Cells - Chapter 3 Cells Alive Intro Video Transport into and out of cells Organization/Review Simple Cells Cell Tutorial http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/framz.asp?objid=ap11604 Cell Death http://www.whfreeman.com/kuby/content/anm/kb04an01.htm Lysosomes http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::535::535::/sites/dl/free/0072437316 /120067/bio01.swf::Lysosomes Cell Pics The Cell Theory What is the Cell Theory? Who were the major scientists who helped develop this theory? Spontaneous generation: - Rags and a handful of rice = mice - Muck and other trash = barbarians Biogenesis: the law that life always arises from life. Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) Designed and built the first microscope. (In total Leeuwenhoek designed and built several hundred microscopes). Microscopes consisted of one lens and magnified images up to 300x. 1678--Leeuwenhoek described bacteria, yeasts, protozoa ( little animals ). Hooke (1665) Designed and built compound microscopes consisting of more than one lens. Discovered rectangular chambers in a thin section of cork. Named these chambers cells. cells. Hypothesized all plants are made up of cells. Published Micrographia Virtuoso contributed to the fields of chemistry, biology, physics, geology. 1
Robert Brown (1833) Schleiden and Schwann (1839) proposed that all living things were made up of cells. Virchow (1855) Botanist and master microscopist Observed epidermal cells from an orchid plant Identified opaque spot as component of plant cells. German doctor Omnis cellula e cellula Every cell originates from another cell Cells can only arise from other cells What Brown saw with his microscope Brown s Microscope Schleiden Botanist, master microscopist Studied cells in plants Schwann Master microscopist, examined animal tissues Extended cell theory to animals The Cell Theory What is the Cell Theory? Cell Theory: 1800 s 1. Cells come from preexisting cells: - they cannot arise spontaneously - all cells can be traced back to ancestors 2. Cells are the smallest units of life 3. All living things are made of cells Types of microscopes: Compound microscope 1000x Electron microscope Transmission and Scanning 2000x Scanning Probe Microscope Studies Cell Surfaces Microscope Song How the Compound Light Microscope Works Light Microscope Image of a Cheek Cell How the Transmission Electron Microscope Works Transmission Electron Microscope Image of Muscle Tissue 2
Scanning Probe Microscope Image of a Cheek Cell WHAT IS A CELL??? Cells: Smallest unit of living material capable of carrying on the activities necessary for life. Video 5 Characteristics of Life Are cells able to carry out the 5 characteristics? A cell is made of a cell Obtain nutrients (Passive and Active transport) Respond to the environment (pump water out) Reproduce (cell theory/biogenesis) Grow and develop (condensation reactions) Two Types of Cells 1) Eukaryotic cells (true nucleus): A. Distinct nucleus surrounded by membranes B. Contain membrane bound organelles C. Usually larger than prokaryotic cells D. Complex genetic material Associated with plants and animals Video Two Types of Cells Plant vs. Animal Cells (p. 62 in book) 2) Prokaryotic Cells (before the nucleus): A. No distinct nucleus B. Lack membrane bound organelles C. Simpler and generally smaller D. Genetic material: simply organized Associated with bacteria and other single celled organisms Video Chloroplast Mitochondria Lg, central vacuole Cell wall Cell membrane Ribosomes Cytoskeleton Plant Cells Animal Cells 3
Comparison of Plant and Animal Cells Plant Cells: Different from Animal Cells 1- Cell walls made of cellulose 2- Large centrally located vacuole (stores nutrients/wastes) 3- Plastids: produce and store food Types: a. Chloroplasts: - Contain chlorophyll, which traps light for photosynthesis - double membrane - contains DNA Video b. Leucoplasts: Starch storage c. Chromoplasts: Pigment containing organelles. Comparing Plant and Animal Cells Comparing Plant and Animal Cells Variety of Cells Variety of cells: Ex. Red blood cells, White blood cells, Bone cells, Nerve cells, Epithelial cells, bacterial cells, Muscle cells, Brain cells etc. Animal Cells Plant Cells A variety of different cells different structure and different functions but all have the same basic components. (DNA determines protein structure. If all my cells have the same DNA, how come they have different proteins and are so different?) Organelles (mini organs): Why are cells small? Surface area to volume ratio Cellular structures with specialized functions, which are suspended within the cytoplasm. Examples: Mitochondrion Chloroplasts Ribosomes Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi Apparatus Lysosomes Understanding cells video 4
Photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy ----------> C6H12O6 + O2 * Implantation of chloroplasts in animals * CELL PROJECT: EACH INDIVIDUAL WILL BE RESPONSIBLE FOR CREATING A MODEL OR DIAGRAM OF A CELL (PLANT OR ANIMAL). THE MODEL MUST HAVE THE FOLLOWING: TITLE THAT CLEARLY IDENTIFIES THE CELL MEMBRANES (all) EIGHT ORGANELLES & ONE SPECIALIZED STRUCTURE A LIST OF THE FUNCTIONS OF ALL ORGANELLES AND THE SPECIALIZED STRUCTURE CLEAR AND CORRECT LABELS ARE USED THROUGHOUT BE LARGE AND NEAT CREATIVITY (COLOR, MATERIALS USED, ETC.) Movement of proteins through cell Organize the following Cell,, Cytoplasm, Cell Membrane, Nucleolus, DNA, Organelles, Cytoskeleton, Protein Manufacture and Processing, Storage and Cleanup, Energy Supply, Ribosomes,, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, Vacuoles, Lysosomes, Mitochondria, Chloroplasts. Organizational chart AP Cell info Chapter 7 Introductory Activity All organisms are made of cells. In the hierarchy of biological organization, the cell is the simplest collection of matter that can live. There are diverse forms of single celled organisms. More complex organisms, including plants and animals, are multi-cellular. We will see that life at the cellular level arises from structural order. Cells are open systems which respond to their environment and exchange materials and energy with their surroundings. Groups (Define): 1) Prokaryotic: 2). Eukaryotic: 3). Cell Theory: - Biogenesis - Spontaneous generation 4). Organelle: 5). Plant vs. Animal cells (what makes them different) Activity: Make a diagram of a plant cell plant cell 5
Cells The whole is greater than the sum of all of its parts. Cells are more than a bunch of independent organelles. Even though we dissect each organelle (reductionism), remember that none of the cells organelles works alone (holism). This is a great chapter to correlate structure to function. Example the rough ER is covered with ribosome's. What is the function of the rough ER? Liver cells have many free ribosome's Why? What is the function of the liver? Many cells of the pancreas have many bound ribosome's Why? What is the function of the pancreas? It will be important to memorize the different organelles of both plant and animal cells. More importantly we need to be able to discuss how organelles function together creating the smallest unit of life the cell. Example: A large food particle enters the cell through. Once inside the cell what organelles are responsible for breaking the food down? Human body is made of billions of cells Organelles: cellular structures with specialized functions, which are suspended within the cytoplasm. * Although cells have similar structures they vary widely in size and appearance NOT nice circles: - The protein constituents determine the appearance and function of the cell. - Variety: Red blood cells, White blood cells, Bone cells, Nerve cells, Epithelial cells, bacterial cells, Muscle cells, Brain cells etc. (DNA determines protein structure, if all my cells have the same DNA how come they have different proteins and are so different) Two types of cells: Prokaryotic Cells (before the nucleus): 1. Simpler and generally smaller 2. No distinct nucleus 3. Lack membrane bound organelles 4. Genetic material: simply organized 5. Usually divide by binary fission * Associated with bacteria and other single celled organisms Eukaryotic cells (true nucleus): 1. Distinct nuclei surrounded by membranes 2. Contain membrane bound organelles 3. Usually larger 4. Complex genetic material * Associated with plants and animals 6
Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy ----------> C6H12O6 + O2 * Implantation of chloroplasts in animals * Plant Cells: Different for Animal Cells 1- Cell walls (cellulose) 2- Large centrally located vacuole (stores nutrients/wastes) 3- Plastids: produce and store food types: a. Chloroplasts: - Contain chlorophyll, which traps light for photosynthesis - double membrane - contains DNA & Ribosome Ribosome s: It can manufacture it it s own proteins. b. Leucoplasts: Starch storage c. Chromoplasts Chromoplasts:: Pigment containing organelles. Four Tissue Types Epithelial tissues form a membrane surrounding the body. Provides a barrier to pathogens and prevents dehydration of terrestrial animals. Allows selective entry of digestion products in gut and rapid diffusion of gases in lungs. Examples include: outer portion of skin, and inner surface of organs. Connective tissues: a diverse group of tissues with widely spaced cells. Examples include: blood, bone, & adipose (fat) tissue. Muscle tissues: motors of the animal body. Nerve tissue: carries electrical signals 3 types: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles. Epithelial Tissue Details Substances must pass through epithelium to enter or leave the body. Distinguished by cell shape and number of cell layers in the epithelium. Simple squamous epithelium: Single layer of irregularly-shaped flattened cells. Lines lungs and blood capillaries. Allows rapid diffusion of gases. Simple cuboidal epithelium: Single layer of cube-shaped cells. Lines small ducts of glands, kidney tubules, and ovaries. Functions in secretion and absorption. composed of neurons 7
More Epithelial Tissues Simple columnar epithelium: single layer of column-shaped cells. Epithelial Tissues Connective Tissue Characteristics View AP CD CH 40 Epithelial tissue Lines surface of stomach, intestine, and parts of respiratory tract. squamous epithelium: many layers of squamous cells. connective tissue and dense connective tissue.. tissue Connective Tissue Provides support and insulation for organs. Special Connective Tissues Collagen fiber Elastin fiber vessels) and heparin (prevents blood clots). Loose Connective Tissue Macrophages: immune system cells. Adipose cells: stores fat, & insulates. insulates. Forms tendons and ligaments; wraps organs and tissues. Collagen Fibers Fibroblasts: secrete collagen fibers. Blood: extracellular material is plasma. Cells are: Erythrocytes (red blood cells): deliver O2 and CO2. Leukocytes (white blood cells): function in immune response. Contains tightly packed collagen cells Cell type: Cartilage: makes up skeleton of embryo; larynx, intervertebral discs and nose tip in adults. Bone: replaces most cartilage. Cells are osteocytes osteocytes:: secrete ground substance and calcium salts. Mast cells: release histamine (dilates Dense Connective Tissue: bone, and blood blood.. Collagen Fibers Dense Connective Tissue Packing material material of body. Loose Connective Tissue Special connective tissues: Cartilage, Loose Connective Tissue: Fibroblasts: secrete protein fibers. Elastin fiber loose Lines surface of skin, and mouth. Provides protection. Cell types include: Separated into 2 major classes: Collagen fiber Connective tissue: Stratified Consists of relatively few cells and abundance of extracellular material. Dense Connective Tissue Chondrocyte Connective Tissue review View Lacuna Cartilage AP CD Chapter 40 Connective tissue Centra l canal Osteoocyte in lacuane Bone Leukoocyte Erythrocyte Blood Nerve Tissue Nerve tissue produces and conducts electrochemical signals (impulses). Cell types are: Neurons: Neurons: generate and carry impulses; 3 main types: Sensory neurons: receive information; send impulses to central nervous system (CNS). Motor neurons: conduct impulses out of CNS; stimulate muscles and glands. Association neurons: conduct impulses between neurons in CNS; integrate information. Neuroglia cells cells:: support functions of neurons. Insulate neurons, eliminate foreign materials, repair damaged neurons. neurons. A nerve consists of many neurons bound together by connective tissue. 8
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