GSTF International Journal of Chemical Sciences (JChem) Vol. No., May DOI.76/s87---7 Composite Materials Using Expanded Perlite as a Charge and Plastic Wastes as Reinforcement, Elaboration and Properties Sara AMRANI, Youssef HALIMI, Mohamed TAHIRI Laboratory Interface Materials Environment LIME, Aïn Chock s Sciences Faculty, University Hassan II. BP 566-.. Casablanca. Morocco Email: mohtahiri @yahoo.fr Received 8 May Accepted May Abstract - The optimization and streamlining of certain structures, parts manufacturing combined with high technical qualities (mechanical strength and physicochemical), recycling or reuse of solid wastes, reducing maintenance costs... have motivated the use and development of specific materials whose composition and characteristics accommodate themselves to techlogical constraints. The composite materials based on expanded perlite and unsaturated polyester resin (organic resins regenerated), were developed for this purpose. The basic idea is to combine in the same mass of different materials by their chemical and structural natures in order to increase mechanical, physical and / or chemical performance that can facilitate implementation. The composite materials developed during this study are developed from an organic resin associated with expanded perlite and other mineral fillers including marble powder and / or plastic wastes fibers. Different formulations are performed; taking into account both the proportion of expanded perlite, the nature of the irganic fillers or reinforcements. The various tests carried out as mechanical and mechanic-chemical properties are reported. Keywords: Composite materials, expanded perlite, plastic waste recycling, mechanic characteristics, chemical properties I. INTRODUCTION The optimization and streamlining of certain structures, parts manufacturing combined with high technical qualities (mechanical strength and physicochemical), recycling and reclamation of industrial waste, reducing maintenance costs... have motivated the use and development of specific materials whose composition and characteristics accommodate themselves to techlogical constraints. The composite materials based on expanded perlite and unsaturated polyester resin (organic resins regenerated), were developed for this purpose. The basic idea is to combine in the same mass of different materials by their chemical and structural natures in order to increase performance mechanical, physical and / or chemical that can facilitate implementation []. II. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The expanded perlite a- petrographic aspect Perlite is a volcanic rock of spheroidal texture (Fig.), formed of aluminum silicates mainly of sodium feldspars and / or potassium and quartz with to 5 % of water constitution. After grinding and heating (9- C), perlite expands, significantly increasing the volume but keeping the same mass (Fig. ). The resulting product is a white powder lumpy formed of vitreous kernels. The expanded Character recognized of perlite, unlike other siliceous volcanic rocks gives its main exploitable properties in the construction industry, horticulture, environment and other industries including ceramics. DOI:.576/9-56_.. The Author(s). This article is published with open access by the GSTF 6
GSTF International Journal of Chemical Sciences (JChem) Vol. No., May SiO AlO FeO CaO MgO NaO KO TiO MnO PF Morocco (Nador) [] Tidiennit Three Forks 78.6 7 7. 5.8.8 -.95.9.5.9.5.5.7.8.5.85.98.8.8.8 -.9.59.5.6.5.8.96. Table II: Technical Specifications of expanded perlite [] Figure. Polarized light microphotograph unparsed of vitrous perlite. Glass, containing a phecryst of feldspars, is cut into small beads (= perlites) by small cracks. Porosity PH Density of expansion specific surface thermal conductibility acoustic absorption Water retention Refraction index Softening point Melting point Compressive strength 96% to 97% 6.9 to 7.5 - kg/m -5 m /kg.9 w/m k.6-.7 5% to 5%.5 87 C to 9 C 6 C to C 5-. Mpa. Polyester resin Figure. The perlite as a total rock under different forms, grinded and expanded b- Chemical composition and physicchemical characteristics The table below lists some technical specificities of resin polyester used in the mixture. Resin Thermoset Polyester In Tables I and II below, are respectively the chemical composition of perlite from various occurrences and some physical, chemical and mechanical characteristics. ρ (kg/m ) E(MPa) 8 v.7 TABLE I: Chemical composition of major elements of perlite from various fields R (MPa) 88 α μm/m C Greece [] SiO AlO FeO CaO MgO NaO K O TiO MnO PF 7.6..5.9 ----- 75.9.9.5.5 5.8 ---- USA [] (Arizona) 7.6.7.7.6.. 5.. -.8 Hungary [] (Palhaza) 7.8.6.5.56..95.... a- Preparation - Polycondensation st stage: moester The Author(s). This article is published with open access by the GSTF 7
