƒ D m-ip- -Xn\v s]mxp-k-ω ±w {]tbm-kn-t - n-h-cpw. IqSp-X I -i-amb N -ßfpw {]hr-øn-k-{º-zm-b-ßfpw \nb- { -twm-]m-[n-ifpw hni-kn- n- p- -Xn\v Kh sa n- Xc kwl-s-\-i-fn-eq-ssbpw a[y-h Øn kwl-ß-fneq-ssbpw kaqlw `c-w-iq-s-ß-fn kω ±w snep- Ø-Ww. ]uc-p\w cmjv{so-b-i- nsb AXv tziobtam, {]mtz-in-i-tam, \K-c-k`m kw_- tam

kao-]-\-øn-s bpw {]h Ø\Øn-s bpw ] -Xn-Iƒ 179 BIs \nb-{ n- p- n-s - n ]cn-ÿn-xnbp-ssta G n- -s -Sp BLm-X-ßsf \nb-{ n- m- \m-sb p hcn-. ASp-Ø-SpØ P\-k-aq-l-ßƒ n-sbn Htc ]cn-ÿnxn \b-ßsf ]n p-w-bv p-hm- \p kωxw \ne-\n p- p-sh- n {]mtz-ini \nb-a-\n ΩmWw IqSp-X ^e-{]-z-am-bn-cn- pw. 180. Hmtcm cmpy-øn\pw taj-ebv pw AX-Xn-t - Xmb {]iv\-ßfpw ]cn-an-xn-ifpw D -Xn-\m Htc {]Im-c-Øn-ep D]m-[n-I-fn-. Ah-ÿm- c (transitional) \S-]-Sn-Ifpw kmt -Xn-I-hn-Zy-I-fpw, \n _- - ambpw ]men- -s -ts {]Xn-_- X {ItaW hn`mh\w snøp Imcy-Øn tbmpn- p-t]m-ip- n-stømfw cmjv{sob bmym y-hmzw Ah Bh-iys -t mw F Xpw hmkvx-h-am-wv. AtX-k-a-bw- Xs, Du P-kw-c- -twm-]m-[n-iƒ t{]m m-ln- n- p- -Xp-t]msebp Imcy-ßƒ C\nbpw Gsd snø-s -ts- -Xp- v. Akw-kvIrXhkvXp- -fpss G hpw ]cn-an-x-amb D]-tbm-Khpw ]camh[n Du P- -a-x-bp-ap hyh-km-tbm-xv]m-z-\sø ]n p-wbv p-i, Du P- -ax Ipd- Xpw aen-\o-i-c-w- ax IqSn-b-Xp-amb DXv]- -ßƒ hn]-wn-bn - \n pw am p-i, KXm-KXkwhn[m\ßƒ ]cn-jvi-cn- p-i, Du tpm-]-t`m-khpw aen-\o-i-cw km[y-xbpw Ipd-bv p- -Xn\p e yw-h- p-sim- p si n-s- \n Ωm-Whpw AXns \ho-i-c-whpw t{]m m-ln n- pi XpS-ßn-b-h-sb mw CXn-epƒs -Sp- p. D]-t`m- K-Øn am w-h-cp-øp- -Xn-te- pw, amen-\y-\n Ωm P- \-Øn-s bpw ]p\xnw-{i-a-w-øn-s bpw Hcp kmº- ØnILS\ hni-kn- n- p-i, Nne Pohn-h K-ßsf

180 Atßbv v kvxpxn kwc- n- p-i, sshhn-[y-am Irjn-k{º-Zm-b- Øn\pw hnf-bpss ]cn-hr-øn pw (rotation) ] -Xn-sbmcp- pi XpS-ßn-bhbn-te v {]mtz-inixe-øn-ep cmjv{so-b-{]-h Ø-\-sØ Xncn- p-hn-sp-hm Ign-bpw. {Kma-{]-tZ-i-ß-fnse Irjn-ku-I-cy-ß-fn apx ap- S- p-i, {]mtz-in-itam tzio-btam Bb hn]-wn-bpss sa -s kwlm-s-\w, Pe-tk-N\ kuicyßƒ Hcp- p-i, kpÿnc Irjn- p-th kmt -Xn-IX hnikn- n- pi F n-h-bn-eqss Zcn{Z-taJ-e-I-fnse Irjn A`n-hr- n-s -Sp-Øp-hm Ign-bpw. sndp-in-s -D-Xv]m-Z- I-cpsS XmXv]-cy-ßƒ kwc- n- p- -Xn\pw {]mtzini ]cn-ÿn-xn-hy-h-ÿ-isf \mi-øn \n pw kwc- n- p- -Xn-\pw-th n kl-i-c-w-øn-s bpw kaql-kw-lm-s-\-øn-s bpw ]pxnb amxr-i-iƒ t{]m mln- n-t - -Xp- v. hfsc-tbsd snøp-hm-\p- v, Xo! 181. ChnsS XpS A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. Fs - m, Imem-h-ÿm-hy-Xn-bm-\w, ]cn-ÿn-xn-kw-c- Ww F n-h-bp-ambn _ -s \b-ßƒ, `c-w-iqsw HmtcmXhW amdp-tºmgpw am w-h-cp-øm-\m-hn-. AhbpsS ^ew e`n- p- -Xn\v ka-b-sa-sp- pw. GsX- nepw Hcp `c-w-iq-s-øns ImeØv {]I-S-amb ^eßƒ D m-sb- p-h-cn ; s]s - p apx ap-s v Bh-iy-am-Wp-Xm-\pw. A m-c-w-øm, ]uc-k-aq-l- Øns `mk-øp-\nt m s]mxp-hmtbm D kω ±- Øns A`m-h-Øn, {]txy-in pw ASn-b- -cm-h-iyßƒ ]cn-l-cn- p-hm-\p- -t mƒ cmjv{so-bm-[n-im-cn- Iƒ F m-bvt]mgpw CØcw Imcy-ß-fn CS-s]-Sp - Xn\v sshap-jy-ap- -h-cm-bn-cn- pw. Cu DØ-c-hm-ZnØ-

kao-]-\-øn-s bpw {]h Ø\Øn-s bpw ] -Xn-Iƒ 181 ßfpw AXn-\p-th- n-h-cp snehpw hln- p- -Xn\v cmjv{so-bm-[n-im-cn-iƒ {lkz-ime t\ -ßfpw ka- Imeo\ kmº-øn-im-h-ÿ-sbbpw cmjv{so-b-søbpw AS- n-hm-gp ^e-{]m-]vxnbpw e yw-h-bv p am\-kn-im-h-ÿ-bp-ambn \n -b-ambpw G p-ap-t - nh-cpw. F m Ah ss[cy-im-en-i-fm-sw- n, sszh-z-ø-amb al-øz-øn\p km yw-h-ln- p-ibpw \nkzm -amb DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-Øns sxfnhv ChnsS Ah-ti-jn- n- p-ibpw snøpw. ÿm]-\-ßsf \ho- I-cn- p-ibpw GtIm-]n- n- p-ibpw snøp- -Xn\pw D -X-amb \S-]-Sn-{I-a-ßƒ t{]m m-ln- n- p- - Xn\pw A\p-Nn-X-amb kω ±-ßfpw DtZym-K-ÿta[mhn-Xz-]-c-amb Be-ky-ßfpw AXn-Po-hn- p- - Xn\pw Ign-hp Btcm-Ky-ap Hcp cmjv{sobw hfscb-[niw Bh-iy-ap- v. Ipeo-\hpw DZm-c-hpamb Hcp kaq-l-øns ASn-Ø-d-bmbn h Øn- p- -Xn\v kmch-ømb e y-ß-fp-ssbpw aqey-ß-fp-ssbpw AXpt]m-se-Xs \n hym-phpw AKm-[-hp-amb -am\-ho- I-X-bpsSbpw A`m-h-Øn F{X sshz-kv y-tøm- Sp-Iq-Snb {]h Ø-\hpw \ne- p-t]m-tb mw F p- IqSn Iq n-t t - -Xp- v. III. Xocp-am-\-ßƒ FSp- p {]{In-b-bn kwhm-zhpw kpxmcyxbpw 182. _nkn-\kv kwcw-`-ßfpw ] -Xn-Ifpw Df-hm- p ]mcn-ÿn-xni {]Xym-Lm-X-ß-fpsS hne-bn-cp- Ø-en\v \ncq-]-w-ß-fpss kzx-{ -hn-\n-abw Dƒs m p kpxm-cy-amb cmjv{so-b-\-s-]-sn-i-fpss Bh-iy-I-X-bp- v. adp-h-i-øv, ]cn-k-w-\-bn-ep Hcp

182 Atßbv v kvxpxn ] Xn D m- n-tb- m-hp ]mcn-ÿn-xni {]Xym- Lm-X-ß-fpsS bym Nn{Xw, B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ p {]Xyp-]-Im-c-ambn ad- p-h-bv p, Agn-a-Xn-bpsS hnhn[-cq-]-ßƒ km[m-c-w-bm-bn, th {X Adnhp \ Ip- -Xnepw Bh-iy-amb kwhmzw A\p-h-Zn- p- -Xnepw ]cm-p-b-s -Sp-, icn-sb p txm n- n- p- Xpw F m sx m-b-xp-amb Icm-dp-I-fn G s - Sp- p. 183. _nkn-\kv \n t±-i-ßƒt m, {]txyi \b- Øn-t\m, cq]-tcjbvt m, ] -Xn-Iƒt m Hs cq]w-sim-sp-ø-xn\p tij-a ]mcn-ÿn-xni {]Xym- Lm-X-ß-sf- p-dn- p hne-bn-cp-ø \S-t - -Xv. AXv BZyw-ap-X Xs {]{In-b-bpsS `mk-am-i-ww. AXp-t]m-se, F m kmº-øn-i, cmjv{sob kω ±ß-fn \n pw AXv kzx-{ hpw kpxm-cy-hp-amb ]ckv]c \njvi j-bp-ts-xmb coxn-bn \S- n-em- -s - Sp-Ibpw thww. AXn-t\mSp _ -s - v, I Ω-hy-hÿ-I-sfbpw P\-ß-fpsS imco-cni, am\-kni Btcm- Ky-Im-cy-Ønepw {]mtz-ini kºzvhyhÿ-bp-ssbpw s]mxp-kp-c- -bp-ssbpw Imcy-Ønepw D m-tb- mhp {]Xym-Lm-X-ß-sfbpw kw_- n ]T-\hpw D m-i-ww. CXp-h-gn, kw`-hy-amb A\n-jvS-^-e-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn- p- -Xn\v; D m-tb- m-hp kw`-h-k-xn- Ifpw BXy- n-i-am-bp IqSp-X apx ap-s- ns Bh-iy-I-Xbpw IW- n-se-sp-øp-sim v kmº- ØnI BZmbw IqSp-X hkvxp-xm-]-c-ambn ap Iq n ]d-bp-hm Ign-bpw. F mbvt]mgpw, \nc-h[n kao]\- ßfpw ]cn-lmcßfpw CXc am K-ßfpw apt m- phbv p-hm Ign-bp hnhn[ a[y-h Øn-Iƒ XΩn

kao-]-\-øn-s bpw {]h Ø\Øn-s bpw ] -Xn-Iƒ 183 Hc-`n-{]m-b-k-a-\z-b-Øn FØn-t -tc- -Xp- v. N - I-fn {]mtz-ini P\-k-aq-l-Øn\v khn-ti-j-amb Hcp ÿm\-ap- m-i-ww. Ah Xß-fp-sSbpw XßfpsS a -fpssbpw `mhn-sb- p-dn v DXv -WvT-bp- hcpw s]s - p kmº-øni XmXv]-cy-ßƒ -XoXamb e yßƒ ]cn-k-wn- p-hm si ]p- -h-cpam-wv. ]cn-ÿn-xn-kw-c- -W-Øns Imcy-Øn XXv]-c-cmb Bfp-Iƒ hni-kn- n- Xpw kwhm-z-øneqss Dcp-Øn-cn- -Xp-amb \b-ßsf ]n p-w- psim v, ""CS-s]-S-ep-I-sf pdn v'' Nn n- p-sim- n-cn- p- Xv \mw Ah-km-\n- n-t - n-bn-cn- p- p. {]kv- XpX \b-ß-fn ] p-tn-cp- -Xns `mk-ambn AØcw ] -Xn-I-sf- p-dn pw Ah-bpƒs m- p km[y-xi-sfbpw A]-I-S-km-[y-X-I-sfbpwIpdn pw ]q Æ-amb Adnhv D m-bn-cn- -Ww. tihew {]myani Xocp-am\-ß-sf- p-dn- p- h am{x-a hnhn-[-ßfmb XpS -{]h Ø-\-ßƒ \nc- -c-amb \nco- Ww F n-hbpw CXn-epƒs Sp- p. imkv{x-]-chpw cmjv{so-b-hp-amb N -Iƒ Bflm hpw kxy-\njvt-hp-am-iww; Hcp {]txy-i-]- Xn \nb-am-\p-kr-xamtwm A tbm F hkvxp-x-bn-te v CXp Npcpßn-t m-i-cp-xv. 184. ]cn-ÿn-xn- p- m-im-hp, Ct mgpw `mhnbnepw s]mxp-\- sb {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n- p A]mb-km-[y-X-I-fpsS ] m-ø-e-øn, ""hyxy-kvxamb CX-c-km-[y-X-Iƒ ]cn-k-wn- v, A]-I-S-km-[yX- Ifpw {]tbm-p-\-ßfpw ap Iq- n- v Ah Xmc-Xayw snbvx-xns ASn-ÿm-\-Øn '' 131 Xocp-am-\-ßƒ ssi-s m-t - -Xp- v. Hcp {]txyi ] Xn {]IrXn-

