Nucleon Resonance Physics Volker D. Burkert Jefferson Lab Introduction Establishing the N* spectrum Identifying the effective DoF s Conclusions & outlook Q 2 (GeV 2 )
From the hydrogen spectrum to the N* N. Bohr, 2013 Spectral series of hydrogen Understanding the hydrogen atom s ground state requires understanding its excitation spectrum. => From the Bohr model of the atom to QED. Understanding the proton s ground state requires understanding its excitation spectrum. => From the constituent quark model to QCD. 10/21/2015 Nucleon Resonances: From Photoproduction to High Photon Virtualities, Trento 10/11 16, 2015 2
Some historical markers 1952: First glimpse of the Δ(1232) in πpscattering shows internal structure of the proton Δ 1964: Baryon resonances essential in establishing the quark model and the color degrees of freedom. 1989: Broad effort to address the missing baryons puzzle 2010: First successful attempt to predict the nucleon spectrum in LQCD 2015: Understanding of the baryon spectrum needed to quantify the transition from the QGP to the confinement phase of nucleons in the early universe. 10/21/2015 Nucleon Resonances: From Photoproduction to High Photon Virtualities, Trento 10/11 16, 2015 3
Excited Baryons in the history of the Universe Excited baryons are at the transition of the QGP to the confinement of quarks and gluons in hadrons. N* Can we understand this transition from the known excited baryons states? 10/21/2015 Nucleon Resonances: From Photoproduction to High Photon Virtualities, Trento 10/11 16, 2015 4
Constituent Quark Model & SU(6)xO(3) SU(6)xO(3) courtesy: D. Menze 15 4 6 Quark Orbital Angular Momentum Excitation Energy Many projected q 3 states are still missing or are uncertain. 10/21/2015 Nucleon Resonances: From Photoproduction to High Photon Virtualities, Trento 10/11 16, 2015 5
What do we want to learn? Understand the effective degrees of freedom underlying the N* spectrum and the forces between them. Baryon meson system A vigorous experimental program is underway worldwide with the aim search for undiscovered states in meson photoproduction at CLAS, CBELSA, GRAAL, MAMI, and LEPS confirm or dismiss weaker candidates (*, **,***) characterize the systematic of the spectrum Measure the strength of resonance excitations versus distance scale in meson electroproduction at JLab to identify effective degrees of freedom (JLab). 10/21/2015 Nucleon Resonances: From Photoproduction to High Photon Virtualities, Trento 10/11 16, 2015 6
Establishing the N* and Δ* Spectrum Multi GeV polarized cw beam, large acceptance detectors, polarized proton/neutron targets. Very precise data for 2 body processes, e.g. γp >Nπ, Nη, KY, in wide kinematics (angle, energy) More complex reactions needed to access high mass states, Nππ, Nπη, Nω/φ, Extract s channel resonances mesons QCD LQCD N*, Δ* Reaction Theory Dispersion Relations V.B., T.S.H. Lee, 2004 DSE, LFQM Amplitude analysis γ N*, * Data N baryon Hadronic production Electromagnetic production 10/21/2015 Nucleon Resonances: From Photoproduction to High Photon Virtualities, Trento 10/11 16, 2015 7
Establishing the N* spectrum, cont d Essential new data on hyperon production γp K + Λ K + pπ - M. Mc Cracken et al.(clas), Phys.RevC81,025201,2010 A.V. Anisovich et al (BnGa), EPJ A48, 15 (2012) 10/21/2015 Nucleon Resonances: From Photoproduction to High Photon Virtualities, Trento 10/11 16, 2015 8
