Classification of Living Things Unit II pp 98
Why There is a Need for Classifying There are over 2 million different types of organisms known. biologists can organize living things into groups.
Taxonomy naming and placing of all organisms into groups. science of classifying organisms
Early Classification Schemes placed all organisms into one of two groups.
Early Classification Living Things Plants Animals
Classification by Aristotle and Theophrastus Aristotle classified animals according to where in the environment they lived. Theophratus classified plants according to their stem structure
Aristotle's Classification Animals Air Dwellers Land Dwellers Water Dwellers
Theophrastus's Classification Plants Herbs (soft stem) Shrubs (Several woddy stems) Trees (single woody stem)
The early schemes were based mainly on structural similarities.
In 1866 Ernst Haeckel added another Kingdom called Protista
Fungi such as mushrooms and mold were first placed in the plant kingdom, but warranted their own kingdom as they do not carry out photosynthesis, as plants do.
The Kingdom Protista was further subdivided into: Protista Monera based on their cellular structure
In the early 1970 s Monera Kingdom Bacteria Kingdom Archaea
Biological Domains and Kingdoms Today 3 Domains 6 Kingdoms
Domains Domain Bacteria Living Things Domain Eukarya Domain Archaea Kingdom Bacteria Kingdom Protista Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Archaea
Kingdom MONERA(Bacteria) Also called Kingdom Bacteria Unicellular Prokaryotic may be photosynthetic, chemosynthetic, or feed by absorption.
Bacteria
Kingdom PROTISTA Also called Archaebacteria These bacteria like organisms posses a differing cell wall composition that allows them to survive extreme conditions such as salt lakes, or hot acidic springs
Archaea
Domain Eukarya This domain includes all living organisms that are composed of one or more Eukaryotic cells Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia
Kingdom Protista Most are unicellular Eukaryotic may be photosynthetic, may feed by absorption, or may ingest food.
Protists
Kingdom Fungi Most multicellular although some are unicellular. Eukaryotic cell structure Absorptive Heterotrophs Non Motile
Fungi
Kingdom Plantae Multicellular Eukaryotic Photosynthetic Non Motile
Plants
Kingdom Animalia Multicellular Eukaryotic Ingestive Heterotrophs Motile Nervous system present
Animals
Classification Categories Within any Kingdom there are many levels of classification.
Carl Linnaeus Linnaeus attempted to classify all known species of his time (1753). Linnean hierarchical classification was based on the premise that the species was the smallest unit, and that each species (or taxon) nested within a higher category
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Within any kingdom there are many phylum Within any phylum there are several classes Within any Class there are several Orders Within any order there are several Families Within any Family there are several Genus Within a Genus there may be many species
Every Organism on earth is placed into each of the classification categories
Humans Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Primates Family Hominidae Genus Homo Species Sapien
Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Carnivora Family Canidae Genus Canis Species familaris Domestic Dog
Wolf K. Animalia P. Chordata SubP. Vertebrata** C. Mammalia O. Carnivora F. Canidae G. Canis S. lupus (Latin for wolf)
Naming Organisms taxonomists also name each type of living organism. Naming is also called Nomenclature
Binomial Nomenclature devised by Linnaeus two names: genus and species Latin Genus has first letter capitalized, species all lower case underlined or italicized
Examples Homo sapiens - Humans Canis familaris - dog
The use of Latin in naming Universally used the language of scholars
Common Names organisms may also be given common names.
Common names can cause confusion StarFish - not a fish green pepper is also referred to as a bell pepper, sweet pepper
Common names also vary from language to language Dog - perro - inu Cougar, Mountain Lion, Puma
Today s Classification Schemes Taxonomy centers around evolutionary relationships
Today s Classification Schemes Taxonomists use a variety of information to classify or group organisms.
Fossil Record Structural Biochemical Cytological Information Embryological Information Behavioral
TRANSITIONAL FOSSILS LINKING PAST AND PRESENT Basilosaurus (ancient whale)
Homologous Structures
VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES