Vibro-acoustic products from re-cycled raw materials using a cold extrusion process. A continuous cold extrusion process has been developed to tailor a porous structure from polymeric waste, so that the final material possesses particular vibro-acoustic properties. Item Type Thesis Authors Khan, Amir Rights 2008 Khan, Amir. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-Share-Alike License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/uk). Download date 21/07/2018 12:18:16 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4289
Reference Allard, J. F., Champoux, Y., 1992. New empirical equations for sound propagation in rigid frame fibrous materials, J. Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 91 (6), pp. 3336 3353. Allard, J. F., 1993. Propagation of Sound in Porous Media: Modelling Sound Absorbing Materials, Elsevier, Amsterdam. Allard J. F., 1994. Evaluation of tortuosity in acoustic porous materials saturated by air, Rev. Sci Instrum. Vol. 65, pp. 754-755. ASTM E1050-08, Standard test method for impedance and absorption of acoustic materials using a tube, two microphones and a digital frequency analysis system. Attenborough, K., 1971. Influence of microstructure on propagation in porous fibrous absorbents, J. Sound Vib. Vol. 16, pp. 419-442. Attenborough, K., 1985. Acoustical impedance models for outdoor ground surfaces, J. Sound Vib. Vol. 99, pp. 521 544. Attenborough, K., 1983. Acoustical characteristics of rigid fibrous absorbents and granular materials, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 73, pp. 785-799.
BEAT (Bradford Environmental Action Trust) Way Waste 2007. Beranek L., 1942. Acoustic impedance of porous materials, J. Acoustical soc. Am. Vol. 13, pp. 248. Bies D. A., 1980. Flow resistance information for acoustical design, Applied Acoustics, Vol. 13, pp. 357-391. Biot, M. A., 1956. Theory of elastic wave propagation in a fluid saturated porous solid, J. Acoustical Society America, Vol. 28, pp. 168 191. Biot, M. A., 1956. Theory of propagation of elastic waves in a fluid-saturated porous solid, Part II: Higher frequency range, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Vol. 28, pp.179 191. Boutin C., Royer P., and Auriault J. L., 1998. Acoustic absorption of porous surfacing with dual porosity, Int. J. Solids Struct. Vol. 35, pp 4709 4737. Bourbie O., 1987. Acoustics of porous media, Technip, Paris. Bradfield, S. L. VP Environmental Development, 2007. Bruins, P. F., 1969. Polyurethane technology, New York, Chichester, interscience.
BS EN ISO 10534-2., 2001. Acoustics Determination of sound absorption coefficient and impedance in impedance tubes Part 2, transfer function method. British Standard 29052-1., 1992. ISO 9052-1., 1989, Acoustics Method for the determination of dynamic stiffness, Part1: Materials used under floating floors in dwellings. BS 874., 1986. British standard methods for determining thermal insulating properties, section 2.1 : guarded hot plate method. Building regulations approved document E (2003). Burbige, A. S., 1998. Bridgwater and Z. Saracevic, Liquid migration in paste extrusion, Trans IchemE, Vol. 73, pp 810. www.bpf.co.uk/process-plastics-injection-molding. Champoux Y. and Allard J. F., 1991. Dynamic tortuosity and bulk modulus in air saturated porous media, Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 70, pp. 1975-1979. Champoux Y., 2001. Rigid frame porous materials, J. Acoustical soc. Am., Vol. 89, pp. 910. Crawford, R. J., 2001. Plastic Engineering, third edition, University of Belfast Publication.
Davern, W. A., 1988. Impact noise on two timber floors with vinyl floor coverings on resilient underlays, Applied Acoustics, Vol. 24, pp. 157-163. Delany, M. E., and Bazley, E. N., 1970. Acoustical properties of fibrous absorbent materials, Applied Acoustics, Vol. 3, pp. 103-116. Department of Environment, Resistance to the passage of sound, The Building Regulations 2000 Approved Document E (2003 edition). http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/waste/topics/elvehicledir.htm. www.engnet.co.uk. Haque, A and Mujtaba I. M., 2000. A simple model for complex waste recycling scenarios in developing economies, Waste Management, Vol. 20, pp 625-631. Government publication Waste Not Want Not, 2002. Guidance on the end of life Vehicle Regulations 2003. Horoshenkov K. V., 2007. Reproducibility experiments on measuring acoustical properties of rigid frame porous media, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 122.