Establishing the N* spectrum, cont d Strangeness production γp K + Λ K + pπ - M. Mc Cracken et al. (CLAS), Phys. Rev. C 81, 025201, 2010 D. Bradford et al. (CLAS), Phys.Rev. C75, 035205, 2007 The high precision KΛ data are the basis for discovery/evidence of/for several states. 10/21/2015 Nucleon Resonances: From Photoproduction to High Photon Virtualities, Trento 10/11 16, 2015 9
Establishing the N* spectrum N(1900)3/2 + Bump first seen in SAPHIR K + Λ data but due to systematics in the data misinterpreted as J P =3/2. State was solidly established in BnGa multichannel analysis making use of very precise CLAS KΛ crs and polarization data, let to the *** in PDG2012. State confirmed in an effective Langrangian resonance model analysis of γp K + Λ. O. V. Maxwell, PRC85, 034611, 2012 State confirmed in a covariant isobar model single channel analysis of γp K + Λ. T. Mart, M. J. Kholili, PRC86, 022201, 2012 First baryon resonance observed and multiply confirmed in electromagnetic meson production. => Candidate for **** state. P 13 BnGa Fit 10/21/2015 Nucleon Resonances: From Photoproduction to High Photon Virtualities, Trento 10/11 16, 2015 10
Lower mass N*/Δ* spectrum in 2015 Are we seeing mass degenerate spin multiplets? Do these states fit into the SU(6) spin flavor symmetry? 10/21/2015 Nucleon Resonances: From Photoproduction to High Photon Virtualities, Trento 10/11 16, 2015 11
Constituent Quark Model & SU(6)xO(3) SU(6)xO(3) 15 4 6 Quark Orbital Angular Momentum Excitation Energy 10/21/2015 Nucleon Resonances: From Photoproduction to High Photon Virtualities, Trento 10/11 16, 2015 12
Do new states fit into Q 3 QM? 16 5 12 2015 Quark Orbital Angular Momentum Excitation Energy 10/21/2015 Nucleon Resonances: From Photoproduction to High Photon Virtualities, Trento 10/11 16, 2015 13
Do new states fit into Q Q 2 model? 15 1 6 2015 Quark Orbital Angular Momentum Excitation Energy 10/21/2015 Nucleon Resonances: From Photoproduction to High Photon Virtualities, Trento 10/11 16, 2015 14
Do new states fit into LQCD projections? R. Edwards et al., Phys.Rev. D84 (2011) 074508 N(1860)5/2 + N(1900)3/2 + N(1880)1/2 + N(2060)5/2 N(2120)3/2 N(1875)3/2 N(1895)1/2 m π =396MeV Known states: N(1675)5/2 N(1700)3/2 N(1520)3/2 N(1650)1/2 N(1535)1/2 Lowest J + states 500 700 MeV high Lowest J states 200 300 MeV too high Ignoring the mass scale, new candidate states fit with the J P values predicted from LQCD. The field would really benefit from more realistic Lattice masses for N* states. 10/21/2015 Nucleon Resonances: From Photoproduction to High Photon Virtualities, Trento 10/11 16, 2015 15
Missing baryons resonances in HIC Transition shifted by about 8 MeV to lower temperature (later times) due to missing excited strange baryons cross crosss over from Hot QCD A. Bazavov et al., Phys.Rev.Lett. 113 (2014) 7, 072001 T [MeV] The number of known excited strange baryon states (PDG) is insufficient to account for the QCD phase cross over from the QGP phase to the baryon phase. Evidence for missing strange baryons Evidence observed also for missing charm and light quark baryons Motivates an excited baryon program of all quark flavors. The RHIC operation plan for 2016 includes an energy scan to map out this behavior. 10/21/2015 Nucleon Resonances: From Photoproduction to High Photon Virtualities, Trento 10/11 16, 2015 16