184 Atßbv v kvxpxn hn-`-h-ß-fpss h n D]-tbmKØnte pw Db txmxn-ep ]pdw-x- AYhm `mc-an-d- ente pw Ah-in-jvS-ß-fpsS h -\hnte pw {]Ir-Xn-Zr-iy-ßƒ, kwc- n-x-pohn-h Kß-fpsS Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ, s]mxp-ÿe-ßƒ XpS-ßnbhbn D m-im-hp KW-\ob am -ßfnte pw \bn- p- -Xm-Ip-tºmƒ Cu Imcyw {]txyiw {]k- - am-wv. Nne ] -Xn-Iƒ, th {X ]T\Øn\p tijap- -hb-s - n, i_vz-a-en-\o-icww, ZriyN{I-hmfßfpsS Npcp-ßn-t m-i, kmwkvim-cni aqey-ß-fpss \jvsw, BW-thm P-ß-fpsS D]-tbm-K-Øns A\- -c-^-e-ßƒ XpSßn ap Iq n mwmø hfsc hyxy-kvx-amb bmym y-ßƒaqew Hcp {]tz-isø Pohn-X-\n-e-hm-csØ Bg-Øn _m[n- m-\n-s-bp- v. {lkz-ime-t\ ßƒ pw kzim-cy-xm-xv]-cy-ßƒ pw ap K-W\ \ Ip D]-t`m-K-kw-kvIm-c-Øn-\v, IÆ- S- -\p-k-cn- p B[n-Im-cn-IX t\sp-i, Adn-hp-Iƒ ad- p-hbv pi F n-h-sbms Ffp- -Øn-em- m Ignbpw. 185. ]cn-k-w-\-bn-ep Hcp kwcw-`-sø- p-dn p \S- Øp GsXmcp N -bnepw AXv bym -Øn-ep ka{k hni-k-\-øn\v kw`m-h\ \ Ip- -XmtWm F p \n Æ-bn- p- -Xn\v, AXv F p -t\- -amwv D m- p-hm t]mip- Xv? F p-sim- v, FhnsS? Ft mƒ? Fßs\? B p-th n? AXns A]- I-S-km-[yX-I-sf-s ms? Fs ms hybw sntø- n-hcpw? Bcv, Fßs\ BWv AXv \nh Øn- pi? Cßs\ \nc-h[n tnmzy-ßƒ D -bn-t - -Xp- v. Cu hnthnn- -dn-b-en Nne tnmzy-ßƒ v IqSp-X ap K-W\ \ I-s -S-Ww. DZm-l-c-W-Øn-\v, Pew

kao-]-\-øn-s bpw {]h Ø\Øn-s bpw ] -Xn-Iƒ 185 Zp e-`hpw AXy- m-t]- n-x-hp-amb Hcp hn`-h-amsw pw a v a\p-jym-h-im-i-ß-fpss {]tbmkw km[yam- n-øo - p ASn-ÿm\ Ah-Im-i-am-sW pw \ap- -dn-bmw. Hcp taj-e-bnse ]mcn-ÿn-xni {]Xym- Lm-X-ßƒ Ah-tem-I\w snøp-tºmƒ Ahn-X n- X-amb Cu hkvxpx as - m- n-s\bpw \njv{]-`-am- p p. 186. 1992 se "dntbm {]Jym-]\w' Cßs\ {]kvxmhn- p p: ""Kpcp-X-ctam A]-cn-lm-cytam Bb \mi- \jvs-ß-sf- p-dn- p `ojwn \ne-\n p- n-s-øv, imkv{xo-b-amb ]q Æ kp\n- n-x-xz-øns A`mhw'' ]mcn-ÿn-xni A]-Nbw XSbp ""snehp Npcp-ßnb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ ssis m- p- Xv am n-h-bv p- -Xn-\p Hcp Hgn-I-gn-hm-bn-Øo p-iq-sm.'' 132 Cu ap I-cp-X XØzw kz w XmXv]-cy-ßƒ kwc- n- p- -Xn\pw A\n-tj-[y-amb sxfn-hp-iƒ tij-cn- p- -Xn-\p-ap IgnhvIpd- -h-cmb Zp _-esc kwc- n- p- Xv km[y-am- p- p. Hcp ] Xn Kpcp-X-chpw A]-cn-lm-cy-hp-amb \mi-\-jvs-ßƒ D m- p-sa v hkvxp-\n-jvt-amb hnh-c-ßƒ \n t±-in- p- psh n, X -a sxfn-hp-i-fpss A`m-h-Øn t]mepw AXv \n Øn-h-bv p-itbm th ]cn-jvic- W-ßƒ hcp-øp-itbm snø-ww. \n t±-in- -s - ncn- p {]h Ø-\-ßƒ ]cn-ÿn-xnt m AXnse \nhm-kn-iƒt m Kpcp-X-c-amb tzmjw-h-cp-øp- -hb F p ImWn- p- -Xn\v hkvxp-\n-jvthpw kp\n- n-x-hp-amw-hn[w kphy- -hp-amb {]Z i-\-ßƒ apt m- p-h-bvt - -Xp v F -Xn-\m ; AØcw Imcy-ßƒ sxfn-bn-t `mcw ChnsS ^e-{]-z-amwhn[w hn]-cox Znibnem- n-bn-cn- p- p.

186 Atßbv v kvxpxn 187. Pohn-X-KpW\n-e-hm-c-Øn A`n-hr n ssihcp- Øp-hm Ign-bp GsXmcp \qx-\-km-t -XnIhnZytbmSpw FXn-cm-bn-cn- -W-sa v CX -am- p- n-. F m, ]cn-k-wn- -s -ts GI am\-zfiw em`a F pw kp{]-[m-\-amb \qx-\-hn-h-c-ßƒ shfn - Øp-h-cp-tºmƒ XXv]-c-cmb F m-h-scbpw Dƒs -Sp- Øns m v Hcp ]p\-c-h-tem-i\w \S-Ø-W-sa pw CX -am- p- p- v. ]cn-k-w-\-bn-ep Hcp ] Xn apt m- p-sim- p-t]m-ti- -Xn-s - pw, AY-hm, AXn am w-h-cp-øp-itbm CXc \n t±-i-ßƒ ]cn- K-Wn- p-itbm snøww F p-ap Xocp-am-\-ambncn mw A\- c^ew. 188. hnim-e-amb A`n-{]m-b-k-a-\zbw t\spi Ffp a- mø Nne ]mcn-ÿn-xni hnjb-ß-fp- v. k`, imkv{x-hn-j-b-ß-fn Xo p-i ]n- p- -Xmtbm cmjv{so-b-øn\v ]I-c-am-Ip- -Xmtbm `mhn- p- n F v ChnsS Hcn- IqSn {]kvxm-hn- p-hm Rm B{K-ln- p- p. F m, {]txy-i XmXv]-cy-ßtfm {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-ßtfm s]mxp-\- bv p tim w-x- n- m-xn-cn-t - -Xn\v kxy-k- hpw Xpd-hn-bp- -Xpamb Hcp kwhmzw t{]m m-ln- n- pi F -XmWv Fs hy{k-x. IV. am\-hni km m-xvim-c-øn\v cmjv{sobhpw kºzvhyhÿbpw kwhmzøn 189. cmjv{sobw kºzvhyhÿbvt m, kºzvhyhÿ Imcy- -a-xm-_- -amb kmt -XnI sshz-

kao-]-\-øn-s bpw {]h Ø\Øn-s bpw ] -Xn-Iƒ 187 Kv y-am-xr-i-i-fpss B -Iƒt m hnt[-b-s - p- IqSm. C v, s]mxp-\ e yw-h- p-sim- v, Pohs, hninjy a\p-jy-po-hs ip{iq-j-bn, cmjv{so-bhpw kºzvhyhÿbpw \n hym-p-amb kwhm-z-øn G s -ts ASn-b- nc Bh-iy-ap- v. BI-am-\-hyhÿ Ah-tem-I\w snøp- -Xn\pw ]cn-jvi-cn- p- -Xn-\p-ap ZrV-amb Hcp {]Xn-_- X Dt]- n- psim- v GXp-hn-t[-\bpw _m p-isf c -s -Sp-Øptºmƒ s]mxp-p-\-ßƒ AXns hne-sim-sp-t - nh-cp- -Xn\v CS-bm- p- p. CXv, aμ-k-xn-bn-ep- Xpw sne-th-dn-bxpw anyy-bp-amb Hcp {]Xyp- m-c-øn\ptijw; bmsxmcp `mhn-bp-an- m-ø, ]pxnb {]Xnk n-i-fpss Bhn `m-h-øn\p hgn-sxfn- piam{xw snøp Hcp i n, Hcp kmº-øn-i-hy-h-ÿn-xnbpss A\n-b-{ n-x-amb i n Bh Øn p ÿnco- I-cn- p-i-am{xw snøp- p. 2007 2008 ImesØ kmº- ØnI{]Xn-k n [m ΩnI XØz-ßƒ pw Dulm- [n-jvtnx kmº-øni \S-]-Sn-Ifpw ^e-øn-ep [\hpw \nb-{ n- p- -Xn-\p \qx-\-am K-ßƒ pw IqSp-X {i \ Ip Hcp ]pxnb kºzvhyhÿ hni-kn- n- p- -Xn-\p Ah-kcw \ Ip-I-bp- mbn. ]t, Ime-l-c-W-s am\-z-fi-ßƒ Hcp ]p\ hn- Nn- -\-Øn\p hnt[-b-am- pi F Xv Cu {]Xn-k- n-tbm-sp {]Xn-I-c-W-Øn Dƒs -Sp-Ø-s - n-. AXv XpS pw temisø `cn p-sim- n-cn- p- p. DXv]m-Z\w F m-bvt]mgpw bp n-]q h-i-a-. AXv km[m-c-w-bm-bn, DXv]- -ßƒ v Ah-bpsS bym - aqey-øn-\m-\p-]m-xn-i-a- mø Hcp hne-bn-sp kmº-øni Aÿn-c-X-tbmSv _ -s - n-cn- p-ibpw snøp- p. CXv ]cn-ÿn-xn-bp-ss-ta \n -b-ambpw

188 Atßbv v kvxpxn BLm-X-ßƒ G ]n- p-sim pw {]mtz-ini kºzvhyhÿbn \ntj-[m-fl-i-^-e-ßƒ Df-hm- ns m pw XpS -bmbn Nne DXv] -ß-fpsS AanX DXv]m-Z-\-Øn-te p \bn- p- p. 133 kmº-øn-i-amb Hcp \o p-an-fbpw (financial bubble) DXv]m-Z-\- -aamb H m-bn-cn- p-hm-\p {]h-wx ]pe Øp- p. bym kºzv-hyhÿbpss {]iv\w Du -kze- X-tbmsS A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn- -s -Sp- n ; F n pw DXv]m- Z-\-Øn sshhn-[yhpw A`n-hr- nbpw km[y-am- p, \ mbn {]h Øn- p-hm Iº-\n-Isf klmbn- p-, sndp-in-s, CS-Øcw _nkn-\-kp-isf hnik\w ssih-cn- p-hm\pw sxmgn-e-h-k-c-ßƒ krjvsn- p-hm\pw {]m]vx-am- p bym kºzvhyhÿbm-w-xv. 190. ""sne-hp-i-fp-ssbpw em`-øn-t -Xp-amb kmº- ØnI IW- p-iq- -ep-i-fpss ASn-ÿm-\-Øn am{xw ]mcn-ÿn-xnikwc- Ww Dd- p-h-cp-øm-\m-hn-. hn]wn i n-iƒ v th -hn[w kwc- n- p-hmt\m A`n-hr- n-s -Sp-Øp-hmt\m km[y-a- mø Xc-Ønep al-ømb Imcy-ß-fn-sem- mwv ]cn-ÿnxn'' 134 F -Xv, Chn-sS-bpw, \msa-t mgpw a\- n kq nt - -Xp- v. hy n-i-fp-sstbm Iº-\n-I-fp-sStbm em`-øn h -\-hp-h-cp-øn-bm am{xw-a-xn, {]iv\- ßƒ ]cn-l-cn- m Ignbpw F p \n t±-in- p hn]-wn-sb- p-dn- p Hcp-Xcw Pme-hn-Zym-]-c-amb k ]w \mw Hcn- IqSn X n- -f-b-ww. em`w ]c-am-h[n h n- n- p- -Xn-s\- p-dn v AanX hy{kx ]pe Øp- -h `mhn-x-e-ap-d-iƒ mbn Ah-ti-jn- n- p-t]m-ip ]mcn-ÿn-xn-i-hn-\m-i-ß-sf- p-dn p

kao-]-\-øn-s bpw {]h Ø\Øn-s bpw ] -Xn-Iƒ 189 Nn n- p- Xv Ah Ah-km-\n- n pw F {]Xo bmym y-øn\p \nc- p- -XmtWm? em`wam{xw IW- m- -s -Sp- n-søv; {]Ir-Xn-bpsS XmfsØ- p-dn- v, bn- p-t]m-ip- Xpw \mtim- p-j-hpamb AXns Ah-ÿ-sb- p-dn- v, a\p-jys CSs]-S sim v Kpcp-X-c-amw-hn[w Xmdp-am-dm- -s -Sp ]mcn-ÿn-xni k o Æ-X-I-sf- p-dn v, H p-w D Nn D m-im-\n-s-bn-. AXn\pw ]pd-ta, hkvxp- fpss bym aqeysø kw_- n-t m, hy n-isfbpw kwkvim-c-ß-sfbpw kw_- n v AXn-\p {]m[m-\y-sø- p-dn-t m, AYhm Zcn-{Z-hn-`m-K-Øns Bi- -I-sfbpw Bh-iy-ß-sf-bpw-Ip-dnt m H pw Kuc-h-X-c-amb Hcp Nn -bp-an- m-sx, NqjWw snøs -Sp-hm-\p kmº-øni t{kmx- p-i-fpss Hcp Ieh-d-bmbn am{xw ssph-ssh-hn[yw ]cn-k-wn- s -Sp-Ibm-Wv. 191. CØcw tnmzy-ßƒ D -bn- -s -Sp-tºm-sgms, ]ptcm-kxn-bp-ssbpw am\-h-hni-k-\-øns bpw ]mx XS- -s -Sp-Øp-hm bp n-lo-\-ambn {ian- p p F v Ip -s -Sp-Øn-s m v Nne a p- -h - s -Xnsc {]Xn-I-cn- p- p. F m, DXv]m-Z-\-Øns - bpw D]-t`m-K-Øns bpw thkx Ipd-bv p- Xv Nnet mƒ as mcp Xc-Øn-ep ]ptcm-k-xn pw hni-k\- Øn\pw hgn-xp-d pw F p t_m[y-øn \mw hftc nbncn- p- p. {]Ir-Xn-hn-`-h-ß-fpsS kpÿncamb Xc-Øn-ep D]-tbmKw t{]m m-ln- n- p- - Xn-\p ]cn-{i-a-ßƒ Hcp ]mgvsn-e-h-, adn- v, CSbnep Ime-b-f-hn CXc kmº-øni t\ -ßƒ \ Im ]cym-]vx-amb Hcp \nt -]-am-w-xv.

190 Atßbv v kvxpxn ka{kx-bn ]cn-k-wn- p-tºmƒ, ]cn-ÿn-xn-bn Ipd {]Xym-Lm-X-ßƒ D m- p IqSp-X sshhn-[y-am Xpw \qx-\-hp-amb DXv]m-Z-\-co-Xn-Iƒ hfsc em`-i-c-am-sw- -Xn\v sxfnhp e`n- pw. a\pjys {Inbm-fl-I-X-sbbpw ]ptcm-k-xnsb kw_- n AXns BZ i-ß-sfbpw srcp- n- -f-bm- Ø, F m B Du PsØ \qx-\-am K-ß-fn-te v hgn-xn-cn phnsp hyxy-kvx-amb km[y-x-i-fn-te- p Xpd-hn-bpsS Imcy-am-Wn-Xv. 192. DZm-l-c-W-Øn-\v, IqSp-X {Inbm-fl-Ihpw sshz-kv y-tømss \nb-{ n- -s -Sp- -Xp-amb DXv]m- Z-\- -a-amb ]ptcm-k-xn-bpss Hcp ]mx-bv v, C sø, D]-t`m-K-X-e-Øn-ep kmt -Xn-I-cw-KsØ Aan-X-amb \nt -]hpw am\-h-ip-spw_w t\cn-sp ASn-b- n-c-{]-iv\-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn- p Imcy-Ønse A]-cym-]vX-amb \nt -]hpw XΩn-ep A cw Xncp-Øp- -Xn\p Ign-bpw. AXn-\v, ]p\-cp-]-tbm-k-øns bpw \ho-i-cn- -en-s bpw ]p\ Nw-{I-a-W-Øns bpw _p n-]q h-ihpw em`-i-c-hp-amb am Kßƒ v cq]w-\ Ip-hm Ign-bpw. AXp-t]m-se-Xs \K-c-ß-fpsS Du P- -a-x-bn ]ptcm-k-xn-bp-f-hm- phm\pw AXn\p km[n- pw. ]cn-ÿn-xnsb ]cn-]m-en- p-ibpw IqSp-X tpmenkm[y-x-iƒ krjvsn- p- Ibpw snøp-tºmƒxs ; DXv]m-Z-\-]-c-amb sshhn- [y-h-xvi-cwøn\v, ]cn-]q Æ km[yx \ Ip-hm krjvsn- p-hm\pw \ho-i-cn- p-hm-\p-ap a\p-jys ss\]p-wy-øn\v Ign-bpw. AØ-c-Øn-ep {Inbmfl-IX \ΩpsS G hpw DØ-a-amb am\p-jni `mhß-fpss DNn-X-amb {]I-S-\-am-bn-cn pw; Fs - m,

kao-]-\-øn-s bpw {]h Ø\Øn-s bpw ] -Xn-Iƒ 191 Pohn-X-KpW\n-e-hm-csØ pdn- p Hcp hnime ImgvN- m-sns ] m-ø-e-øn kpÿn-chpw \oxn- ]q hihp-amb hni-k-\sø t{]m m-ln- n- p- -Xn- \p-th n hnth-i-tømspw [oc-x-tbmspw DØ-c-hm-Zn- Ø-tØm-Spw-IqSn A[zm-\n- p-i-bm-bn-cn pw \mw snøpi. adp-h-i-øv, ]pxnb D]-t`m-K-h-kvXp- ƒ pw XzcnX-em-`-Øn-\pw-th n am{x-ambn {]Ir-Xnbn \n pw Ih s -Sp- p- -Xn-\p ]pxnb am Kßƒ Is -Øp-I F -Xv, a\p-jy-`m-j-bn, al-øz- Øn\p tncm-øxpw Xcw-Xm-WXpw AXp-t]mse A - m-c-iq\y-hp-amb {]h Ø-\-am-bn-cn- pw. 193. Fß-s\-bm-bn-cp- m-epw, Nne Imcy-ß-fn, kpÿnc hni-k-\-øn\v hf -bpss ]pxnb cq]- ßsf Dƒs -Sp-tØ- n-bn-cp p F n ; a p-im-cy-ßfn, At\Iw Zim-_vZ-ß-fmbn D mb Xr]vXn-s Sp- Øm-\m-hm-ØXpw \ncp-ø-c-hm-z-]-c-hp-amb hf IW- n-se-sp- p-tºmƒ; bp n-]q h-amb Nne \nb- { -W-ßƒ G s -Sp-Øn-s m pw A[nIw sshint m-ip Xn\p ap ]v ]n hm-ßn-s m pt]mep-ap \nb-{ n-x-amb Hcp hf -sb- p-dn v \mw Nn n-t - n-bn-cn- p- p. a p- -h a\p-jym- -kn\v tn hn[wt]mepw Pohn- p-hm Ign-hn- møhcm-bn-cn- ptºmƒ hn`-h-ßƒ \nc- cw D]-tbm-Kn p Xo p- Ibpw \in- n- p-i-f-bp-ibpw snøp- -h-cpss kz`mhw F{X-am{Xw Zp h-l-am-sw v \ap- -dn-bmw. Ahn-sSbp- -h v Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb hf -bpss A\p-`hw D m-ip- -Xn-\p-th n a v ÿe-ß-fn-te v hn`-hßƒ {]Zm\w snøp- -Xn\v temi-øns Nne `mkß-fnse Ipd hf AwKo-I-cn- p- -Xn-\p

192 Atßbv v kvxpxn ka-b-ambn F p ]d-bp- Xv AXp-sIm- mwv. ""Du tpm-]-t`mkw Ipd-bv p-ibpw AXns D]-tbm- K- -ax h n- n- p-ibpw snbvxp-sim- v, IqSp-X efn-x-amb Pohn-X-ssi-en-Iƒ t{]m m-ln- n- p-hm kmt -XnIambn apt -cnb ]ptcm-kxn ssih-cn kaq-l-ßƒ Xømdm-IW'' 135 -sa v s_\univsv ]Xn- \m-dm-a am ]m ]d-bp-i-bp- m-bn. 194. ]pxnb hni-k-\-am-xr-i-iƒ Dcp-Øn-cn-bp- -Xn\v ""BtKmf hni-k-\-am-xr-i-iƒ'' 136 am -Øn\p hnt[bam-ti Bh-iy-ap v; ""kºzvhyhÿ-bpss A - søbpw e y-ßsfbpwip-dn v AXns {]h - Ø-\-ssh-I-ey-ß-fpw Zp hn-\n-tbm-khpw Xncp-ØpI F e y-tømss'' 137 DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-]q Æ-amb Hcp hnnn- \w CXn\v A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. {]Ir-Xn-]-cn- ]m-e\w kmº-øn-i-t\- -hp-ambpw ]cn-ÿnxnkwc- Ww ]ptcm-k-xn-bp-ambpw a[ya-ambx-e-øn \ne- \n Øp Hcp kaoi-cww (balance) am{xw axn-bmhn-. ]Ip-Xn-h-gn-sb-Øp \S-]-Sn-Iƒ A\n-hm-cy-amb Zpc- sø sshin- n- pi am{xta snøp- p- q. efn- X-ambn ]d- m, ]ptcm-k-xnsb pdn- p \ΩpsS k ]w ]p\ \n h-nn- pi F -XmWv Imcyw. kmt -Xn-Ihpw kmº-øn-i-hp-amb hni-k-\-øns ]mx-bn, Ah IqSp-X sa -s Hcp temihpw Pohn-X-Øns ka-{k-x-e-kv] in-bmb IqSp-X KpW-\ne-hmchpw Ah-ti-jn- n- m-øn-s-tømfw Ahsb ]ptcm-k-xn-bmbn ]cn-k-wn- m-\m-hn-. kmº- Øn-Ihf bpss a[y-øn ]cn-ÿn-xn - -bwaqe-tam, KpW-ta Ipd ` -W-Øm-tem, hn`-htim-jww \nan-øtam P\-ß-fpsS Pohn-X-KpW\ne-

kao-]-\-øn-s bpw {]h Ø\Øn-s bpw ] -Xn-Iƒ 193 hm-cw, bym -Øn, XpS -bmbn Ipd- p-sim ncn- p- p. Cu ] m-ø-e-øn, kpÿn-c-hf -sb- p-dn p ]dbp- Xv km[m-c-w-bmbn {i -Xncn phn- Sp- -Xn\pw Hgn-I-gn-hp-Iƒ \nc-øp- -Xn-\p-ap Hcp am K-am-bn-Øo-cp- p. AXv ]mcn-ÿn-xn-i-x-bpss `mjbpw AXns aqey-ßfpw kº-øn-s bpw kmt -XnI ta[m-hn-xz-øns bpw C\-ß-fn-te v Bhm-ln- p-ibpw _nkn-\-kns kmaq-ln-ihpw ]mcn-ÿn-xn-ihp-amb DØchmZnØw ]e-t mgpw hn]- W-\-Øn-s bpw {]Xn- mb \ m- \S-]-Sn-I-fpsSbpw ]c-º-c-i-fmbn Npcp-ßn-t m-hp-ibpw snøp p 195. a p ]cn-k-w-\-i-fn \n pw ]Xn-hmbn H -s p- \n p ]c-am-h[n em`-h -\hv F XØzw, kºzvhyhÿsb kw_- n \ΩpsS kmam\y k ]-sø- p-dn p Xs bp Hcp sx n- m-c-wbmwv {]Xn-^-en- n- p- -Xv. DXv]m-Z-\-Øn h - \hv D m-ip- n-s-tøm-fw, AXv `mhn hn`-h-ß-fp-sstbm ]cn-ÿn-xn-bpss Btcm-Ky-Øn-s tbm sne-hnemtwm F Imcyw A ]w-t]mepw ]cn-k-wn- s -Sp- n ; Hcp h\w C mbva snøp- Xv DXv]m-Z\w h n- n- p- n-s-tøm-fw, acp-`qh-xvi-cww A\n-hmcy-am- nb \jvsw, ssph-ssh-hn-[y-øn\v hcp-ønb t{zmlw, aen-\o-i-c-w-ønse h -\hv Ch-sbm pw Bcpw IW- p-iq- p- n-. Npcp- n-]-d- m th nh-cp sne-hns Hcw-iw-am{Xw IW- m- p-ibpw \ Ip-Ibpw snbvxp-sim v _nkn-\-kp-iƒ em`ap m- p p. F m, ""F m-hcpw ] p-]- p ]mcnÿn-xni hn`-h-ßƒ D]-tbm-K-s -Sp-Øp- -Xns kmº-øn-ihpw kmaq-ln-i-hp-amb hne kpxm-cy-x-

194 Atßbv v kvxpxn tbmss AwKo-I-cn- p-i-bpw, a p- -htcm `mhn-x-eapdtbm A msx AXv hcp-øn-h-bv p- -h Xs ]q Æ-ambpw hln- p-ibpw'' 138 snøp-tºmƒ am{xta AØcw {]h Ø-\-ßsf [m ΩnIw F p hnfn- m- \m-iq. hn`-h-ßƒ \n Æ-bn p \ Ip- Xv hn]-wntbm cm{ -Øns ti{μo-ir-x-]- -Xn-Itfm BI-s, C sø Bh-iy-ßƒ p]i-cn- p bmym y-ßfpss tihew hkvxp-ÿn-xn-]-c-amb (static) Hcp hni- I-e\w {]Zm\w snøp t{]c-i-kz-`m-h-ap (instrumental) \ymb-hmzw ChnsS \S- p-sim- n-cn- p p. 196. cmjv{so-b-øn F mwp kw`-hn- p- Xv? IqSp-X A[n-Imcw ssiimcyw snøp- -h-cn \n- v, s]mxp-\- -bv p-th n IqSp-X DØ-c-hm-Zn-Øt_m[w Bh-iy-s -Sp-Ibpw kaq-l-øns F m-xeßfnep-ap km[y-x-iƒ hni-kn- n- p- -Xn\v kzmx{ yw \ Ip-Ibpw snøp A[o-\m-h-Im-ikw-c- W XØzw \ap v a\- n kq n- mw. Nne kmº-øni taj-e-iƒ cmjv{s-tø- mƒ A[n-Imcw ssiimcyw snøp Ahÿ C p- v. F m, C sø k o Æ-X-bpsS hnhn-[-h-i-ßƒ ssi- Imcyw snøp Xn\v CX-c-am K-ßsf ]n p-w-bv p- Xv km[y-a- m-xm-ip-sa- -Xn-\m ; cmjv{sobw IqSmsX-bp Hcp kºzvhyhÿ \ymbo-i-cn- m-\m-hn-. ]cn-ÿn-xnsb kw_- n v Bflm -amb bmsxmcp ]cnkw\bpan- mø at\m-`mhw Xs -bm-wv, kaq-l-ønse G hpw Zp _-e-hn-`m-k-sø- qsn Dƒs SpØp Imcy-Ønepw {]I-S-am-Ip- -Xv. Fs - m, ""hnp-b-øn\pw kzm{i-b-xz-øn\pw {]mapjyw I ]n- p C sø coxn, Xmtg- n-s-bn-ep- -h-

kao-]-\-øn-s bpw {]h Ø\Øn-s bpw ] -Xn-Iƒ 195 scbpw Zp _-e-scbpw Ign-hp-Ip-d- -h-sc-bpw PohnX- Øn Ah-k-c-ßƒ Is -Øp- -Xn\v klm-bn- p -Xn-\p {ia-øn bmsxmcp \nt -]hpw \S- Øp- -Xmbn ImWp- n-.'' 139 197. Zo L-ho- Ww ]pe Øp- Xpw {]Xn-k- nbpss hnhn-[-h-i-ßsf ssiimcyw snøp- -Xn\v \ho\hpw ka-{khpw B -cni \njvi j-tbm-sp-iqsnb-xp-amb kao-]-\-ßƒ kzoi-cn- p-hm Ign-hp- Xpamb Hcp cmjv{sobamwm-h-iyw. Agn-a-Xnbpw icnbmb s]mxp-\-b-ßƒ cq]o-i-cn p \S- m- p- -Xnep ]cm-p-b-hpw-aq-ew C v cmjv{so-b-øn\v ]et mgpw G t - n-h-cp Zpjvt]-cn-\v cmjv{sobw Xs -bmwv DØ-c-hm-Zn. GsX- n-ep-samcp {]tz-iøv kz w DØ-c-hm-ZnØw \n h-ln- p-hm cmjv{s-øn\v Ign-bmsX hcp-tºmƒ, Nne _nkn-\-kp-im D]-Imcn- I-fpsS thj-øn AhnsS Ib-dn- - p- p. ]e coxn- I-fn-ep kwl-snxip -Ir-Xyhpw, a\p-jy- -S-Øv, ab p-a-cp phym]m-chpw A{I-ahpw XpSßn D qe\w snøp-hm AXoh ZpjvI-c-amb CØcw Imcy-ß-tfmSp kln-jvwpx ]pe Øp Xew-h-scbpw, Nne \nb-a-ß-sfm pw Xßƒ p _m[-i-a F p `mhn- p-sim v Ah bym -Øn A[n- Imcw ssibm-fp-ibpw snøp- p. CØcw Xe-Xncn bp n v Adp-Xn-h-cp-Øp-hm si ]n- m-ø- Xmbn hy -am- n-s m- v, cmjv{sobw, ^e-iq-\y-amb N -I-fn hym]rxambn Ign-bp-tºmƒ, am\-h-k-aql-øns Kuc-hm-h-l-amb {]iv\-ßsf A`n-ap-Jo- I-cn- p- -Xn \n pw Hgn- p-am-dp- Xv \mw XpS psim- ncn- pw. bym -Øn-ep am sø kw_- n \b-ssh-zkv yw {]{In-b-bpsS Hcm-I-am\

196 Atßbv v kvxpxn ]p\ hn-nn- \-amwv Bh-iy-s -Sp- -Xv. Fs - m, C sø kwkvim-c-øns A [m-c-bm-bp bp nsb tnmzyw snøp-hm ]cm-p-b-s -Sp D]cnπ-h-amb GXm\pw ]mcn-ÿn-xni ]cn-k-w-\-iƒ Dƒs -Sp-Øp- Xv ]cym-]vx-am-hn-. Btcm-Ky-I-camb cmjv{sobw Cu sh p-hnfn Gs -Sp- p-hm-\p Ignhv B Pn-t - -Xp- v. 198. Zmcn{Zyw, ]mcn-ÿn-xni A]-Nbw XpS-ßnb hnj-b-ßƒ ]cn-k-wn- p-tºmƒ cmjv{so-bhpw kºzvhyhÿbpw ]c-kv]cw Ip -s -Sp-Øp-hm-\p Hcp {]h-wx ]pe Øp- p. Ah kz w sx p-iƒ AwKo-I-cn- p-sa pw s]mxp-\ em m n ]c-kv]c hn\n-a-b-øns am K-ßƒ Is -Øp-sa pw {]Xo- n-t - n-bn-cn- p- p. Nne kmº-øn-i-t\- -Ønepw a p- -h Xß-fpsS A[n-Im-c-Øn XpS-cp- - Xnt\m AXv h n- n- p- -Xnt\m am{xw XXv]-c-cm- Ip-Ibpw ]cn-ÿn-xn-sb- p-dn- p Icp-Xepw G hpw Zp _-e-cm-b-hsc kwc- n- pi F Xpw Ch-cn-emsc kw_- n pw G hpw HSp-hn-esØ ]cn-k-w-\-bm-bncn- p-ibpw snøp-tºmƒ, kwl \ßfpw hymp -D-S- ºSn-I-fp-am-bn-cn pw \Ωƒ mbn Ah-ti-jn- p-i. ""sfiy-amwv Ie-l-sØ- mƒ al-øcw'' 140 F Xv F{X icn-bmwv F v Chn-sSbpw \mw ImWp- p. V. ax-ßƒ imkv{x-hp-ambn kwhm-z-øn 199. Pohs\ p-dn pw F m krjvsn-ifpw AXpt]mse Akv-Xn-Xz-ap- -h-sb mw XΩn-ep ]mc-kv-

kao-]-\-øn-s bpw {]h Ø\Øn-s bpw ] -Xn-Iƒ 197 ]cn-ixsb p-dn- pw Hcp ]q Æ hni-zo-i-cww A\p- `hm[njvtnx-imkv{xw {]Zm\w snøp-sa v {]Xo- n- m-\m-hn-. Ah-bp-sS-Xs {]h Ø-\-]- -Xn-bm Npa-Ø-s ]cn-an-xn-iƒ ewln- -embncn pw AXv. Aß-s\-sbmcp {]h Ø-\-]- -Xn-bpsS ]cn-[n- p- n \n- p-sim- p-am{xw Nn n- m, kuμ-cymkzmz\ kwth-z-\- -a-x, Ihn-X, AYhm hkvxp- fpss BXy niamb A -e- y-ßƒ {Kln- p-hm- \p {] -bpss Ign-hv F n-hbv pt]mepw ÿm\-ap- m-sb p hcn-. 141 Hcp-Imcyw Iq n-t phm Rm B{K-ln- p- p, ""ax-]-c-amb DXvIr-jvS- Ir-Xn-Iƒ v F m ImeØpw Ah A -h-ømwv F p sxfn-bn- m-\mipw; ]pxnb N{I-hm-f-ßƒ Xpd- p- -Xn-\p Zo L-Imew \ne-\n p Hcp i n Ah-bv p- v... ax-]-c-amb hnizm-k-øns ] m-ø-e-øn Dcp-Øn-cn- -XmWv F -Xp-sIm- p-am{xw Nne IrXn-Iƒ \ncm-i-cn- p- Xv Adnhnt\m bp n-t m \nc p XmtWm?'' 142 [m ΩnI XØz-ßƒ F m kμ `-ß-fn \n pw th s]- v, XnI pw Aaq -Ø-amb coxn-bn-emwv \ne-sim- p- Xv F p Nn n- m, AXv hkvxp-x-i-fpss AXne-fn-X-h-XvI-c-W-ambncn pw. s]mxp-kw-hm-z-øn hne-bn-sn pimwn- -s -Sp AØcw XØz-ßƒ ax- ]-c-amb `mj-bn-emipw {]I-Sn- n- -s -SpI F hkvxp-xbpw hyxy-kvx-a-. bp n p {Kln- m Ign-bp [m ΩnI XØzßƒ v ]e cq]-ß-fn ho pw {]Xy- -amip-hm\pw ax-]-c-am-b-xpƒs ss hnhn[ `mj-i-fn {]ISn- n- -s -Sp-hm\pw Ign-bpw.