Horoshenkov K. V., 2001. The effect of consolidation on the acoustic properties of loose rubber granulates, Applied Acoustics, Vol. 62, pp 665-650. Horoshenkov K. V., 2001. The effect of consolidation on the acoustic properties of loose rubber granulates, Applied Acoustics, Vol. 62, pp 665-690. Horoshenkov K. V., Attenborough K., Chandler-Wilde S. N., 1998. Pade approximants for the acoustical properties of rigid frame porous media with pore size distribution, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 104, pp 1198-209. Horoshenkov K. V. and Swift M. J., 2001. The acoustic properties of granular materials with pore size distribution close to log normal, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 110, number 5. Horoshenkov, K. V., Rushforth I., and Swift, M. J., 2004. Acoustic Properties of Granular Materials with Complex Pore Size Distribution, on the CD-ROM: Kyoto, The 18th Int. Congress on Acoustics (ICA 2004), available from The Acoustical Society of Japan, Vol. 2, pp 1211-1214. Horoshenkov, K. V., Attenborough K and Chandler-Wilde, S. N., 1998. Pade approximants for the acoustical properties of rigid frame porous media with pore size distribution, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 104, pp. 1198-1209.
International Standards Organisation. ISO 10534-2, 1998. Acoustics - Determination of sound absorption coefficient and impedance in impedance tubes. Part 2. ISO9053:1 1989, Acoustics Materials for acoustic applications Determination of air flow resistance. ISO9053:2 1991, Acoustics Materials for acoustic applications Determination of air flow resistance. ISO 10534-2:2001 British Standard, Acoustics-Determination of sound absorption coefficient and impedance in impedance tubes. Part 2 Transfer function method. Johnson D. L. and Koplik J. and Dashen, R., 1987. Theory of dynamic permeability and tortuosity in fluid- saturated porous media, J. Fluid Mech., Vol. 176, pp. 379-402. Johnson D. L., 1987. Theory of dynamic permeability and tortuosity in fluid saturated porous media, J. Fluid Mech., Vol. 176, pp. 379-402. Johnson, D. L., and Allard, J. L., 1991. Dynamic tortuosity and bulk modulus in airsaturated porous media, J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 70, pp. 1975-1979. Johansson C., 1995. Low-frequency impact sound insulation of a light weight wooden joist floor, Applied Acoustics, Vol. 44, pp. 133-147.
Khan, A., Horoshenkov, K. V., and Benkreira, H., 2005. Controlled extrusion of porous media for acoustic applications, on the CD-ROM: Lyon, Symposium on the Acoustics of Poro-Elastic Media (SAPEM 2005), available from Laboratoire des Sciences de l'habitat, ENTPE (Ecole Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'etat), 2 rue Maurice Audin, 69518 Vaulx-en-Velin Cedex, France. Kirchhoff, G. R., 1876. Vorlesungen uber mathematische Physik, Leipzig. Lafarge, D. Lemarinier, P. Allard, J. F. Tarnow, V., 1995. Dynamic compressibility of air in porous structures at audible frequencies, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 102, pp. 1995-2006. Leclaire P., 2003. Porosity measurement by comparison of air volumes, Review of scientific instruments, Vol. 74. Leclaire P., 1944. Determination of the viscous characteristic length in air filled porous materials by ultrasonic attenuation measurements, J. Acoustical soc. Am. Vol. 99, pp. 1944-1948. Leclaire P, Swift M. J, Horoshenkov K. V, 1998. Determining the specific area of porous acoustic materials from water extraction data, Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 84.
