Unit 7 ~ Learning Guide : Instructions: Using a pencil, complete the following notes as you work through the related lessons. Show ALL work as is explained in the lessons. You are required to have this package completed BEFORE you write your unit test. Do your best and ask questions if you don t understand anything! Organic Chemistry: 1. How many covalent bonds can a carbon atom form? 2. Why are a great number of different organic molecules possible? 3. There are 5 elements commonly found in organic compounds. List them in order from most common to least common. 4. What was the name and formula of the first organic compound created from purely inorganic compounds? 5. 8 common materials in which carbon is the main atom 6. Draw the four bonding options for carbon Page 1 of 14
Alkanes: 1. Is this structure an alkane? Explain your answer 2. What is natural gas made of and in what percentages? 3. What is the general formula for an alkane? Note that what this formula means is that if you know how many carbon atoms are in an alkane you can double that number and add 2 to find out the number of hydrogen atoms are in that alkane. 4. What 3 letter ending do the names of all saturated hydrocarbons have? Structural Representations: 1. What are the three ways we can represent organic compounds? 2. What is the only element we sometimes omit from structural formulas? Page 2 of 14
3. Fill in this chart and memorize the order of the names! You will be using the start of these names in many different situations in this unit so it is vital that you can associate the word meth with 1 carbon, eth with 2 carbons etc. Formula Melting Point C CH 4-162 C 2 H 6-88.5 C 3 H 8-41 C 4 H 10-0.5 C 5 H 12 +36 C 6 H 14-95 C 7 H 16-91 C 8 H 18-57 C 9 H 20-51 C 10 H 22-30 4. What is the name of a reaction where a halogen takes the place of a hydrogen in an alkane? 5. Write a condensed structural formula for each of the following. NOT a molecular formula! Structural Formula Condensed Structural Formula Page 3 of 14
Isomers of Alkanes: 1. What is the same when looking at two molecules that are structural isomers of each other? 2. What is different when looking at two molecules that are structural isomers of each other? 3. There are 5 structural isomers of hexane (C 6 H 14 ). Draw structural formulas for each of them. Hint: One has a 6 carbon backbone. Two have 5 carbon backbones. Two have 4 carbon backbones. There are 9 isomers of heptane and 18 isomers of octane... then it starts getting crazy so no you won't be asked to draw the isomers of nonane! Page 4 of 14
Naming Organic Compounds: 1. What two letter ending replaces ANE when naming substituent alkyl groups? 2. Provide names for the following substituted alkanes. Be careful to ensure your root name actually belongs to the longest chain and not just the straight left to right chain. Also note that for the purposes of this course if a halide is present it WILL be on the root chain! Structural Formula Page 5 of 14
3. Draw structures for the following substituted alkanes. If there are no numbers in a name that means they are not necessary to determine where to put a substituent. For example you would never say 1-chloromethane. Since methane only has 1 carbon the substituent must go on that carbon meaning the correct name is just chloromethane. Structural Formula 2,5-dibromohexane 2,2,5,5-tetramethylheptane 1,2,4-trichloro-3-ethylpentane 1,8-difluoro-4-methyl-4-propyloctane hexachloroethane Page 6 of 14
Naming and Drawing Alkenes: 1. Why are alkenes considered to be unsaturated? 2. What is the general formula for an alkene? 3. the following alkenes. Be sure to use cis and trans correctly! Do NOT use cis and trans if a one of the carbon atoms on either side of the double bond has 2 of the same substituent. Structural Formula Page 7 of 14
4. Draw structures for the following alkenes Formula 1-heptene trans-2,6-dibromo-3-hexene cis-5-methyl-4-chloro-3-octene Alkynes and Cycloalkanes: 1. What is the general formula for an alkyne? 2. Of the three types of bonds (single, double and triple), which is both the strongest and the most reactive? Page 8 of 14
3. Provide names or draw structures for the following alkynes Structural Formula diiodoethyne 3-chloro-6-ethyl-2-methyl-4-octyne Page 9 of 14
4. Provide names or draw structures for the following cycloalkanes Structural Formula pentabromocyclopentane 4-chloro-2-ethyl-1-methylcyclohexane 5. What does it mean to say that a benzene molecule undergoes resonance? 6. Draw the simplest form of a benzene molecule. Page 10 of 14
7. What is a benzene ring called when it is attached to a carbon chain? 8. Aspirin and TNT are the common names for two widely used compounds which contain benzene rings. Use the diagrams in the course and write out the molecular formulas for these two compounds. Drawing and Naming Alcohols: 1. What functional group is always present in an alcohol? 2. What two letters are always at the end of an alcohol's name? 3. Draw and then name the four alcohols that have the following molecular formula: C 4 H 10 O. Finally, determine if each alcohol is primary, secondary or tertiary (P, S or T) Structural Formula P, S, or T. Page 11 of 14
4. Provide names or draw structures for the following alcohols. Remember the OH functional group MUST be on the root chain even if that is not the longest chain possible! Structural Formula pentabromoethanol 3-chlorocyclobutanol Page 12 of 14
Hydrocarbon Derivatives and Synthesis: 1. Fill in the following chart. Remember that R stands for a chain of carbons with hydrogen atoms attached. The first one is done for you as is ether's name and ester's name. You need to memorize this chart and be able to tell the various functional groups apart from each other. Hydrocarbon Derivative Ending General Formula Aldehyde al Ketone Ether Longer side ane, shorter side oxy Carboxylic Acid Ester Side without C=O is yl, side with C=O is oate Amide Amine Page 13 of 14
2. What are four materials made from addition polymers? 3. What is the difference between the formation of a condensation polymer and the formation of an ester? 4. When distilling crude oil, at what temperature will you isolate kerosene (jet fuel)? Page 14 of 14