198 Atßbv v kvxpxn 200. am\-h-ip-e-øn\v AXns ]cn[n \jvs-s -Sp psh- n, XymK-ßƒ Gs -Sp- p- -Xn\pw a p- -htcmsv \ mbn s]cp-am-dp-hm\pw sfiy-øn h Øn- p-hm\pw \ap- n-s-bm- p al-ømb t{]c-i-i- nsb- p-dn- p Ah-t_m[w \jvs-s -Sp- p-sh- n, imkv{xw {]Zm\w snøm-sa- -h-im-i-s -Sp Hcp kmt -XnI ]cn-lm-c-øn\pw \ΩpsS temi-øns Kpcp-X-c-{]-iv\-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn- p-hm-\p i n-bp- mhp-i-bn-. hnizm-k-øn-\-\p-kr-x-ambn Pohn- p-hm\pw {]h Ø-\-ß-fn-eqsS AXp \ntj-[n- m-xn-cn- phm\pw Xßƒ \nc- cw sh p-hn-fn- -s -Sp- -Xmbn hnizm-kn-iƒ v A\p-`-h-s -S-Ww. Ft mgpw sszh- Ir-]-tbmSp Xpd-hn-bp- -h-cm-bn-cn- p-hm\pw kvt\lw, \oxn, kam-[m\w F n-h-sb- p-dn- p Xß-fpsS Bg-am t_m[y-ß-fn \n v \nc- cw Du Pw kzoi-cn- p-hm\pw Ah t{]m m-ln- n- -s -ts- - Xp- v. \Ωp-sS-Xs s]cp-am- -kw-ln-x-i-sf- p-dn- p sx n- m-cw; {]Ir-Xn-tbmSv sx mbn s]cp-amdp- -Xn-te v, krjvsn-bp-ss-ta \njvtqc-hmgvn \S-Øp- -Xn-te- v, bp w, A\o-Xn, A{I-a-{]-h Ø-\-ßƒ F n-h-bn-te s -Sp- -h-bn-te v Hs \sω \bn p F n ; A{]-Imcw snbvx-xn-eq-ss, kwc- n- p- - Xn\pw ]cn-]m-en- p- -Xn-\p-ambn \mw hnfn- -s hn m-\-øns \n[n-tbmsv hniz-kvx-cmbncp n F v hnizm-kn-i-fmb \Ωƒ AwKo-I-cn- Ww. hnhn[ Ime-L- -ß-fnse kmwkvim-cni ]cn-an-xn-iƒ [m Ωn-Ihpw Bflo-b-hp-amb Cu \n[n-sb- p-dn- p ImgvN- m-sns\ _m[n- p-i-bp- m-bn. F mepw

kao-]-\-øn-s bpw {]h Ø\Øn-s bpw ] -Xn-Iƒ 199 \nc cw Ah-bpsS t{kmx- p-i-fn-te p as-ßp - Xn-eqsS C ns Bh-iy-ß-tfmSp {]Xn-I-cn- p- - Xn\v ax-ßƒ v IqSp-X k -cm-ip-hm Ignbpw. 201. \ΩpsS {Kl-Øn A[n-h-kn- p `qcn-`mkw t]cpw ax-hn-izm-kn-i-fm-wv. {]Ir-Xnsb kwc- n- p- -Xn\pw Zcn-{Zsc {]Xn-tcm-[n- p- -Xn\pw BZ-c-hns bpw kmtlm-z-cy-øn-t -bp-amb irwj-e-iƒ \n Ωn- p- -Xn-\pw-th n ax-ßƒ XΩn kwhm-z- Øn G s -Sp- -Xn\v Cu hkvxpx t{]c-i-am-iww. AXpt]mseX-s hnti-j-ssh-zkv yw, Hcp ]cn-[nhsc H -s -S-en-te pw AX-Xns Adn-hns taje ]cn-]q Æ-amWv F [mc-w-bn-te v FØn-t -cphm\pw Hmtcm pw AX-Xns Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-co-Xnbn AS-bv -s - p-t]m-ip-hm\pw CS-bm mw F - Xn-\m hnhn-[-ß-fmb imkv{x-ßƒ XΩnepw kam- \-amb kwhm-z-ßƒ Bh-iy-am-Wv. CØcw {]h-w- X-Iƒ ]mcn-ÿn-xn-i-{]-iv\-ßsf ^e-{]-z-ambn t\cn-

200 Atßbv v kvxpxn Sp- -Xn \n v \sω XS-bp- p. XΩn X-Ωn Bib-]-c-amb kwl- -\-ßƒ A]q h-a- mø hnhn[ ]mcn-ÿ-nxni {]ÿm-\-ßƒ n-s-bnepw Xpd- Xpw ]c-kv]-cm-z-c-thm-sp-iq-sn-b-xp-amb kwhm-z-ßƒ D m-ti- Xv Bh-iy-am-Wv. ""bmym y-ßƒ Bib-ß-sf- mƒ al-ø-c-amwv'' 143 F v Ft mgpw a\- n kq n- p-sim v a-bpw kzin- n-x-xz-hpw DZm-c-Xbpw Bh-iy-s -Sp kwhm-z-øns ]mx-bn \oßp-hm-\pw, s]mxp-\ e yw-h-bv p-hm\pw ]mcnÿn-xni {]Xn-k- n-bpss Kuc-h-kz-`mhw \tωm-smh-iy-s -Sp- p.

201 A[ymbw Bdv ]cn-ÿn-xn-hn- m-\o-b-]-c-amb hnzym-`ym-khpw Bflo-b-Xbpw 202. ]e Imcy-ßƒ pw KXn amt - -Xp- v. F m a\p-jy-hy- n-i-fmb \mamwv k thm-]cn amtd- -Xv. \ΩpsS s]mxp-hmb DZv`-h-sØbpw \mw At\ym\yw kz -am-sw- p- -Xn-s\bpw F m-h-cpambn ] p-tn-tc Hcp `mhn-tb-bpw-ip-dn v \ap v Ah-t_m-[-an-. Cu ASn-ÿm\ Ah-t_m[w ]pxnb t_m y-ß-fp-ssbpw at\m-`m-h-ß-fp-ssbpw Pohn-X-cq]- ß-fp-sSbpw hni-k-\-øn\p {]m]vxn-bp- m- pw. \ΩpsS apºn kmwkvim-cn-ihpw Bflo-bhpw hnzym- `ym-k-]-c-hp-amb Hcp alm-sh- p-hnfn \n p- p. AXv Bh-iy-s -Sp- Xv \ho-i-c-w-øns Hcp Zo Lbm{X \mw Bcw-`n- -W-sa- m-wv. I. Hcp ]pxnb Pohn-X-ssi-en-bn-te v 203. hn]-wn, AXns Dev]- -ßƒ hn m-\p Hcp ]cn-{i-a-øn, Xo{h-amb D]-t`m-KsØ t{]m mln- n- m-\p {]h-wx ImWn- p- -Xp-sIm- v, Bh-iy-an- mø hmß-en-s bpw sne-hm- -en-s bpw

202 Atßbv v kvxpxn Hcp Npg-en- m- n P\-ßƒ thk-øn AI-s pt]m-ip- p. kmt -Xn-I- -km-º-øni amxri F{]-Imc-amWv hy n-isf _m[n- p- Xv F p- -Xns Hcp- Zm-lc-W-amWv \n _- nx D]-t`m-Kw. sdmamt\m Km Zo\n CXv ap Iq n ImWp-I-bp- mbn: ""bt{ mev]m-z-\-øn-s bpw Aaq Ø-amb Bkq-{X-W-Øns bpw amxri-iƒ Ah-s -ta \n _- n-t -ev]n- p sndnb D]-I-c-W-ß-sfbpw kt -X-ß-sfbpw kmam\y a\p-jy Xo Øpw km[m-cwa n kzoicn- p p; Ah Pohn-X-Øns Xs cq]-ß-fmwv. Xs s]mcp-ø-s -S bp hpw \ymb-hp-amsw v hen-b-txm-xntem sndn-b-txm-xntem kmam\y a\pjy\v t_m y-s -Sp- p.'' 144 D]-t`mKw kw_- n v D -Xmbn k -ev]n- -s -Sp kzmx{ yw Xßƒ- p Ime-tØmfw Xßƒ kzx-{ -cm-sw v hnizkn- p- -Xn-te v Cu amxri P\ßsf \bn- p- p. ]t, kmº-øn-ihpw [\-]-c-hp-amb A[n-Imcw ssibm-fp \yq\-]- -Øn-\mWv bym -Øn kzmx-{ y-ap- -Xv. Cu Nn m- p-g- -Øns CS-bn, am K-Z i-\hpw Znim-t_m-[hpw \ Im Ign-bp Hcp ]pxnb Bflm-h-t_m[w DØ-cm-[p-\nI a\p-jyh Kw CXp-hsc t\sn-bn- n-. kzxz-øns Cu A`mhw DXv -WvT-bpsS Hcp Dd-hn-S-am-Wv. \ap v hfsc-tbsd am K-ßfpw Ig-ºn- mø GXm\pw e yßƒ am{x-hp-am-wp- -Xv. 204. Ct m-gsø BtKmf kml-ncyw Aÿn-c-Xbp-sSbpw A\n- n-x-xz-øn-s bpw Hcp hnimcw

]cn-ÿn-xn-hn- m-\o-b-]-c-amb hnzym-`ym-khpw Bflo-b-Xbpw 203 Dfhm p- p. ""AXv Iq mb kzm -X-bpsS Hcp Rm Sn-bmbnØocp- p.'' 145 Bfp-Iƒ Ah-cn Xs ti{μo-i-cn- p- -hcpw kzbw AS- -h-cp-am-bn-øo-cptºmƒ, Ah-cpsS AXym-{Klw s]cp-ip- p. Hcp hy n-bpss lrzbw IqSp-X iq\y-am-ip-tºmƒ, Ah\v As - n Ahƒ v km[-\-ßƒ hmßn- m\pw kz -am- m\pw D]-tbm-Kn- m-\p-ap Bhiyw IqSp-X-em-bp- m-ip- p. bmym yw Npa-Øp ]cn-[n-iƒ kzoi-cn- p- Xv GXm v Akm-[y-am-bn- Øo-cp- p. Cu N{I-hm-f-Øn, s]mxp-\- -sb- p-dn- p bym -amb Hcp t_m[hpw A{]-Xy- -amhp-i-bm-wv. Cu at\m-`m-h-ßƒ hym]-i-am-ip-t m-dpw, hy n-]-c-amb Bh-iy-ß-tfmSv G p-ap- mø Af-hphsc am{x-am-bn-cn pw kmaq-lni\nb-a-ßƒ BZ-cn- -s -Sp-I. AXp-sIm- v, \ΩpsS Bi- sb Xo{hamb Imem-h-ÿm-\p-`-h-ß-fpsS `oj-wn-bn am{xambn ]cn-an-x-s -Sp-Øm Ign-bp-I-bn-. kmaq-ln-imkz-ÿ-x-bpss Zpc- -^-e-ß-fn-te- p-iqsn AXp hym]n-t - -Xm-Wv. Hcp D]-t`mK-Po-hn-X-ssi-en-sb- p-dn- p Hgn-bm-_m-[-bm-bn-Øo-cp \nc- -c-nn-, hnti-jn v B ssien h p-]pe -Øm GXm\pw Bfp-Iƒ p-am{xw Ign-bp-tºmƒ, \bn- p- Xv A{Ia-Øn-te pw At\ym-\y-kw-lm-c-Øn-te pw am{x-ambn-cn- pw. 205. F n-epw, F mw \jvs-s - n- n-. G hpw hjfmbxp snøm Ign-hp- -t m-gpw, a\p-jy-hy- n-iƒ v, am\-kn-ihpw kmaq-ln-i-hp-amb ]cp-h-s -SepIsf

204 Atßbv v kvxpxn adni-s v, Xßƒ p-xs aosx Db-cm\pw ho pw \ Xp Xnc-s -Sp- m\pw Hcp ]pxnb XpS w Ipdn- m\pw km[n- pw. \Ωn-te- p-xs kxy-k- - ambn t\m m\pw \ΩpsS AKm-[-amb Akw-Xr]vXn AwKo-I-cn- m\pw bym kzmx-{ y-øn-te- p ]pxnb hgn-iƒ Bcw-`n- m\pw \ap p Ign-bpw. \ Xpw icnbpw at\m-l-c-hp-am-b-xn-t\m-sp \ΩpsS Xpd-hnsbtbm \ΩpsS lrz-b-ß-fn Bg-Øn {]h Øn- p sszh-ir-]bv v {]Xyp-Øcw \ Im- \p \ΩpsS sszh-z-ø-amb Ign-hn-s\tbm ]q Æambn ASn- -a Øm Hcp hyh-ÿ pw km[n- p-ibn-. \Ωp-tS-Xmb Cu al-øzsø ad- m-xn-cn- m temi-sa-ºm-sp-ap F m-h-scbpw Rm Blzm\w snøp- p. AXv \Ωn \n v FSp-Øp-Ifbm B pw Ah-Im-i-an-. 206. Pohn-X-ssi-en-bnse Hcp am -Øn\v cmjv{so-bhpw kmº-øn-ihpw kmaq-ln-i-hp-amb A[n-Imcw ssibm-fp- -h-cpssta Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb kω ±w snep-øm Ign-bpw. Nne Dev]- -ßƒ _ln-jvicn- p-sim v D]-t`m-K-{]-ÿm-\-ßƒ snøp- Xv CXmWv. _nkn-\- p-iƒ {]h Øn- p coxn am p- -Xn Ah hnp-bn- p- p. Xß-fpsS ]mcn-ÿn- XnI ]mz-ap-{zbpw Dev]m-Z-\-am-Xr-I-Ifpw ]cn-k-wn- m B _nkn-\- p-iƒ \n _- n-x-cm-ip- p. kmaq-ln-i-kω ±w Xß-fpsS hcp-am-\sø _m[n- p-tºmƒ, _nkn-\- p-iƒ v hyxy-kvx-ambn Dev]m- Zn- n- m-\p am K-ßƒ hy -ambn Is -tø n-

]cn-ÿn-xn-hn- m-\o-b-]-c-amb hnzym-`ym-khpw Bflo-b-Xbpw 205 hcpw. D]-t`m- m- -fpss `mksø kmaq-lni DØc-hm-Zn-Ø-t_m-[-Øns henb Bh-iy-sØ-bmWv CXp ImWn- p- -Xv. ""hmßpi F Xv Ft mgpw Hcp kmº-øn-i-{]-hrøn am{x-a-, [m Ωn-IX Dƒs m p Hcp {]hrøniq-sn-bm-wv.'' 146 Hcp-hm- n ]d- m, C v ""]mcn-ÿn-xni A[x-]-X-\-Øns hnjbw \ΩpsS Pohn-X-ssien ]cn-tim-[n- m \sω sh phnfn- p- p.'' 147 207. kzbw-\-io-i-c-w-øns Hcp Ime-L- sø ]n n hn p-sim v Hcp ]pxnb XpS wipdn- m `ua-a-h-im-i-]-{xni \tωmsv Bh-iy-s -Sp-I-bp- mbn. F m, CXp t\sn-sb-sp- m Bh-iy-amb Hcp km h-{xni Ah-t_m[w \mw CXp-hsc hni-kn- ns -Sp-Øn- n-. B [oc-amb sh p-hnfn Rm ChnsS {]Xn-[z-\n- n- p-i-bmwv: ""Ncn-{X-Øn ap s]m-cn- epw D m-bn- n- m-ø-hn-[w, Hcp ]pxnb XpS- wtx-sm s]mxp-`m-k-t[bw \sω amsn-hn-fn- p- p... Pohn-X-tØm-Sp Hcp ]pxnb BZ-c-hns DW hn- \pw, kpÿn-cx t\sn-sb-sp- m-\p ZrV-\n- -b-øn- \pw, \oxn pw kam-[m-\-øn-\pw-th n-bp t]mcm- -Øns thkw Iq n-b-xn-\pw, Pohn-X-Øns B\-μ- ]q Æ-amb BtLm-j-Øn-\pw-th n A\p-kva-cn- s -Sp Hcp Ime-L- -ambncn- s \Ωp-tS-Xv.'' 148 208. \Ωn \n- p-xs ]pd-øp-i-s v a p- h-cn FØn-t -cm-\p Ignhv Ft mgpw \ap- p- v. \mw CXp snømø] w, a p krjvsn-i-fpss bym

206 Atßbv v kvxpxn tbmky-x-tbmss Ah AwKo-I-cn- -s -Sp-I-bn ; a p -h p-th n Imcy-ßƒ {i n- p- -Xn \mw D p-i-c ; A\y-cpsS thz-\tbm \ΩpsS ]cn-k-cßfpss A[x-]-X-\tam Hgn-hm- m th n \Ωn - Øs ]cn-[n-iƒ G s -Sp-Øp- -Xn \mw ]cmpbs -Sp- p. \ΩpsS ktlm-z-co-k-tlm-z-c- m-tcmspw kzm`m-hn-i-]-cn-ÿn-xn-tbmspw Icp-X-ep hcm-bn-cn- m bym -Øn \mw B{K-ln- p- -]- w, A\y-tcm-Sp \nkzm -Xm-ev]-cy-hpw, kzbw ti{μo- I-cn- p- -Xn-s bpw kzbw BI jn- p- -Xn-s bpw F m cq]-ß-sfbpw \ncm-i-cn-t - Xpw AXym-h-iyam-Wv. \ap p Np p-ap temi-øn-s -ta \ΩpsS F m {]hr-øn-iƒ pw hy n-]-c-amb Xocp-am-\- ßƒ pap BLmXw hne-bn-cp-øm-\p [m Ωn- I-\n-tbm-K-hp-ambn Cu at\m-`m-h-ßƒ \sω s]mcp- Ø-s -Sp-Øp-Ibpw snøp- p. hy n-hm-zsø adn-is- m \ap p km[n- p-i-bm-sw- n, bym - Øn Hcp hyxykvx Pohn-X-ssien hni-kn- n- m\pw kaq-l-øn kp{]-[m\ am -ßƒ Df-hm- m- \pw \ap p Ign-bpw. II. am\-h-cm-inbpw ]cn-ÿn-xnbpw XΩn DSºSn pth nbp hnzym`ymkw 209. C sø kmwkvim-cn-ihpw ]cn-ÿn-xn-hn- m- \o-b-]-c-hp-amb {]Xn-k- n-bpss Kuc-h-sØ pdn-

]cn-ÿn-xn-hn- m-\o-b-]-c-amb hnzym-`ym-khpw Bflo-b-Xbpw 207 p Ah-t_m-[sØ ]pxnb ioe-ß-fm n amt - Xm-Wv. \ΩpsS Ct m-gsø ]ptcm-k-xnbpw, hkvxp- fpw kpj-ku-i-cy-ßfpw shdpsx hmcn- q- p- Xpw a\p-jy-lr-z-b-øn\v A hpw B\-μhpw \ Im ]cym-]vx-ß-f-s v At\-Iw -t] -dn-bmw. F nepw Itºmfw Ah-cpsS apºn \nc-øn-h-bv p- -hsb Dt]- n- p-hm Ah v Ign-bp- p-an. D]-t`m-Kio-e-ß-fn G hpw henb am -ßƒ hcp-tø cmpy-ß-fn, bph-p-\-ßƒ v ]cn-ÿnxn-hn m- \ob-]-c-amb Hcp kwth-z-\- -a-xbpw DZm-c-amb Hcp ssnx-\y-hp-ap- v. Ah-cn Nne ]cn-ÿnxn kwc- n- m-\p A`n-\-μ-\o-b-amb ]cn-{ia-ßƒ \S- Øp p. AtX-k-a-bw, Ah hf p-h- Xv Atßb- sø D]-t`m-K-Øn-s bpw kar- n-bp-ssbpw Hcp kmaq-lni Np p-]m-sn-em-wv. X qew CXc ioe-ßƒ hni-kn- n- pi Ah v t i-i-c-am-wv. hnzym-`ym-k- ]-c-amb Hcp sh p-hnfn \mw t\cn-sp- p. 210. ]mcn-ÿn-xni hnzym-`ymkw AXns e yßƒ hnim-e-am- n-bn-cn- p- p. XpS- -Øn AXv {][m-\-ambn ti{μo-i-cn- Xv imkv{xo-b-hn-h-c-ß-fnepw Ah-t_m[w Db Øp- -Xnepw ]mcn-ÿn-xn-i-amb A]-I-S-km-[y-X-Iƒ Hgn-hm- p- -Xn-ep-am-bncp- p. Ct m-gm-i-s, AXv {]tbm-p-\-hm-z-]-c-amb Hcp at\m- `m-h-øn (hy n-hm-zw, A]-cn-an-X-amb ]ptcm-k-xn, a -cw, D]-t`m-K-hmZw, A\n-b-{ n-x-amb Itºm-fw) A[n-jvTn-X-amb Hcp B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS ""si p-i-y- Isf''- pdn p hna i\w Dƒs -Sp-Øm-\p

208 Atßbv v kvxpxn {]hwx ImWn- p- p. \ap- p- n X-s bpw A\ytcmSpw {]Ir-Xn-tbmSpw a p Pohn-I-tfmSpw sszhtømspw s]mcpøw ÿm]n- p-sim- v, ]cn-ÿn-xnhn- m-\o-b-]-c-amb ka-xp-en-xm-h-ÿ-bpss hnhn-[- X-e-ßƒ ]p\x-ÿm-]n- m\pw AXp {ian- p- p- v. ]cn-ÿnxn-hn- m-\o-b-]-c-amb [m Ωn-I-Xbv v AXns G hpw AKm-[-amb A w \ Ip AXo-{μn-bX-bn-te v IpXn- p-nm w \S-Øp- Xv ]mcnÿn-xn-i-hnzym-`ymkw kpk-a-am- -Ww. ]cn-ÿn-xn-hn- m-\ob-øns Hcp [m Ωn-IX hni-kn- n- m\pw ^e-{]-z-amb t_m[\-hn-zy-bn-eqss sfiy- Zm VyØnepw DØc-hm-Zn-Ø-t_m-[-Ønepw A\p-I- ºm-]q Æ-amb Icp-X-enepw hf-cm P\-ßsf klmbn- m\pw Ign-bp A ym-]-isc AXn\v Bh-iyap- v. 211. F nepw, Hcp ""]cn-ÿn-xn-hn- m-\o-b-]-c-amb ]ucxzw'' krjvsn- pi e y-am- n-bn- p Cu hnzym-`ymkw Nne-t mƒ hnh-c-ßƒ \ Ip- -Xnte p ]cn-an-x-s -Sp-Ibpw \ ioe-ßƒ hym]n- n- p- -Xn ]cm-p-b-s -Sp-Ibpw snøp- p. \nb-a-ßfpw N -ßfpw \ne-hn-ep v F Xv Imew-sN- p-tºmƒ Zp»o-e-ßƒ XS-bm, Ah ^e-{]-z-ambn \S- m- m- \p am K-ßƒ Ds - n t m-epw, A]-cym-]vXamWv. \nb-a-ßƒ kp{]-[m-\hpw imiz-x-hp-amb ^eßƒ Df-hm- -W-sa- n, Ahsb AwKo-I-cn- m kaq-l-ønse `qcn-] w AwK-ßsf th -hn[w {]tnm-zn- n- p-ibpw Ahbv v {]Xyp-Øcw \ Im

]cn-ÿn-xn-hn- m-\o-b-]-c-amb hnzym-`ym-khpw Bflo-b-Xbpw 209 Ah-cn hy n-]-c-amb ]cn-h Ø\w D m- p-ibpw thww. Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb kpir-x-ßƒ hf Øn-sb- Sp- p Xphgn am{x-ta P\ßƒ v ]cn-ÿn-xnhn m-\o-b-]-camb Hcp \nkzm {]Xn-_- X D m- m Ign-bq. IqSp-X sne-hm- m\pw D]-tbm- Kn- m-\p-ap Ign-hp-s - nepw NqSm- p kwhn- [m\w {Ia-ambn Ipd- p-am{xw D]-tbm-Kn- p-ibpw IqSp- X NqSp hkv{x-ßƒ [cn- p-ibpw snøp Hcp hy n, ]cn-ÿnxn kwc- n- m klm-b-i-amb t_m y-ß-fp-ssbpw at\m-`m-h-ß-fp-ssbpw kz`mhw {]I-S-am- p- p. sndnb {]Xn-Zn-\-{]-h Ø-\-ß-fn-eqsS krjvsn-i-tfmsp Icp-X Im m-\p Npa-X-e-bn Hcp al-øz-ap- v. hnzym-`ym-k-øn\v F{]-Imcw Pohn-Xssi-en-bn bym am -ßƒ hcp-øm Ignbpw F Xv hnkva-b-i-c-am-wv. ]mcn-ÿn-xni DØ-c-hmZn- Øw kw_- n hnzym`ymk-øn-\v, \ap- p-np- p-ap temisø {]Xy- -ambpw kmc-ambpw _m[n- p-, πmãn- n-s bpw IS-em-kn-s bpw D]-tbmKw Hgn-hm- p-i, Pe-Øns D]-t`mKw Ipd-bv p-i, Nh th - Xn-cn- p-i, \ymb-ambn D]-tbm-Kn- m-hp Xpam{Xw ]mniw snøp-i, a p Pohn-I-tfmSv Icp-X ImWn- p-i, s]mxpkxm-k-xtam Imdv Iq p-tn t m D]- tbm-kn- p-i, ac-ßƒ \Sp-I, Bh-iy-an- mø hnf- p-iƒ AW-bv pi F n-htbm a -t\iw \S-]-Sn- Itfmt]mse-bp {]h Ø-\-co-Xn-Isf t{]m m-ln- n- m Ign-bpw. a\p-jy-hy- n-i-fnse G hpw \ - Xns\ ]pd-øp-sim- p-h-cp DZm-chpw tbmky-hp-amb Hcp {Inbm-flIXsb-bmWv Ch-sb mw {]Xn-^-en- n-

210 Atßbv v kvxpxn p- -Xv. icn-bmb Imc-W-ßƒ p-th n snøptºmƒ, F n-s\-sb- nepw DS-s\-Xs Dt]- n- p- Ifbp -Xn\p]Icw ho pw D]-tbm-Kn- p- Xv \ΩpsS kz w aløzw {]I-S-am- p Hcp kvt\l- {]-hr-øn-bm-wv. 212. Cu ]cn-{i-a-ßƒ temisø am m t]mip- n F p \mw hnnm-cn- -cp-xv. ]e-t mgpw \ap v A m-x-amb coxn-bn Ah kaq-l-øn\v KpWw snøp- p- v. Fs - m, AZr-iy-am-sW- n t]mepw, hym]n- m A\n-hm-cy-ambn {]h-wx ImWn- p Hcp \ bv v AXv CS-bm- p- p. IqSmsX, Aß-s\-bp {]h Ø-\-ßƒ v \ΩpsS Bflm-`n-am-\-Øns t_m[sø ]p\x-ÿm-]n- m Ignbpw; IqSp-X ]q Æ-ambn Pohn- p- -Xn\pw `qanbnse PohnXw ^e-{]-z-am-sw A\p-`hw D mim- \pw \sω {]m]vx-cm- m Ahbv p km[n- pw. 213. ]cn-ÿn-xn-hn- m-\o-b-]-c-amb hnzym-`ymkw hnhn[ ] m-ø-e-ß-fn, hnzym-e-b-ønepw IpSpw_- ß-fnepw am y-a-ß-fnepw ax-t_m-[-\-ønepw a n-sßfn-epw, \S- m-hp- -Xm-Wv. \ hnzym-`ymkw \mw sndp- -am-bn-cn- p-tºmƒ hnøp-iƒ \Sp- p. Ch Pohn-X- Øn-ep-S-\ofw XpS p ^e-ßƒ \ Ip p. F nepw, ChnsS IpSpw-_-Øns henb {]m[m-\y-øn\v Du -sim-sp- p-hm Rm B{K-ln- p- p. IpSpw_w ""Pohs\ sszh-øns Zm\sØ btym- NnXw hc-th m\pw AXp hnt[-b-am-ip \nc-h[n

]cn-ÿn-xn-hn- m-\o-b-]-c-amb hnzym-`ym-khpw Bflo-b-Xbpw 211 B{I-a-W-ßƒs -Xnsc AXns\ kwc- n- m\pw bym am\p-jn-i -h-f bv v cq]w-sim-sp- p Imcy-Øn-\-\p-kr-X-ambn hni-kn- n- m\pw Ign-bp ÿe-am-wv. ac-w-kw-kvimcw F p ]d-b-s -Sp- -Xps - n-epw, IpSpw-_-amWv Pohs kwkvim-c-øns lrz-bw.'' 149 Poh-t\mSv kvt\lhpw BZ-chpw {]I-Sn- n-t - Xv F{]-Im-c-sa v BZyw \mw IpSpw-_- Øn A`y-kn- p p; km[-\-ß-fpss icn-bmb D]- tbm-kw, {Iahpw ipnnxz-hpw, {]mtzini Bhm-k-hyhÿ-tbm-Sp BZ-chv, F m krjvsn-i-tfm-sp-ap Icp- X F nh \mw AhnsS ]Tn- p- p. hy n-]-c-amb ]Iz-X-bn s]mcp-ø-tøm-sp-iqsn hf-cm \sω {]m]vx-cm- p Hcp ka{k hnzym-`ymkw \ap p e`n- p- Xv IpSpw-_Øn-em-Wv. \n _- -]q hw Bhiy-s -SmsX hn\-b-]pc- cw A`y n- m\pw \ap p e`n- -Xn-\p Bflm amb IrX- -Xm- {]-I-S\w F \ne-bn ""\nßƒ p \μn'' F p ]d-bm\pw \ΩpsS B{I-a-tWm- p-i-xbpw AXym- {K-lhpw \nb-{ n- m\pw \mw Fs - nepw D]-{Zhw snøp-tºmƒ a tnmzn- m-\pw IpSpw-_-Øn \mw A`y-kn- p- p. lrz-bw-k-a-amb acym-z-bpss Cu km[m-cw \S-]-Sn-Iƒ, ] p-tn-cp Pohn-X-Øns bpw \ΩpsS ]cn-k-c-tøm-sp BZ-c-hn-s bpw Hcp kwkvimcw krjvsn- m klm-b-i-am-wv. 214. P\ß-fpsS Ah-t_m[w h n- n- p- -Xns\ klm-bn- m-\p Npa-Xe cmjv{so-b-ÿm-]-\-ßƒ- pw a p hnhn[ kmaq-lni hn`m-k-ßƒ pw Gev]n-

212 Atßbv v kvxpxn -s -Sp- p. k`bpw Aß-s\-X-s -bm-wv. ]cn-ÿnxnhn- m-\o-b-]-c-amb hnzym-`ym-k-øn F m ss{ikv- X-h-k-aq-l-ßƒ pw kp{]-[m-\-amb Hcp ] p-h-ln- m-\p- v. Pohn-X-Øns DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-]q Æ-amb emfn-xyw, sszh-øns temi-sø- p-dn v IrX- - Xm-]q h-i-amb [ym\w, Zcn-{Z-cpsS Bh-iy-ßfpw ]cnÿn-xn-bpss kwc- -Whpw kw_- n Bi F n-h-bn \ΩpsS skan-\m-cn-ifpw cq]o-i-c-w-`h\- ßfpw hnzym-`ymkw \ Ipw F mwv Fs {]Xymi. A]-I-S-km-[yX A{X A[n-I-am-b-XpsIm v, ]cn-ÿn-xn-bn Gev]n- p \miøn\v in Npa-Øm A[n-Im-c-ap ÿm]-\-ßƒ \ap v Bh-iy-am-Wv. F m, Bfl-\n-b-{ -W-Øns bpw ]c-kv]cw ]Tn- m-\p k - -X-bp-sSbpw hy n-]-c-amb KpW-ßfpw \ap p thww. 215. C mcy-øn, ""\ Xpw kpμ-c-hp-amb Hcp hnzym-`ym-khpw Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb Hcp ]cn-ÿnxn \ne- \n Øepw XΩn-ep _ w Ah-K-Wn- m Ignbp-I-bn-.'' 150 kuμcyw Z in- p-ibpw Bkz-Zn- p- Ibpw snøm A`y-kn- p- -Xn-eq-sS, kzm - Xmev]-cy-ap {]mtbm-kn-ixm-hm-zsø \mw X n- -f-bp- p. at\m-l-c-amb H ns\ as mw \n Ønh v Bkz-Zn- m Hcmƒ A`y-kn- n ns n, Ah As - n Ahƒ ki-e-xn-s\bpw XØz-Zo- -bn- msx D]-tbm-Kn- p-ibpw Zpcp-]-tbm-Kn- p-ibpw snøm-\p Hcp hkvxphmbn ssiimcyw snøp- - ]- w, \mw AXn A p-x-s -ts Imcy-an-.