GSTF International Journal of Chemical Sciences (JChem) Vol. No., May nd stage: poly esterification The moester can react with a molecule of glycol acid, or on itself. The mold is spread with wax (de-molding agent) uniformly to the buffer. This waxing operation serves to protect the surface of the molded part, for that, it s recommended to operate naturally in a dust free environment. [7] b- The paste preparation The equilibrium displacement polyesterification occurs by three different methods: In a cylindrical enclosure equipped by a mixer, we prepare the paste to mold, consists of a mixture of polyester resin and a filler of perlite, associated with the marble powder and other ingredients as catalyst (methyl peroxide ethyl cetone) and accelerator (cobalt octoate) to the socket (Fig. ). by vacuum action, training by neutral gas, training by solvent - Copolymerization The Curing of unsaturated polyester resin is obtained by copolymerization of polycondensate with the momer. The reaction is conducted in the presence of organic peroxide: At ambient temperature, in combination with accelerators Or hot. III-ELABORATION AND SYNTHESIS Three operations are essential to implementation of a composite material: the. Impregnation of reinforcement by the resin.. Shaping the geometry of the part.. Curing of system. Figure : The various ingredients entering into the formulation of the paste c- Compression and formatting The prepared viscous paste is cast onto walls of the open mold according to the chosen form and dimensions [8,9]. The mold closed and maintained under pressure until fully curing, which usually requires several minutes (Fig. ). Then the parts are de-molded delicately from the periphery of the mold. There are various techniques for the preparation of the composite material [5, 6]. One used in this case is compression molding. This is a artisanal method which involves manually put in shape, parts based of marble powder more a reinforcement or filler in form of a paste; all mixed with a thermosetting matrix generally of unsaturated polyester resin.. Description of the process a- Preparation of the mold surface Figure. A device for shaping of the composite material which the mold appears under pressure The Author(s). This article is published with open access by the GSTF 8
GSTF International Journal of Chemical Sciences (JChem) Vol. No., May. Formulations The tables below detail the various formulations undertaken in the manufacture of parts distributed in groups of samples (Tab.III) IV- MECHANIC CHEMICAL PROPERTIES. The bending tests []: The purpose of this test is to determine the load and tensile strength and the bending resistance of a tile of dimension mm mm according to the thickness, the rate of expanded perlite and the nature of the used reinforcement. a- According to the thickness Tab. III: Formulations of different tested parts for the preparation of the composite material For the group of samples (Table IV), more the piece is thicker, the load of rupture and the applied stress are large (Fig. 5). The variation does t follow a linear curve. TABLE IV: bending test measurement according to the thickness of the composite parts Group Thickness (mm) 5 5 breaking load (N) 5 Stress (Mpa) 8.8 8. 9.8 9.8 Fig. 5: Stresses applied to composite tile according to the thickness b- According to the rate of expanded perlite The Author(s). This article is published with open access by the GSTF 9
GSTF International Journal of Chemical Sciences (JChem) Vol. No., May Marble powder - expanded perlite mixture: TABLE V: Bending test according to the rate of expanded perlite Group Thickness expanded (mm) perlite %.... breaking load (N) Stress (Mpa) 5 5 5 5 5 9.8. 9.88 9.9 Figure 7: Stresses applied to composite tile according to the rate of expanded perlite With perlite, the material possesses the smallest elongation and the smallest stress resistance. In addition, the introduction of marble powder increases substantially this property in comparison with a filler of sand. The nature of reinforcement Figure 6: Stresses applied to composite tile according to the rate of expanded perlite The lowest stress recorded by the materials composed of the highest rate of expanded perlite. Sand - perlite mixture TABLE VI: The bending test measurement according to the rate of expanded perlite Group Thickness (mm) % Load of Perlite rupture(n) Stress (Mpa). 5 6 6.9. 5 69 7.. 5 68 7.95. 5 676 7.85 Tab. VI: the bending test measurement according to a reinforcement based of worn plastic filaments. Group Thickness (mm) Load of rupture (N) Stress (Mpa) 8.8 5 5 8.5 8 9.8 5 95 9.58 The load of rupture is significantly improved by reinforcement the mixture of plastic fabric worn D (group, Fig. 8) while the stress does t vary much (Table VI). The Author(s). This article is published with open access by the GSTF
GSTF International Journal of Chemical Sciences (JChem) Vol. No., May. The density []: TABLE VIII: Density measurement in different samples of the composite material based on expanded perlite. Initial mass m (g).7 Average volume (cm ). density... 5.9..5 Group 7.8..7...9.9..5 5.9..5 Group 7.8..7 7.6..89 Group...98 Group Figure. 8: Variation in tensile strength according to the nature of the reinforcement.. The water absorption []: The technique involves the impregnation of the dry sample in an enclosure filled water and its submission to the hydrostatic weighing. TABLE VII: The absorption rate measurement in the different samples of the composite material based expanded perlite. Initial Dry mass mass (g) (g) Wet mass % (g) Absorp tion Group Group.7 5.9.8 6,6.8 5.5. 5.8.6 6..7 5..9 6,5.8 8..8 6.5 5,.9 6. 6,9..7 7. 9. 7. 9. 7..7.,8.5..7. Group Group 5. 7. 9..5 5. 7. 9.. 5.6 7. 