High precision data to establish the N* spectrum SDME from γp pω pπ + π - π 0 M. Williams, et al. (CLAS), Phys.Rev. C80 (2009) 065208 To fully exploit N* sensitivities of pω channel, data should be included in multi channel analysis 10/21/2015 Nucleon Resonances: From Photoproduction to High Photon Virtualities, Trento 10/11 16, 2015 17
N* states in γp pω pπ + π - π 0 Process acts as isospin filter and is sensitive only to N* states (radians) 0-1 2 Pole K-Matrix[F (1680+2000)]/G (2190) 15 17 F 15 (1950)/G (2000)/G 17 (2190) 17 F 15 (1680)/G (2190) 17-2 2000 2200 2400 Data with polarized beam and polarized target underway. W (MeV) M. Williams, et al. (CLAS), Phys.Rev. C80 (2009) 065208 Data used as input to a single channel eventbased, energyindependent PWA (the first ever for baryons). ω photoproduction is dominated F 15 (1680), G 17 (2190), and missing F 15 (2000) First observation of G 17 (2190) > Nω, PDG2014
Spin Density M.E. for γp pφ pkk φ K + K, φ K 0 sk 0 l B. Dey et al. (CLAS), PR C89 (2014) 5, 055208 K.P. Adhikari et al. (CLAS), PR C89 (2014) 5, 055206 Channel could be be sensitive to N* s with large s sbar content and MB molecules or pseudo pentaquarks? 10/21/2015 Nucleon Resonances: From Photoproduction to High Photon Virtualities, Trento 10/11 16, 2015 19
Pseudo pentaquark in γp pφ pkk? φ K + K, φ K 0 sk 0 l Structure may not be an s channel resonance. Could it be diquark anti triquark pair similar to what is proposed for the P c + resonances. R. Lebed, arxiv:1510.01412 Maintain approximate collinearity 10/21/2015 Nucleon Resonances: From Photoproduction to High Photon Virtualities, Trento 10/11 16, 2015 20
Electroexcitation of N/Δ resonances Central question in hadron physics What are the effective degrees of freedom at varying distance scale? 2 N(1680)5/2 + [56,2 + ] 2 1 L 3q [70,1 ] 1 N(1675)5/2 N(1520)3/2 N(1535)1/2 e e Q γ v N*, * π, η, ππ, K N N, Y [56,0 + ] 0 A 1/2, A 3/2, S 1/2 E 1+, M 1+, S 1+ 0 Δ(1232)3/2 + N(940)1/2 + N(1440)1/2 + N(1710)1/2 + [70,0 + ] 0 0 1 N [ħω] 2 10/21/2015 Nucleon Resonances: From Photoproduction to High Photon Virtualities, Trento 10/11 16, 2015 21
Total cross section at W < 2.1 GeV γ*p π + n Data: K. Park et al., PR C77 (2008) 015208; K. Park et al. PR C91 (2015) 045203 Q 2 =1.7GeV 2 Q 2 =3.15GeV 2 Δ(1232) N(1440) N(1520) N(1535) N(1675) N(1680) 1 st 2 nd 3 rd nucleon resonance region 1 st 2 nd 3 rd nucleon resonance region Analysis with UIM & fixed tdr; Recent review: I. Aznauryan, V. Burkert, Prog.Part.Nucl.Phys. 67 (2012) 1 54 10/21/2015 Nucleon Resonances: From Photoproduction to High Photon Virtualities, Trento 10/11 16, 2015 22
Electrocouplings of Roper in 2012 I. Aznauryan et al. (CLAS), PRC80, 055203 (2009) V. Mokeev et al. (CLAS), PRC86, 035203 (2012) L. Tiator et al., Chin.Phys. C33 (2009) 1069 (MAID fit) nrqm LF RQM q 3 G Nπ pπ + π Nσ I. Aznauryan, PR C76 (2007) 025212 I.T. Obukhovsky, et al., PR D84, 014004 (2011) Z.P. Li, V. Burkert, Zh. Li, PR D46 (1992) 70 10/21/2015 Nucleon Resonances: From Photoproduction to High Photon Virtualities, Trento 10/11 16, 2015 23