]cn-ÿn-xn-hn- m-\o-b-]-c-amb hnzym-`ym-khpw Bflo-b-Xbpw 213 AKm-[-amb am w-h-cp-øm \mw B{K-ln- p- p-sh- n, Nne \n nx at\m-`m-h-ßƒ hmkvx-h-øn \ΩpsS s]cp-am- sø kzm[o-\n- p- p-s v \mw a\- n-em-t Xmh-iy-am-Wv. a\p-jy-hy- n-i-sfbpw Pohn-X-sØbpw kaq-l-søbpw {]Ir-Xn-bp-am-bp \ΩpsS _ -søbpwipdn- p Hcp ]pxnb Nn mk-cwn t{]m m-ln- n- m \mw ]cn-{i-an- m-ø- ] w, hnzym-`ymkw kw_- n \ΩpsS {]b-xv\- ßƒ A]-cym-]vXhpw ^e-iq-\y-hp-am-bn-cn- pw. As - n, am[y-a-ß-fp-ssbpw Itºm-f-Øns hfsc ^e{]-z-amb {]h Ø-\-Øn-s bpw klm-b-tøm-sp- Iq-Sn, D]-t`m-K-kw-kvIm-c-Øns amxri XpS p apt dpw. III. ]cn-ÿn-xn-hn- m-\o-b-]-c-amb am\km- cw 216. Ccp-]-Xp-\q- m- p-i-fnse hy n-]-chpw kmaqln-i-hp-amb A\p-`-h-Øns ^e-am-b, {InkvXob Bflo-b-X-bpsS kº ss]xr-i-øn-\v, a\p-jyh K-Øns \hoicwøn\pth n Aaq-ey-amb Hcp kw`m-h\ \ Im-\p- v. \ΩpsS hnizm-k-øns t_m y-ß-fn A[n-jvTn-X-amb Hcp ]cn-ÿn-xnhn m-\ob Bflo-b-X- p-th GXm\pw \n t±ißƒ ss{ikvx-h p \ Im ChnsS Rm B{Kln- p-i-bm-wv. Fs - m, kphn-ti-j-{]-t_m-[-\- ßƒ v \ΩpsS Nn -bp-ssbpw hnim-c-øn-s bpw Pohn-X-Øn-s bpw am Kw kw_- n v t\cn- p

214 Atßbv v kvxpxn ]cnw-x-^-e-ßƒ D v. Bi-b-ßsftbm k -ev]- ß-sftbm Aß-s\-Xs ImWp- -Xn-t\- mƒ IqSp- X-em-bn, \ΩpsS temi-øns kwc- Ww kw_- n IqSp-X Bth-i-I-c-amb Hcp Xmev]-cy-Ønte v Aß-s\-bp Hcp Bflo-b-X v F{]-Imcw \sω DtØ-Pn- n- m Ign-bpw F -Xn-emWv F\n p Xmev]-cyw. \sω {]tnm-zn- n- m Ign-bp Hcp Bflo-b-X-bn- m-sx, ""t{]m m-ln- n- p-ibpw {]tnm-zn- n- p-ibpw ]cn-]p-jvs-am- p-ibpw \ΩpsS hy n-]-chpw kmap-zm-bn-i-hp-amb {]h Ø-\-ßƒ v A w \ Ip-Ibpw snøp Nne B -cni {]tnm- Z-\-ßƒ'' 151 C m-sx, kn m w-sim- p-am{xw C{X D -X-amb Hcp {]Xn-_- X \ne-\n Øm Ign-bpIbn-. k`bv v sszhw {]Zm\w snbvxn- p Bflob- \n-[n-isf ss{ikvx-h Ft mgpw D]-tbm-Kn- p-ibpw hni-kn- n- p-ibpw snbvxn- n F p kω-xn- -Ww. ico-c-øn \nt m {]Ir-Xn-bn \nt m euini bmym y-ß-fn \nt m th s]-sm-sx, \ΩpsS ]cnk-c-ønse ki-e-xn-t\m-sp-ap Iq m-bva-bn, Ahbnepw Ah-tbm-Sp-Iq-Snbpw Acq-]n-bpsS Poh \ne- \n - p CS-amWv k`. 217. ""B -cni acp-`q-an-iƒ A{X hnim-e-am-bn-øo - Ø-Xp-sIm v temi-ønse _mly-a-cp-`q-an-iƒ hf p-sim- n-cn- p- p.'' 152 C m-c-w-øm, ]cnÿn-xn-hn- m-\o-b-]-c-amb {]Xn-k n AKm-[-amb B -cni am\-km- -c-øn-te- p Hcp Ww-IqSnbm-Wv. {]Xn-_- -Xbpw {]m -\m-po-hn-x-hp-ap

]cn-ÿn-xn-hn- m-\o-b-]-c-amb hnzym-`ym-khpw Bflo-b-Xbpw 215 Nne ss{ikvx-h, bmym y-hm-z-øn-s bpw {]mtbm-kn-i-xm-hm-z-øn-s bpw Hgn-I-gn-thm-Sp-Iq-Sn, ]cnÿn-xn-tbm-sp Xmev]-cy-{]-I-S-\-ßsf ]cn-l-kn- m- \p {]h-wx ImWn- p p F v ]d-tb- -Xp- v. "a p- -h \njv{in-b-cmwv; Xß-fpsS ioe-ßƒ amt ' F v Ah Xocp-am-\n- p-ibpw Aßs\ s]mcp-ø-an- m-ø-h-cmbnøocp-ibpw snøp- p. AXpsIm- v, Ah s - m-h pw Hcp ""]cn-ÿn-xnhn m-\o-b-]-c-amb am\-km- cw'' Bh-iy-ap- v. X q-ew, tbip-{in-kvxp-hp-am-bp Ah-cpsS I pap- -ens ^e-ßƒ Ah pnp p-ap temihp-ambp Ah-cpsS _ -Øn hy -am-bn-øo-cp-ibpw snøp- p. sszh-øns Ic-th-e-bpsS kwc- -I-cm- Im-\p \ΩpsS hnfn-bn Pohn- p- Xv Hcp kpir- X-Po-hn-X-Øn\v AXym-h-iy-amWv; AXv \ΩpsS ss{ikvx-hm-\p-`-h-øns sf n-itam ZznXo-btam Bb Hcp hi-a-. 218. A o-kn-bnse hnip {^m ko-kns cq]w a\- n-te p sim p-h-cp-tºmƒ, krjvsn-i-fp-am-bp Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb Hcp _ w samø-øn-ep hy n-]-c-amb am\-km- -c-øns Hcp am\-am-sw v \mw a\- n-em- m CSbmIp- p. CXv \ΩpsS sx p- Ifpw ]m]-ßfpw hogvn-ifpw ]cm-p-b-ßfpw AwKo- I-cn- p- Xv A\n-hm-cy-am- p-ibpw lrz-b-]q h-iamb A\p-Xm-]-Øn-te pw ]cn-h Ø-\-Øn-\p B{K-l-Øn-te pw \bn- p-ibpw snøp- p. krjvsn- I-fp-ambn A\p-c-RvP\w ssih-cp-øp- Xp

216 Atßbv v kvxpxn kw_ n v Aß-s\-bp am\-km- -c-øns {]m- [m-\y-sø pdn v Hmkvt{S-en-b sa{xm- m kwkmcn- p-i-bp- mbn: ""Aßs\bp A\p-c-RvP\w ssih-cp-øm, \mw \ΩpsS Pohn-X-ßsf ]cn-tim- [n- p-ibpw \ΩpsS {]hr-øn-i-fn-eq-ssbpw {]h Øn- m \mw ]cm-p-b-s - -Xn-eq-sSbpw sszh-øns krjvsn-isf \mw D]-{Z-hn am K-ßƒ AwKo-I-cn- p-ibpw thww. \ap v Hcp am\-km- cw AYhm lrz-b-]-cn-h Ø\w A\p-`-h-s -ts- -Xp- v.'' 153 219. F n-cp- m-epw, hy n-i-fpss `mkøv Ah kzbw sa -s -Sp- Xv AXn-\m X-s, C p \ΩpsS temiw t\cn-sp AXy w k o Æ-amb Ah-ÿ- v {]Xn-hn-[n-bm-Ip-I-bn-. H -s hy n-iƒ v {]tbm-p-\-hm-z-]-c-amb at\m-`m-h-øn \n v c -s]- Sm-\p Ah-cpsS Ignhpw kzmx-{ yhpw \jvs-s Sp- Ibpw kmaq-ln-itam ]cn-ÿn-xn-hn- m-\o-b-]-ctam Bb Ah-t_m[w C mø A[m Ωn-I-amb Hcp D]- t`m-k-kw-kvim-c-øn\v Ah Cc-bm-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw snøpw. kmaq-ln-i-{]-iv\-ßsf A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sntø- Xv tihew hy n-]-c-amb kzv{]-hr-øn-ifpss BsIØpI-b-, kmaq-ln-i-irw-j-e-i-fm-wv. Cu Npa-X-e, ""hy n-]-c-amb ap ssitbm hy n-hm-z- ]-c-amb Hcp coxn-bn hf Ø-s a\p-jy-cpss tbmpn- p ]cn-{i-a-tam -sim pt]mepw Hcn- epw a\p-jy\p ssih-cp-øm Ign-bm-Ø-hÆw A{X _rl-ømb Bh-iy-ß-fmWv D -bn- p- -Xv. temi- Øn-s -ta B[n-]Xyw ]pe Øp tpmen Bhiy-

]cn-ÿn-xn-hn- m-\o-b-]-c-amb hnzym-`ym-khpw Bflo-b-Xbpw 217 s -Sp- Xv sshz-kv y-ß-fpss Hcp HØp-tN-cepw XnI pw hyxy-kvx-amb Hcp at\m-`mh-øn \n pam{xw hf-cm Ign-bp t\ -Øns Hcp sfiy-hpam-wv.'' 154 imiz-x-amb am w ssih-cp-øm Bh-iyamb ]cn-ÿn-xn-hn- m-\o-b-]-c-amb ]cn-h Ø\w kmaq-ln-i-amb Hcp am\-km- -cw-iq-sn-bmwv. 220. Cu am\-km- cw At\Iw at\m-`m-h-ßƒ Bh-iy-s -Sp- p- v. Ah H p-tn v B {ZX \nd, DZmcamb Icp-X-ens Hcp Acq]n hf - Øp p. BZy-am-bn, AXv IrX- -Xbpw kup-\y- Zm-\-hpw, temiw sszh-øns kvt\l-k-ωm-\-amsw pw Bfl-Xym-K-Ønepw kzv{]-hr-øn-i-fnepw- IqSn Ahn-SpsØ alm-a-\-kvix im -ambn A\p-Icn- m \mw hnfn- -s -Sp- p-sh pw D Hcp AwKo- Im-cw, A\n-hm-cy-am- p p: ""\ns heøpssi snøp- Xv CSØpssI AdnbmXncn- -s. cl-kyßƒ Adn-bp \ns ]nxmhv \n\ p {]Xn-^ew \ Ipw'' (aøm. 6:3 4). _m n-bp krjvsn-i-fpambn \mw _ -an- m-ø-h-c-s - pw, {]XypX AXnhn-in-jvS-amb Hcp km h-{xni Iq m-bva-bn H ptn -h-cm-sw- p-ap kvt\l-]q Æ-amb Hc-ht_m-[hpw AXv A\n-hm-cy-am- p- p. hnizm-kn-iƒ F \ne-bn, \mw temisø t\m p- Xv shfnbn \n- -, adn v, F m Pohn-I-fp-ambn ]nxm-hmb sszhw \sω _ n- n- n-cn- p irwj-e-i-sf- pdn- p t_m[-tømsp-iq-sn, D n \n- m-wv. \ΩpsS hy n-]-chpw sszh-z-ø-hp-amb Ign-hp-Iƒ hni-kn-

218 Atßbv v kvxpxn n- p- -Xp-h-gn, temi-øns {]iv\-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn- p- -Xnepw ""hnip- hpw sszh-øn\p {]oxn-i-c-hpamb kpoh _en-bmbn'' (tdmam. 12:1) \sω-øs sszh-øn\p ka n- p -Xn-ep-ap h n k Kmfl-I-X-bn-te pw D m-l-øn-te pw \sω {]tnm- Zn- n- m ]cn-ÿn-xn-hn m-\o-b-]-c-amb Hcp am\- km- -c-øn\p Ign-bpw. hy n-]-c-amb al-øz- Ønt\m DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-iq-\y-amb B[n-]-Xy-Ønt\m D Hcp Imc-W-am-bn- \mw \ΩpsS t{ijvt-xsb a\- n-em- p- -Xv; {]XypX, \ΩpsS hnizm-k- Øn \n v Db p-h-cp Kuc-h-ap Hcp DØ-chm-ZnØw A\n-hm-cy-am- p Hcp hyxykvx Ign-hmbn- m-wv. 221. Cu Nm{In-I-te-J-\-Øns Bcw-`-Øn hnikn- n-, \ΩpsS hnizm-k-øns hnhn[ t_m yßƒ v Cu am\-km- -c-øns A sø kº am- p- -Xn\v \sω klm-bn- m Ign-bpw. Ch-bn, Hmtcm krjvsnbpw sszh-øns Hcwiw {]Xn-^-en- n- p- p-sh pw AXn\v \ap p \ Im Hcp ktμiw Ds pw D Ah-t_m-[w, Ct mƒ D nx-\mb {InkvXp X n Xs Gs -Sp-Øn-cn- p Cu `uxn-i-tem-i-øns kpc- n-xxzw Hmtcm Pohn-bnepw, AXns\ Ahn-SpsØ kvt\l-øm hebw snøp-ibpw AXn Ahn-SpsØ shfn w {]th-in- n- p-ibpw snbvxp-sim- v, KmV-ambn k nln-x-am-bn-cn- p- p, F nh Dƒs -Sp- p. IqSm-sX, a\pjy-hy- n-iƒ v Ah-K-Wn- m Ah-Im-i-an-