Leigh P., 2000. (Cannon Viking Limited). Inclined conveyor system, Stretford, United Kingdom, (Patent number: 0019507.3). http://www.meyerinst.com/html/optimas/optimas.htm Maddock B. H, 1957. Factors affecting quality in polyethylene extrusion, Modern plastics, Vol. 34, pp. 123-136. Maddock B. H., 1964. Measurement and analysis of extruder stability, SPE Journal, Vol. 20, pp. 1277-1283. Miki Y., 1990. Acoustical properties of porous materials generalisation of empirical models, Journal of Acoustical Society of Japan, Vol. 11, pp. 25-28. Miraftab M., Horrocks R., Woods C., 1999. Carpet waste, an expensive luxury we must do without, Autex research journal, Vol.1. Miraftab M., Rushforth I., Horoshenkov K. V., 2006. Acoustic underlay manufactured from carpet tile wastes, Autex Research Journal, Vol. 6. Montgomery D. C., 2000. Design and analysis of experiments, 5 th edition, Wiley publications. Morse P. M. and Bolt R. H., 1944. Sound Waves in Rooms, Rev. Mod. Phys, Vol. 16.
Muzzy, J., Summons, R., 2005. Composite products from post consumer carpet, CARE conference. Olny, X. and Boutin, C., 2003. Acoustic wave propagation in double porosity media, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Vol. 114, pp. 73-89. Olny X., and Boutin, C., 2003. Acoustic wave propagation in double porosity media, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Vol. 114, pp. 73-89. Owaki M., 1998. Study on prediction of the light-weight floor impact sound level in multiple-dwelling buildings, J. Archit. Plann. Environ. Eng., Vol. 512, pp. 1-7. Poensgen R., 1901. Technique for the measurement of thermal conductivity, Vol. 56, pp. 1653-8. Rayleigh J. W. S., 1894. The Theory of Sound, Published by Macmillan, Vol. 2. Rushforth I. and Horoshenkov K. V., 2004. Recycling carpet waste into acoustic underlay for commercial production, the waste and resources action programme, www.wrap.org. Rushforth, I., Horoshenkov, K. V., Miraftab M., 2006. Acoustic Underlay Manufactured from Recycled Carpet Waste. AUTEX Research Journal, Vol. 6, no. 1.
Rushforth I, Horoshenkov K. V, Swift M. J, Miraftab M., 2003. Acoustic damping properties of recycled carpet waste, Euronoise conference, Naples. Sakagami. K., 2008. A Pilot Study on Improving the absorptivity of a thick micro perforated panel absorber, Applied Acoustics, Vol. 69, pp 179-182. Scheirs, P. 1998. Polymer recycling, John Wiley and sons publications. Song, B. H. and Bolton, J. S., 2000. A transfer-matrix approach for estimating the characteristic impedance and wave numbers of limp and rigid porous materials, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Vol. 107, pp. 1131-1152. Stinson, M. R., 1991. The propagation of plane sound waves in narrow and wide circular tubes and generalisation to uniform tubes of arbitrary cross-sectional shape, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 89, pp. 550-558. Stinson, M. R., Champoux, Y. Propagation of sound and the assignment of shape factors in model porous materials having simple pore geometries, J. Acoustical Society of America, Vol.91, pp. 685-695. Swift M., 2000. Physical properties of porous recycled materials, PhD Thesis, University of Bradford. The United Kingdom governments Waste Strategy for England 2007.
The National Industrial Symbiosis Programme, website url:- http://www.nisp.org.uk/. Voronina N., 1999. An empirical model for rigid-frame porous materials with low porosity, Applied Acoustics, Vol. 58, pp. 295-304. Voronina, N. N., Horoshenkov, K.V., A new empirical model for the acoustic properties of loose granular media, Applied Acoustics., Vol. 64, pp. 415-432. Voronina N, Horoshenkov K. V., 2003. A new empirical model for the acoustic properties of loose granular media, Applied Acoustics, Vol. 64, pp. 415-432. Wang Y. and Tsay, C. C., 1996. Non-Newtonian flow modelling in the mixing section of a single screw extruder with flow analysis network, Polymer engineering and Science, Vol. 36, no.5. Waste and Resources Action Plan, WRAP, website url:- http://www.wrap.org.uk/ Weigand E., 1996. Properties and applications of recycled polyurethanes, Hanser Publishers, Munich, Germany. Wilson K., 1997. Simple relaxation models for the acoustic properties of porous media, Applied Acoustics, Vol. 50, pp 171-88. Zwikker, C. and Kosten, C. W., 1949. Sound Absorbing Materials, Elsevier, Amsterdam publication.