The Roper resonance in 2015 Nπ loops to model MB cloud; running quark mass, in LF RQM. I.G. Aznauryan, V. D. Burkert, Phys. Rev. C85, 055202 (2012). N loops to model MB cloud in LF RQM; frozen constituent quark mass. I.T. Obukhovsky, et al., Phys. Rev. D89, 014032 (2014). Quark core contributions from DSE/QCD J. Segovia et al., arxiv:1504.04386 MB cloud inferred from the CLAS data as the difference between the data and quark core evaluated in DSE/QCD, V. Mokeev et al., arxiv:1509.05460 EFT employing π, ρ, N, N. T. Bauer, S. Scherer, L. Tiator, PR C90 (2014) 1, 015201 The structure of the Roper is driven by the interplay of the core of three dressed quarks in the 1 st radial excitation and the external meson baryon cloud. 10/21/2015 Nucleon Resonances: From Photoproduction to High Photon Virtualities, Trento 10/11 16, 2015 24
MB contribution to γ v pn(1675)5/2 Quark components to the helicity amplitudes of the N(1675)5/2 are strongly suppressed for proton target. Single Quark Transition: A p 1/2 = A p 3/2 = 0 I.G. Aznauryan, V.D. Burkert, PR C92 (2015) 1, 015203 ; K. Park et al. (CLAS), PR C91 (2015) 045203 MB CLAS MB CLAS q 3 q 3 Q 2 (GeV 2 ) Q 2 (GeV 2 ) Measures the meson baryon contribution to γ*pn(1675)5/2 directly Can be verified on γ*nn(1675)5/2 which is not suppressed E. Santopinto and M. M. Giannini, PRC 86, 065202 (2012) B. Juliá Díaz, T. S.H. Lee, et al., PRC 77, 045205 (2008) 10/21/2015 Nucleon Resonances: From Photoproduction to High Photon Virtualities, Trento 10/11 16, 2015 25
Light cone N* transition charge densities A 1/ 2 Q = e K(4MN M ) 1/ 2 F NN 1 +F NN 2, L. Tiator, M. Vanderhaeghen Phys.Lett. B672 (2009) 344 348 N(1440)1/2 + S 1/ 2 Q = e 2K (4M N M ) 1/ 2 Q + Q (M +M N ) 2M Q 2 F NN 1 Q 2 NN (M +M N ) 2F2 ρ 0 ρ T Exp: 0 <Q 2 < 4.5-7 GeV 2 J m = +½ > ½ ρ 0 ρ T N(1535)1/2 b y (fm) b 2 ρ T Electric Dipole b y (fm) b 2 ρ T Electric Dipole 10/21/2015 Nucleon Resonances: From Photoproduction to High Photon Virtualities, Trento 10/11 16, 2015 26
What have we have learned from N* studies? Major progress made during past ~5 years in the search for new N* and Δ* states. All new states can be accommodated in CQM and LQCD. Naïve (nondynamical) quark diquark model is ruled out. Knowledge of Q 2 dependence is absolutely necessary to understand the nature (internal structure) of excited states. The Roper IS the 1 st radial excitation of the q 3 core, obscured at large distances by meson cloud effects. Leading amplitude of prominent low mass states, e.g N(1440)1/2 + and N(1535)1/2 well described at Q 2 > 2 3GeV by QCD modeling in DSE/QCD, LC SR and LF RQM. Light front transition charge densities for the Roper and N(1535) show significant differences in transverse spatial distributions. 10/21/2015 Nucleon Resonances: From Photoproduction to High Photon Virtualities, Trento 10/11 16, 2015 27
Where are we going? Baryon resonances of all flavors were driving the evolution of the universe at the transition from the QGP to confined quarks in nucleons. A quantitative understanding of this transition requires the search for the missing excited states of all flavors. Much of the published data with potential of accessing new states have not been implemented in multi channel analyses (e.g. pω, pφ, K*Λ) but they are important in the search for higher mass states. Precise polarization data critical and are in production. Need to measure electro excitation of states at higher W and in large Q 2 range. Need to include Include Nπ, Nππ, KΛ/KΣ final states. Electro excitation of prominent states up to highest Q 2 to probe the transition from the dressed to the bare quark core with CLAS12. Search for hybrid baryons (q 3 G). Electro excitation needed to distinguish hybrid baryons from q 3 states with CLAS12. 10/21/2015 Nucleon Resonances: From Photoproduction to High Photon Virtualities, Trento 10/11 16, 2015 28