]cn-ÿn-xn-hn- m-\o-b-]-c-amb hnzym-`ym-khpw Bflo-b-Xbpw 219 mø Hcp {Iahpw Hcp Ne-\m-fl-I-Xbpw AXn Fgp-Xn-t -Øp-sIm v, sszhw temisø krjvsn p F -Xns AwKo-Im-chpw D v. ""Ah-bn H pt]mepw sszh-k- n-[n-bn hnkva-cn- -s -Sp- n '' (eq m 12:6) F v Ipcp-hn-I-sf pdn v tbip ]d-bp- -Xmbn \mw kphn-ti-j-øn hmbn- p- p. At mƒ Fß-s\-bmWv \ap v Hcp-]t AhtbmSp tami-ambn s]cp-am-dmt\m Ahbv v D]-{Zhw hcpømt\m Ign-bpI? Xß-fpsS am\-km- -c-øns Cu am\w AwKo-I-cn- m\pw AXv ]q Æ-ambn Pohn- m\pw F m {InkvXym-\n-I-tfmSpw Rm A`y n- p- p. \ap p e`n Ir]-bpsS i nbpw {]Imihpw CXc PohnI-tfmSpw \ap pnp p-ap temitøm-sp-ap \ΩpsS _ -Ønepw hy -am-i-s. Cu coxn-bn, A okn-bnse hnip {^m kokv A{X D z-e-ambn km- m-xvi-cn, F m krjvsn-i-tfm-spap DZm-Ø-amb kmtlm-zcyw t]mjn- n- p- -Xn \ap p klm-bn mw. IV. B\-μhpw kam-[m-\hpw 222. ss{ikvxh Bflo-bX Pohn-X\ne-hmc-sØ kw_- n v Hcp _Z [mcw \n t±-in- p-ibpw D]- t`mkw a\- n \nd-bp- -Xn \n p ap -amb Bg- Øn-ep B\μw \ Im Ign-bp {]h-n-\m-fl- Ihpw [ym\m-fl-i-hp-amb Hcp Pohn-X-ssien-sb t{]m m-ln- n- p-ibpw snøp- p. hyxykvx ax-]mc- º-cy-ß-fnepw ss n-fnepw ImWp Hcp ]pcm-x\-

220 Atßbv v kvxpxn ]mtw \mw ]Tn-t - -Xp- v: ""Aev]-amWv A[n-Iw'' F t_m y-am-w-xv. ]pxnb D]-t`m-K- km-[-\-ßfpss \nc- -c-amb {]f-b-øn\v lrz-bsø Aºc- n- m\pw Hmtcm hkvxphpw Hmtcm \nan-jhpw emfn- m-\-μn- p- -Xn \n v \sω XS-bm\pw Ign-bpw. Hmtcm D -tbm-sp-ap- AXv F{X-Xs sndp-xmbns m s {]im- -km- n-[yw, [mc-w-bp-ssbpw hy n-]-c-amb kwxr-]vxn-bp-ssbpw Gsd hnim-e-amb N{I-hm-f-ß-fn-te v \sω Xpd- p- p. anx-xz-øn- \mepw Aev]w-sIm v k p-jvs-cm-im-\p Ign-hn- \mepw ap{zn-x-amb Hcp hf -bmwv ss{ikvxh Bflo-bX \n t±-in- p- -Xv. as mw \n Øn-h v sndnb Imcy-ßƒ Bkz-Zn- m\pw PohnXw \ap p \ Ip Ah-k-c-ß-sf- p-dn v IrX- -X-bp- -hcm-im\pw \ap- p- -Xn \n v Bflo-b-ambn AI p- \n m\pw \ap- n- m-ø-xn-s\ pdn p ZpxJ- Øn\p Iog-S-ßm-Xn-cn- m\pw \sω {]m]vx-cm- p emfnxy-øn-te- p Hcp Xncn- p-t]m- m-w-xv. B[n- ]-Xy-Øns Ne-\m-fl-I-Xbpw shdpsx kpj-ku- I-cy-ßƒ hmcn- q- p- Xpw Hgn-hm- -W-sa- m-wv CXp kqnn- n- p- Xv. 223. kzx-{ -ambpw t_m[-]q hhpw Pohn- ptºmƒ, Aß-s\-bp ka-nn-øx hntam-n-\m-fl-iam-wv. AXv Ipd Hcp Pohn-Xtam Ipd Xo{hXtbm-Sp-IqSn \bn- p Hcp Pohn-Xtam A. adn- v, AXv PohnXw ]q Æ-ambn Pohn- p Hcp am KamWv. hmkvx-h-øn, Ft mgpw Xßƒ n- m-ø-

]cn-ÿn-xn-hn- m-\o-b-]-c-amb hnzym-`ym-khpw Bflo-b-Xbpw 221 hsb txsn-s m v Ahn-sSbpw Chn-sSbpw apßp- - Xns\ Dt]- n- -h-cmwv Hmtcm-\n-an-jhpw IqSp-X Bkz-Zn- p-ibpw IqSp-X \ mbn Pohn- p-ibpw snøp- -Xv. G hpw km[m-c-w-amb Imcy-ß-tfm-Sp ]cn-n-bhpw Ah Bkz-Zn- p- Xv F{]-Im-c-am-sW- Xpw A`y-kn- p-sim- v, Hmtcm hy n-sbbpw Hmtcm hkvxp-hn-s\bpw hne-a-xn- p- -Xns A w F m-sw v Ah A\p-`-hn- p- p. AXp-sIm- v, Xß-fpsS at\m-`m-chpw Xf bpw Npcp- n-s m- v, \nd-th-dmø Bh-iy-ßƒ Dt]- n- m Ah p km[n- p- p. k thm-]cn Ah CXc D m-k-am Kßƒ hf Øn-sb-Sp- p-ibpw ktlm-z-c-k-l-p-amb I p-ap- epi-fnepw ip{iq-j-bnepw Ah-cpsS kn n- Iƒ hni-kn n- p- -Xnepw kwko-x-ønepw Iebnepw {]Ir-Xn-bp-am-bp kº -Ønepw {]m - \-bnepw kwxr]v-xn Is -Øp-Ibpw snøp-tºmƒ Aev]-am-{X-hn-`-h-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn- p-sim v Pohn- ptºmgpw Ah v [mcm-f-ambn Pohn- m Ign-bpw. k p-jvsn-bpss A w \sω sndp-xm- p-i-am{xw snøp Nne Bh-iy-ßƒ Npcp- p- Xpw Pohn-X- Øn\p \ Im Ign-bp \nc-h[n hyxykvx km[y- X-I-fn-te v Xpd- p- Xpw F{]-Im-c-sa v Adn-bp- I-bm-Wv. 224. Ign- -\q- m- n ka-nn-ø-xbpw hn\-bhpw A\p-Iq-e-a-t\m-`m-h-tØm-Sp-IqSn ]cn-k-wn- -s - n-. F n- pw, hy n-]-chpw kmaq-ln-i-hpamb Pohn-X- Ønse Hcp {]txyi KpW-Øns \n h-l-w-øn

222 Atßbv v kvxpxn s]mxp-hmb Hcp XI -bp- m-ip-tºmƒ, AXv FØnt -cp- Xv ]mcn-ÿn-xn-i-ambh Dƒs ss \nc-h[n Ak- p-en-xm-h-ÿ-iƒ Df-hm- p- -Xn-em-Wv. AXpsIm- mwv C\n-ta ]mcn-ÿn-xnihy-h-ÿ-i-fpss ka{k-xsb pdn- p-am{xw kwkm-cn- m axn-bm-im- Ø-Xv. a\p-jy-po-hn-x-øns ka-{k-x-sb- p-dn- v, al- Ømb F m aqey-ß-sfbpw t{]m m-ln- n- p-ibpw GIo-I-cn- p-ibpw sntø- -Xns Bh-iysØ pdn v kwkm-cn- m \mw ss[cyw B Pn- Ww. Hcn- \mw \ΩpsS hn\bw \jvs-s -Sp- Øp-Ibpw ki-e-xn-s bpw-taep A]-cn-an-X-amb B[n-]-Xy-Øns km[y-x-i-fm hio-i-cn- -s -Sp- Ibpw snbvxp-i-gn-bp-tºmƒ, A\n-hm-cy-ambn \mw kaq-l-søbpw ]cn-ÿn-xn-sbbpw D]-{Z-hn- p- -Xn FØn-t -cp- p. kzbw-`c-wm-[n-imcap -h-cm-sw v \mw \sω- p-dn- p-xs Nn n- p-tºmƒ, \ΩpsS Pohn-X-ß-fn \n v sszh-sø Hgn-hm- pitbm \ΩpsS kz w Al- sb Ahn-Sp-tØ p ]I-cwhbv p-itbm snøp-ibpw \ΩpsS Bfl-\n-jvT-amb hnim-c-ßƒ v F mwp icn-sb pw F mwp sxs pw \n Æ-bn- m Ign-bp-sa p hnnm-cn- p- Ibpw snøp-tºmƒ, CØ-c-Øn-ep Btcm-Ky-I-camb hn\-btam k p-jvs-amb ka-nn-ø-xtbm t{]m m-ln- n- pi Ffp- -a-. 225. adp-h-i-øv, Xt m-sp-xs kam-[m-\-øn-em- ImsX Hcmƒ pw ka-nn-ø-x-bp- Xpw kwxr-]vxhp-amb Hcp PohnXw hf Øn-sb-Sp- m Ign-bp-I-

]cn-ÿn-xn-hn- m-\o-b-]-c-amb hnzym-`ym-khpw Bflo-b-Xbpw 223 bn-. Bflo-b-Xsb pdn- p axn-bmb Hcp [mcwbn AS-ßn-bn-cn- p- -Xv, bp -Øns A`m-h-tØ- mƒ hfsc IqSp-X-emb kam-[m-\w-sim p \mw A -am- p- Xv ]qcn- n- p- -Xn-em-Wv. B -cn-ik-am-[m\w ]cn-ÿn-xn-hn- m-\-søbpw s]mxp-\ sbbpwipdn- p Icp-X-en-t\mSv KmV-ambn _ n- -s - n-cn- p- p. Fs - m, Bflm -ambn Pohn- p-tºmƒ, Pohn-X-Øns AKm-[-amb [mc-w-bnte p \sω sim p-t]m-ip hnkva-b-øn-\p-th Hcp Ign-hn-t\m-sSm-Øp Hcp k p-enx Pohn-Xssien-bn AXp {]Xn-^-en- p- p. kvt\l-øns hm p-iƒsim v {]Ir-Xn -\n-d- n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. ]t, Fßs\bmWv \nc- -c-amb i_vz-øn-s tbm Ahn-cm-ahpw kncisf XI p- -Xp-amb hyxn-n-e- \-ß-fp-sStbm _mly-`m-h-ß-fpss D]mk-\-bp-sStbm a y-øn \mw Ahsb {ihn- pi? At\Iw P\ßƒ v C v Ahsc kw{`m- -amb {]h Ø-\- Øn-te p X n-hn-sp- Xpw Xßƒ pnp p-ap kie-xn-t\mspw tami-ambn s]cp-am-dp- -Xn-te v Ahsc \bn- p Hcp \nc- -c-[r-xn-bn Ah v Xnc v A\p-`-h-s -Sp-Øp -Xp-amb Hcp AKm[ Ak- p-en- XXzw A\p-`-h-s Sp p- v. Ah ]cn-ÿn-xn-tbmsv F{]-Imcw s]cp-am-dp p F -Xn-s\bpw CXp _m[n- p- p. ka-{k-amb Hcp ]cn-ÿn-xn-hn- m-\ob-øn krjvsn-i-fp-am-bp {]im- -amb Hcp s]mcp-øw hos -Sp- p- -Xn\v kabw Is -Øp- Xpw \ΩpsS Pohn-X-ssi-en-sbbpw BZ i-ß-sfbpw-ipdn p hnnn- \w snøp- Xpw \ΩpsS CS-bn hkn- p-ibpw

224 Atßbv v kvxpxn \sω he-bw-sn-øp-ibpw snøp- {kjvsm-hns\ [ym\n- p- Xpw Dƒs -Sp- p. AhnSp-sØ km n yw ""\nkq-v-ambn hbvt X, ad-\o n ImW-s -ts- -Xm-Wv.'' 155 226. {]im- -amb {i -tbm-sp-iqsn Pohn-XsØ kao- ]n- p-, lrz-b-øns Hcp at\m-`m-h-sø- p-dn- mwv \mw kwkm-cn- p- -Xv. ASp-ØXv F v F - Xn-s\- pdn v Nn n- m-sx, B s - nepw ]q Ækm n[yw A\p-`-h-s -Sp-Øm AXn\p Ign-bpw. ]q Æ-ambn Pohn-t Hcp sszh-zm-\-ambn Hmtcm \nan-j-søbpw AXp kzoi-cn- p- p. hb-ense en n- I-sfbpw BIm-i-Ønse ]d-h-i-sfbpwipdn p [ym\n- m tbip \sω Wn- -t mƒ, AYhm [\n-ibp-hm-hns\ ImWp-Ibpw Abm-fpsS Akz-ÿX Adnbp-Ibpw snbvx Ahn-Sp v ""kvt\l-]q hw Ahs\ ISm- n- -t mƒ'' (a t m. 10:21), Cu at\m-`m-h-amwv Ahn-Sp v \sω ]Tn- n- -Xv. Ahn-Sp v F m-h-tcmspw ki-e-xn-t\mspw ]q Æ-ambn k n-ln-x-\m-bn-cp- p. \sω A - m-c-an- m-ø-hcpw B{I-a-tWm- p-icpw \n _- nx D]-t`m- m- -fp-am- p A\m-tcm-Ky- I-camb DXv -WvTsb Iog-S- m-\p am Kw Cu coxn-bn Ahn-Sp v \ap p ImWn- p-x- p. 227. ` -W-Øn\p apºpw ]nºpw \mw Aev]-t\-csa-SpØv sszh-øn\p \μn-]-d-bp- Xv Cu at\m-`m-h- Øns Hcm-hn-jvIm-c-am-Wv. at\m-l-chpw A - ]q Æ-hp-amb Cu ioe-øn-te p as-ßn-h-cm F m

]cn-ÿn-xn-hn- m-\o-b-]-c-amb hnzym-`ym-khpw Bflo-b-Xbpw 225 hnizm-kn-i-sfbpw Rm Blzm\w snøp- p. F{X {lkz-am-bm-epw, A\p-{K-l-Øns B \nanjw PohnX-Øn\pth n \mw sszhsø B{i-bn- p p F -Xns\ A\p-kva-cn- n- p p; krjvsn-bpss Zm\- ßƒ p-th- n-bp \ΩpsS IrX- -Xm-hn-Im-csØ AXv i n-s -Sp-Øp p; Xß-fpsS A zm-\wsim v Cu Blm-c-]-Zm -ßƒ \ap p \ In-bhsc AXv AwKo-I-cn- p p; G hpw AXym-h-iy- mcp-am-bp \ΩpsS sfiy-zm VysØ AXv ZrV-am- p-ibpw snøp- p. V. ]uc-xz-]-chpw cmjv{so-b-hp-amb kvt\lw 228. H n- p hkn- p- Xn\pw Iq m-bva- p-ap Ignhv Dƒs -Sp Hcp Pohn-X-ssi-en-bpsS `mk-amwv {]Ir-Xn-tbm-Sp Icp-X. sszhw \ΩpsS s]mxphmb ]nxm-hm-sw pw X qew \mw ktlm-z-coktlm-z-c- m-cm-sw pw tbip \sω A\p-kva-cn- n- p-i-bp- m-bn. kmtlm-z-cy-kvt\-l-øn\v kup-\y- Zm\-am-Im am{xta Ign-bq. AXn\v Hcn- epw a p- -h \ap- p-th n snbvx-xn-\p As - n snøm t]m-ip- -Xn-\p {]Xyp-]-Im-c-Øns am Kam-Im km[n- p-i-bn-. AXp-sIm- mwv \ΩpsS i{xp- sf kvt\ln- m Ign-bp- -Xv. Im n-s\bpw kqcy-s\bpw tal-ß-sf-bpw, Ahsb \nb-{ n- m \ap p Ign-bp-I-bn-s - n t]m-epw, kvt\ln- m\pw AwKo-I-cn- m\pw \sω {]tnm-zn- n- p- Xv CtX