9.6.8.8... Table VII shows the increasing of water absorption with the quantity of expanded perlite introduced into the material. This variation is linked, all the more, to the coarse particle size of the expanded perlite which contains interstices or pores favor draining of water molecules despite the hydrophobic nature of the polyester resin involved in the mixture.. Given the very low density of the expanded perlite (.8 to.), the density of the composite is even lower than the perlite content is high. Table VIII shows in addition, that the reinforcement plastic (group ) may also contribute to the lightening of material.. Abrasion test []: The abrasion resistance of the materials prepared was quantified by measuring the length of the imprint produced on a face by a rotating disc, in the presence of an abrasive. TABLE IX: Abrasion Measurement for different types of composite materials based on expanded perlite. L (mm) Group Group 8-5 5- Group -6-5 Group Materials containing marble powder and sand to a less degree have a higher The Author(s). This article is published with open access by the GSTF
GSTF International Journal of Chemical Sciences (JChem) Vol. No., May resistance to abrasion than the materials containing only expanded perlite (Table IX). affects the cut that have available interstices for corrosive solutions. V. Conclusion 5. Chemical resistance: [] The prepared tiles from different formulations are subjected to the corrosive solutions action (NHCl, NaOCl, HCl, KOH) to assess their chemical resistance degree. The attack period is defined according to the use of the material; floor or wall, but generally limited to '-h. Ammonium chloride g/l. Sodium hypochlorite mg/l HCl acids % HCl 8% KOH alcaline g/l. KOH g/l. Group Group Group Group Visibl e Visibl e s on Visibl cut e No The composite material remains generally refractory to chemical attack which only The composite materials developed in this study, from an organic resin associated with the expanded perlite and other mineral charges such as marble powder and / or sand. Different formulations are produced; considering both the proportion of expanded perlite, the nature of the mineral used as reinforcement and the thickness of the plates. The different tests performed to exhibit mechanical and mechanic- chemical properties allow obtaining the following conclusions: Parts that offer the most strength is thicker with have reinforcement in plastic (wastes) and low rate of expanded perlite. Increasing the rate of expanded perlite reduced the density of the composite materials and gives them lightness. The fields of application of the composite material developed herein are highly related to characteristics mentioned above. Its chemical mechanical strength gives it a certain rigidity, which allows its use as soil protection blankets. On the other hand, the lightness of the product is indicated for use in wallboard for thermal or acoustic insulation. References: [] This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited. [] [] [] [5] L industrie française des matériaux composites : des enjeux prioritaires pour un développement durable. Berreur L., Maillard B. & Nösperger S. ; Etude Digitip., 9p -() Fiche technique de perlite, PERLITE INC. Z.I Berrechid, Casablanca- Maroc perliteinc@yahoo.fr Les perlites de Jbel Tidiennit, Rapport interne BRPM, Mars 987. Valorisation de la perlite expansée dans le secteur du BTP, Rapport interne LPEE, 6 Matériaux composites à matrices organiques Chrétien G. (986) : Ed. Lavoisier, pp. 95 The Author(s). This article is published with open access by the GSTF
[6] GSTF International Journal of Chemical Sciences (JChem) Vol. No., May Pratique des Plastiques et Composites, Ouvrage Collectif, Ed. Dud. 999. [7] Reinforcement of Metallic Plates with Composite Materials ; Mahmud M. Shokrieh, Majid J. Omidi ; Journal of Composite Materials, Vol. 9, No. 8, 77 (5) [8] Interfaces fibre-matrice dans les matériaux composites. Applications aux fibres végétales Nardin M.:, Revue des Composites et des Matériaux Avancés., 6, pp -9(6) [9] M a t é r i a u x composites. Collection Technique et Ingénierie ; Bathias C., E d. Dud, p. (5) Parts ; [] L. Sorrenti; W. Polini ; Journal of Composite Materials, Vol. 9, No. 5, 9- (5) [] Norme Marocaine NM ISO 55 - : Détermination de l absorption d eau, de la porosité ouverte, de la densité relative apparente et de la masse volumique globale. Édition : Service de rmalisation industrielle marocaine [] Norme Marocaine ISO 55-6 : Détermination de la résistance à l'abrasion profonde pour les carreaux n émaillés. Édition : Service de rmalisation industrielle marocaine 995 [] Norme Marocaine NM ISO 55 - : Détermination de la résistance chimique. Service de rmalisation industrielle marocaine [] Norme Marocaine NM ISO 55 - : Détermination de la résistance à la flexion et de la force de rupture. Édition : Service de rmalisation industrielle marocaine Head of Research Team: Prof. Mohamed TAHIRI is currently a full professor of Chemistry, environment engineering, Air Pollution, at Hassan II University-Casablanca. On, he has been registered as a permanent consultant of UNIDO, Vien-Austria on renewable energies, biomass and biogas, Water engineering. Since January, he s Chair holder of University Chair on Invation. He holds in his faculty a Bachelor on sanitation management in urban areas. Pr. Mohamed TAHIRI created new Master on Invation and is conducting R&D in partnerships with various industries. He published around papers in international reviews and registered some patents at OMPIC. The Author(s). This article is published with open access by the GSTF