Questions for Discussion Implementation of momentum dependent quark mass into model calculations. Using Breit Wigner masses versus poles positions in analysis of electroproduction data. Long wavelength limit (Siegert s theorem) Is it unique limit for each resonance or does mixing play a role? How to treat states that mix, e.g. N(1535)1/2 and N(1650)1/2 Extension of pwa in meson photo to electroproduction 10/21/2015 Nucleon Resonances: From Photoproduction to High Photon Virtualities, Trento 10/11 16, 2015 29
Electrocouplings of γ v pn(1535)1/2 Is it a 3 quark state or a hadronic molecule? open symbols pη Nπ q 3 dominance LF RQM LC SR (NLO) q 3 dominance I.G. Aznauryan, V.D. Burkert, PR C85 (2012) 055202 I.V. Anikin, V.M. Braun, N. Offen, PR D92 (2015) 1, 014018 MB contributions may account for discrepancies at low Q 2. MB contributions from chiral unitary model analyses due to KΛ and pφ components. 10/21/2015 Nucleon Resonances: From Photoproduction to High Photon Virtualities, Trento 10/11 16, 2015 30
Electrocouplings of γ v pn(1535)1/2 LFQM Hall C LCSR LCSR open symbols: pη full symbols: Nπ Chiral unitary model analyses: state may have a significant coupling to KΛ and pφ Sizeable qqqss admixture in the wave function? Large ss could explain sign of S 1/2 at Q 2 < 2 GeV 2 contrasting LFQM predictions. 10/21/2015 V. Burkert CIPANP 2015 May 19 26, Vain, CO 31
Missing baryon resonances and HIC non inter. quarks phase trans. T [MeV] T [MeV] A. Bazavov et al., Phys.Rev.Lett. 113 (2014) 7, 072001 A. Bazavov et al., Phys.Lett. B737 (2014) 210 215 The number of observed excited baryon states (PDG) is insufficient to account for the cross over from non interacting quarks (QGP) to the baryon phase. Evidence for missing strange and charmed baryons Discrepancy observed also for light quark baryons Motivates an excited baryon program of all quark flavors. 10/21/2015 Nucleon Resonances: From Photoproduction to High Photon Virtualities, Trento 10/11 16, 2015 32
Roper M 1 Multipole amplitude for γ * p π + n Q 2 =0 Q 2 =2.05 GeV 2 At Q 2 =1.7 4.2, resonance behavior is seen in these amplitudes more clearly than at Q 2 =0 DR and UIM give close results for real parts of multipole amplitudes Im Re UIM Re DR 10/21/2015 Nucleon Resonances: From Photoproduction to High Photon Virtualities, Trento 10/11 16, 2015 33
Probing the running quark mass at JLab12 quark mass (GeV) accessible at 6 GeV accessible at 12 GeV LQCD DSE N(1440)1/2 + CLAS12 projected R. Gothe et al. E12 09 003 Nucleon resonance transitions amplitudes probe the quark mass function from constituent quarks to dressed quarks and elementary quarks. 10/21/2015 Nucleon Resonances: From Photoproduction to High Photon Virtualities, Trento 10/11 16, 2015 34
N* Transition FF Physics @ JLAB12 CLAS12 E12 09 003 N* @ Q2 < 12 GeV2 10/21/2015 Nucleon Resonances: From Photoproduction to High Photon Virtualities, Trento 10/11 16, 2015 35
Electrocouplings in RPP 2015 Δ(1232) N(1440) N(1520) N(1675) N(1535) N(1680) 10/21/2015 Nucleon Resonances: From Photoproduction to High Photon Virtualities, Trento 10/11 16, 2015 36