226 Atßbv v kvxpxn kup-\y-zm\w Xs -bm-wv. Cu A -Øn, \ap v- Hcp ""km h-{xn-i-km-tlm-zcy''sø pdn v kwkm-cn- m km[n- pw. 229. \ap v ]c-kv]cw Bh-iy-ap-s pw A\yscbpw temi-søbpw kw_- n v \ap v ] p-tn - p Hcp-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Ø-ap-s pw \ -hcpw am\y- mcpw Bbn-cn- p- Xv t{ijvt-am-sw- p-ap t_m yw \mw hos -Sp- -Ww. Akm- m Kn-I-X-bpw, [m Ωn-I-X-bp-sSbpw \ -bp-ssbpw hnizm-k-øns bpw kxy-k- -X-bp-sSbpw I]-Sm-\p-I-c-WhpwsIm v \mw asp-øp-i-gn- p. Kuc-h-an- mø A mciq\y-x \ap v Hcp KpWhpw snbvxn- n-s v AwKo-I-cn-t ka-b-am-bn-cn- p- p. kmaq-ln-i- Pohn-X-Øns ASn-Ø-d-Iƒ {Zhn- p-tºmƒ, XXv^eambn D m-ip- Xv hncp- -Xm-Xv]-cy-ß-sf- p-dn- p bp -ßfpw A{I-a-Øn-s bpw arko-b-x-bp-ssbpw ]pxnb cq]-ßfpw ]cn-ÿn-xn-tbm-sp Icp-X-ens bym kwkvim-c-øns hf - p {]Xn-_ - ß-fp-am-Wv. 230. kvt\l-øns Ipdp- p-h-gn-iƒ ]cn-io-en- m, Zbm-]q Æ-amb Hcp hmt m Hcp ]p n-cntbm kam-[m-\hpw kulr-zhpw hnx-bv p GsX- nepw \S-]-Sntbm hn p-i-f-bm-xn-cn- m enkyq-hnse hnip sim p-t{xky \sω Wn- p- p. Hcp ka{k ]cn-ÿn-xn-hn- m-\obw A{I-a-Øn-s bpw Nqj-W-Øn-s bpw kzm -X-bp-sSbpw bp n-tbmsp

]cn-ÿn-xn-hn- m-\o-b-]-c-amb hnzym-`ym-khpw Bflo-b-Xbpw 227 `n n- p sndnb {]Xn-Zn-\-{]-hr-Øn-IƒsIm- p-iq- Sn-bmWv \n Ωn- -s -Sp- -Xv. Ah-km-\w, hj-fmb D]-t`m-K-Øns Hcp temiw AtX-k-abwXs Poht\m-Sv, AXns F m cq]-ß-fn-epw, tami-ambn s]cpam-dp Hcp temi-am-wv. 231. ]c-kv]-c-i-cp-x-ens sndnb {]hr-øn-iƒsim v Ihn-s m-gp-ip kvt\lw ]uc-xz-]-chpw cmjv{so-b-hpw -Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. sa -s Hcp temiw \n Ωn- m {ian- p F m {]hr-øn-bnepw AXp kzbw A\p-`-h-s -Sp-Øp- p. kaq-l-tøm-sp kvt\lhpw s]mxp-\- -tbm-sp {]Xn-_- -Xbpw D]-hn-bpsS {it -b-amb Bhn-jvIm-c-ß-fm-Wv. B D]hn hy n- Iƒ XΩn-ep _ -ßsf am{x-a ""kmaq-ln-ihpw kmº-øn-ihpw cmjv{so-b-hp-amb hnimexe-ßsfbpw'' 156 _m[n- p- p. AXp-sIm- mwv k` temi- Øns apºn Hcp ""kvt\l-\m-k-cn-ix'' 157 bpss BZ iw Ah-X-cn- n- -Xv. kmaq-lni kvt\lw bym hni-k-\-øn-\p Xmt m-emwv: ""kaqlsø IqSp-X am\p-jn-i-am- m, a\p-jy-hy- nsb kw_- n v IqSp-X tbmky-x-bp- -Xm- m, kmaqlnipohn-x-ønse cmjv{so-bhpw kmº-øn-ihpw kmwkvim-cn-i-hp-amb Pohn-X-Ønse kvt\l-øn-\v, F m {]h Ø-\-Øn-\p-ap kpÿn-chpw G hpw D -X-hp-amb \nb-a-am-bn-øo p-sim- v, \ho-ir-xaqeyw \ ti- -Xm-Wv.'' 158 Cu N - q-sn-\p- n, sndnb {]Xn-Zn-\-{]-hr-Øn-I-fpsS {]m[m-\y-tømssm w, ]mcn-ÿnxni A[x-]-X\w Ah-km-\n- n- m-

228 Atßbv v kvxpxn \p henb X{ -ßƒ Bkq-{XWw snøm\pw kaql-øn apgp-h hym]n- p Hcp ""Icp-X kwkv-imc''sø t{]m m-ln- n- m\pw kmaq-ln-ikvt\lw \sω t{]cn- n- p- p. a p- -h-tcmsptn v Cu kmaq-lni Ne-\m-fl-I-X-bn CS-s]-Sm sszhw \sω hnfn- p- -Xmbn \ap p txm p-tºmƒ, CXpw \ΩpsS Bflo-b-X-bpsS `mk-am-sw v \mw a\- n- em- -Ww. Cu Bflo-bX D]-hn-bpsS Hcp \n h-lwam-wv. AXv Aß-s\-Xs ]Iz-X -{]m-]n- p-ibpw \sω hnip- o-i-cn- p-ibpw snøp- p. 232. cmjv{so-b-{]-h Ø-\-ß-fn G s -Sm F mhcpw t\cn p hnfn- -s -Sp- n-. s]mxp-\- sb t{]m m-ln- n- m\pw kzm`m-hn-itam \mk-cn-itam Bb ]cn-ÿn-xnsb {]Xn-tcm-[n- m\pw {]h Øn- p kwl-s-\-i-fpss kwjym-xo-x-amb \ncbpw kaq-lsø kº- -am- p- p- v. DZm-l-c-W-am-bn, Nne kwl-s-\-iƒ Hcp s]mxp-ÿ-esø (Hcp si nsw, Hcp Pe-[m-c, Dt]- n- -s Hcp kvamciw, Hcp {]IrXnZr-iyw, Hcp NXz-cw) pdn v Bi {]ISn- n- p-ibpw F m-h pw kz -amb H v F \ne-bn AXns\ kwc- n- mt\m ]p\x-ÿm-]n- mt\m sa -s -Sp-Ømt\m kpμ-cam- mt\m {ian- p-ibpw snøp- p. Cu kmaq-ln-i-{]-h Ø-\-ßfpsS Np pw _ -ßƒ hni-kn- p-itbm hos -Sp- -s Sp-Itbm snøp-ibpw Hcp \h-km-aq-ln-i-l-s\ Bhn `-hn- p-ibpw snøp- p. Aß-s\, Hcp kap- Zm-b-Øn\v D]-t`m-K-kw-kvIm-c-Øm t{]cn-x-amb

]cn-ÿn-xn-hn- m-\o-b-]-c-amb hnzym-`ym-khpw Bflo-b-Xbpw 229 Aew-`m-h-Øn \n p th s]- p-\n m Ign-bpw. A\p-kva-cn -s -Sp-Ibpw ssiam-d-s -Sp-Ibpw snøm Ign-bp Hcp IY-tbmSpIqSn, Cu {]h Ø-\-ßƒ ] p-tn-cp Hcp kzxzw hf Øp- p. Cu co-xn-bn, sfiy-zm Vy-Øns Hcp t_m[-tøm-sp-iq-sn, temihpw ]c-a-z-cn{z-cpss PohnXØns KpW-\n-ehm-chpw ]cn-n-cn- -s -Sp- p. AtX-k-abw Cu sfiy- Zm Vy-t_m-[-Øn-\v, sszhw \sω Gev]n- n-cn- p Hcp s]mxp-`-h-\-øn-emwv \mw Pohn- p- Xv F dnbmw. Cu kmap-zm-bn-i -{]-h Ø-\-ßƒ kzbw \ - Ip kvt\lw {]I-Sn- n- p-tºmƒ, Ahbv v Xo v- W-amb Bflob A\p-`-h-ß-fm-Im\pw Ignbpw. VI. IuZm-inI AS-bm-f-ßfpw hn{i-a-øns BtLm-jhpw 233. sszhw {]]- sø ]q W-ambpw \nd-bv p p; {]] w sszh-øn Npcpƒ\n-h-cp- p. AXp-sIm- v, Hcp Ce-bn, Hcp ae-\n-c-bn, Hcp lna-i-w-øn, Hcp Zcn-{Z-\mb a\p-jys apjøv auxniamb Hc w Is -Øm-\p- v. 159 Bflm-hn sszh- Øns {]h Ø\w Is -Øp-hm _mly-amb-hbn \n v B -cn-i-xbnte p IS- p-i-am-{x-a-, F m hkvxp- -fnepw sszhsø Is -Øp-I-Iq-SnbmWv BZ i-]-c-am-bn- p- -Xv. ""\ΩpsS lrz-b-ß-fn sszh-ir-]-bpss {]h Ø\w \mw A\p-`-hn- pwtxmdpw, \ap- p -]p-d-ta-bp krjvs-h-kvxp- -fn sszhsø I p-ap- m \mw \ mbn ]Tn- pw-txmdpw,

230 Atßbv v kvxpxn a\\w Bg-s -Sp p'' 160 F v hnip s_m\-sh- \sω ]Tn- n- p- p. 234. Cu temi-ønse bmym y-ß-fnepw A\p- `-h-ß-fnepw k n-ln-x-amb k h-\- bpw ""DØpw- K-ambpw A\- -ambpw sszh-øn k n-ln-x-amwv, As - n IqSp-X DNn-X-ambn ]d- m, Cu Hmtcm DZm-Ø-bm-Ym y-ønepw sszh-ap v'' 161 F v Ipcn-ins hnip tbml- m ]Tn- n- p. Cu temi-ønse ]cn-ta-b-h-kvxp- ƒ bym -Øn sszhn-i-am-b-xp-sim -, adn v Hcp anãniv sszhhpw k h-po-hn-ifpw XΩn-ep KmV-amb _ w A\p- `-hn- p- -Xp-sIm pw Aßs\ ""F mw sszhamwv'' 162 F v A\p-`-hn- p- -Xp-sIm- p-amwv CXv. hnkva-bkvx_v[-\mbn Hcp ] h-x-øns ap n \n p-sim v Aht\m Ahƒt m Cu A\p-`-hsØ sszh-øn \n p th s]-sp-øm-\m-hn- ; A\p-`-hn B -cn-i-hn-kvabw \my\v Gev]n- p-sim-sp- -Wsa v Ah [cn- p-ibpw snøp p: ""] h-x-ßƒ v Db-c-ß-fp v; Ah kar hpw hnim-ehpw at\m-lchpw Ir]m-]q Whpw {]Im-i-am-\hpw kpk- -hmln-bp-am-wv. Fs {]nb F\n-s - mtwm AXmWv Cu ] h-x-ßƒ. GIm Xmgvh-c-Iƒ im hpw a[p-chpw iox-fhpw XW-ep- Xpw Ipfn - Pew Hgp-Ip- -Xp-amWv; Xß-fpsS txm p-i-fpss sshhn-[y-ønepw ] n-i-fpss a[p-c-ko-x-ønepw Ahbv v Gsd hnt\m-zhpw C{μn-bm-\p-`q-Xnbpw e`n- p- p; Xß-fpsS GIm- -X-bnepw \n»-_vz-x-bnepw

]cn-ÿn-xn-hn- m-\o-b-]-c-amb hnzym-`ym-khpw Bflo-b-Xbpw 231 Ah \sω Dt -j-nn-øcm p-ibpw hn{i-a-ta-ip- Ibpw snøp p. Fs {]nb F\n-s - mtwm AXmWv Cu Xmgvh-c-Iƒ.'' 163 235. IqZm-i-Iƒ Hcp khn-ti-j-]-y-amwv; AXn {]IrXn, {]Ir-Xy-XoX Poh {]h-ln- n- p- -Xn- \p Hcp am K-am-bn-Øo-cp-hm sszh-øm FSp- -s - n-cn- p- p. \ΩpsS sszhm-cm-[-\-bn-eq-ss, temisø as m-cp-x-e-øn ]p Ip-hm \Ωƒ Wn- -s - n-cn- p- p. Pehpw ssxehpw Xobpw \nd-ßfpw Ah-bpsS kie {]Xo-Im-flIi n-bnepw FSp- -s -Sp-Ibpw \ΩpsS kvxpxn-ifn Dƒt s -Sp-Ibpw snbvxn-cn- p- p. Bio h-zn- p Icw sszh-øns kvt\l-øns Hcp D]-I-c-Whpw Pohn- X-bm-{X-bn \tωm-ssmøp \oßphm h tbip- {In-kvXp-hns kmao-]y-øns {]Xn-^-e-\-hp-am-Wv. m\-kv\m-\-øn Hcp inip-hns ta Hgn- p Pew ]pxp-po-hs AS-bm-f-am-Wv. sszhsø I pap- p-i-sb- m Cu temi-øn \n v Hfn-t m-sp- Itbm {]Ir-Xn p ]pdw-xn-cn p \n p-itbm snøpi F -. ]uckvxy ss{ikvxh- B[ymfln- IX-bn CXp khn-ti-j-amw-hn[w hy -am-wv. ""]uckvxy-k-`-i-fn sszhn-i-sfiyhpw cq]m- -c-s am\-h-cm-in-bpss amxr-ibpw {]Im-in- n- p G hpw {]nb-s \ma-ß-fn H mb kuμcyw Fhn-sSbpw {]Xy- -s -Sp p: sszhm-e-b-øns BIr-Xn-bn, i_vz-ß-fn, h W-ß-fn, {]Im-i-ß-fn, K -ßfn '' 164 ss{ikvx-hsc kw_- n- n-s-tøm-fw, `uxni-

232 Atßbv v kvxpxn {]-]- -Ønse kie krjvsn-ifpw Ah-bpsS bym A w a\p-jym-h-xm-cw-snbvx hn-\- Øn Is -Øp p; Fs - m, `uxn-i-tem-i- Øn kp\n- n-x-amb cq]m- -c-øns hnøv ]mins m v sszh-]p-{x Xs Bf-Xz-Øn `uxnitem-i-øns Hcp `mksø Dƒt Øn- p- v. ""{InkvXp-aXw {ZhysØ \ncm-i-cn- p- n-. t\scadn v, Bcm-[-\-{I-a-]-c-amb {]hr-øn-bn imco-cn- IX AXns F m aqey-ønepw ]cn-k-wn- -s -Sp- p; AXp-sIm v a\p-jy-i-cocw AXns B -cn-i- {]-Ir-Xn-bn ]cn-ip- m-flm-hns Be-b-ambn shfns - n-cn- p- p; temi-øns c -bv p-th n icocw ssis m tbip-i Øm-hp-ambn AXv sfiy-s pan-cn- p p.'' 165 236. krjvsn- -s - -sx mw AXns G hpw al- Ømb A`yp-Zbw Is -Øp- Xv Znhy-Im-cp-Wy-Ønem-Wv. C{μn-b-tKm-N-c-ambn {]Xy- -s - p- Xp-S-ßp Ir], sszhw-xs a\p-jy-\m-hp-ibpw Xs -Øs Xs krjvsn-iƒ p ` -W-ambn \ Ip-Ibpw snøp-tºmƒ, H n\pw ]n n-em- m-\m-hmø {]Imi\w Is -Øp- p. a\pjym-h-xm-c- c-l-ky-øns kºq Æ-X-bn, Hcp-Xp v {Zhy-Øn-eqsS \ΩpsS A -cm-flmhnse-øp-hm I Ømhv Xncp-a-\- m-bn. Db-c-